Zhènyuán Kǎnpénqìng chá

I-Zhenyuan Kanpenqing Cha (Zhènyuán Kǎnpénqìng chá, 镇沅砍盆箐茶) — uphawu lwendawo lwetiye lase-Kanpenqing (砍盆箐) emkhandlwini wasemakhaya wase-Wenkuan (文况村) edolobhaneni lase-Mengda esifundeni sase-Zhenyuan emkhandlwini wedolobha wase-Pu’er, esifundazweni sase-Yunnan. Idolobhana lisemthambekeni wezintaba zase-Wuliangshan (无量山), phakathi kwehlathi; lizungezwe izihlahla zetiye ezindala, ezingama-896 zazo ezibhalwe ngayinye. Isifunda sibala i-Kanpenqing phakathi kwezindawo zetiye eziyisishiyagalombili, kanti izincwadi zetiye zithi itiye lendawo linamandla kakhulu futhi libiza kakhulu kulo lonke elase-Zhenyuan. Ikilasi lomkhiqizo alushiwongo emqulwini wophawu; izincazelo zikhuluma ngezinto zokusetshenziswa zetiye le-pu’er.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Akumisiwe: uhlu lwezimpawu alulishiwongo ikilasi. Ingcaciso mayelana nentaba yetiye embhalweni wohambo oluya e-Kanpenqing (ingosi yetiye yawushicilela kabusha ngo-2020) ithi abalimi betiye bendawo benza ikakhulukazi ngesandla itiye lokomiswa elangeni (晒青茶, shàiqīng chá) — okuyizinto zokusetshenziswa zetiye le-pu’er; ukuthi yimuphi umkhiqizo ohlanganiswa wuphawu, akucaci kulokhu.
Isigaba: Itiye lezingadi ezindala zesifunda sase-Zhenyuan; uphawu lwesitifiketi sendawo.
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Yunnan (云南, Yúnnán), umkhandlu wedolobha wase-Pu’er (普洱, Pǔ’ěr), isifunda sase-Zhenyuan (镇沅, Zhènyuán), idolobhana lase-Mengda (勐大镇, Měngdà zhèn), umkhandlu wasemakhaya wase-Wenkuan, idolobhana lase-Kanpenqing.
Indawo evikelwe: Uhlu lubonisa isifunda sase-Zhenyuan njengendawo yokuphatha yomnikazi wophawu; umnikazi akashiwongo, umngcele womthetho wendawo angiwuhlolanga. Indawo yetiye ichazwa ngobubanzi: umnyombo, ngokombiko wango-2024, — idolobhana lase-Kanpenqing, ngokwencazelo yesifunda — wonke umkhandlu wasemakhaya wase-Wenkuan, kanti nxazonke — amanye amadolobhana ayishumi nanhlanu, kuhlanganise ne-Kuda (库达), i-Baishui (白水), i-Banpo (半坡) ne-Wendo (文夺).
Izixhumanisi zendawo: Azikho izixhumanisi eziqondile emithonjeni etholakele.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- Inganekwane ngembewu. Ngokwendaba yomholi wendawo embhalweni ofanayo, endulo, lapho abaphathi bethatha amadoda bayowabhalisa empini, omunye umhlali wase-Kanpenqing wayiswa e-Jinggu; wabaleka ekamu, futhi lapho ebuyela ekhaya, wafika nembewu yetiye — kusuka kuzo kwaqala izihlahla zalapha. Ingcaciso embhalweni ofanayo idlulisa enye inganekwane: izihlahla zatshalwa okhokho abacasha lapha ngesikhathi sezinxushunxushu, eminyakeni engaphezu kwama-400 edlule. Imibhalo yakho konke lokhu angiyibonanga.
- 1976. Ngokombhalo ofanayo, ochwepheshe besifundazwe baqoqa iqabunga lapha futhi baliyisa ukuba lihlolwe e-Kunming; izinga labonakala lilihle, futhi izihlahla ezindala zafaneleka ukuvikelwa.
- 2007. Ngokwencwadi ethi «Pu’er wenhua», ekuweni kwemakethe ye-pu’er ngo-2007 itiye lase-Kanpenqing laba nokhuphuka okuphawulekayo nokuwa, izingadi zalimala kakhulu futhi zathatha iminyaka eminingana zilulama.
- Uphawu. Ohlwini lwezimpawu ze-GI zase-Yunnan lwangomhla zingama-28 kuZibandlela 2019 «镇沅砍盆箐茶» lumele emgqeni wama-98. Unyaka wokubhalisa, inombolo kanye nomnikazi akukho emithonjeni etholakele.
- Amaphasipoti ezihlahla. Umbiko we-CCTV (2024) uthi eminyakeni yamuva isihlahla ngasinye esidala somnyombo sinikezwe «iphasipoti» elinendawo, izixhumanisi, iminyaka, ubukhulu bomqhele kanye nomuntu obhekele ukunakekelwa.
Igama: Ngokwale ndaba efanayo, okhokho babegedla izitsha zokugeza ngokhuni eziqu — kusuka lapha «砍盆箐» — cishe «isihosha lapho kugawulwa khona izitsha». Izihlahla zazisetshenziselwa nokwenza izikebhe ukuze kwehle ngomfudlana, yingakho indawo ibizwa nangokuthi «砍船箐» — «isihosha lapho kugawulwa khona izikebhe». Umbiko wango-2024 uthi kafushane ukuthi itiye liqanjwe ngendawo, kanti indawo yaduma ngetiye.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Isifunda sibala i-Kanpenqing phakathi kwezindawo zetiye eziyisishiyagalombili zase-Zhenyuan kanye ne-Madeng, i-Qianjiazhai, i-Laohaitang, i-Chashanqing, i-Lao’ushan, i-Dasongshan ne-Wuyi; incwadi ethi «Pu’er wenhua» ohlwini lwayo ibeka i-Baocangshan esikhundleni se-Dasongshan. Iphinde ithi i-Kanpenqing, njenge-Madeng, endulo yayingenye «yamatiye ayisishiyagalombili adumile ase-Yunnan». Ngokubuyekezwa kwezingadi ezindala zedolobhana lase-Mengda kwenye ingosi yetiye, lesi siqu wazithola ngo-1978 ngesikhathi kuhlolwa amatiye adumile ohlelweni lokuhweba lwangaphandle lwesifundazwe, kanye namatiye ase-Haitang nase-Madeng, kwathi ngo-1989 — isitifiketi sesifundazwe setiye elidumile; omunye umbhalo ubeka ukuhlolwa ngo-1976.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa

Uhlobo / I-cultivar: Ingcaciso yentaba yetiye ibiza itiye lendawo lembewu elinamaqabunga amakhulu (有性大叶群体种, yǒuxìng dàyè qúntǐzhǒng) — inani lezitshalo elandiswa ngembewu, hhayi uhlobo olulodwa.
Izihlahla ezindala: Isibalo siyahluka. Umbiko wango-2024: emnyombweni we-Kanpenqing kunezihlahla ezindala ezingama-896. Ingcaciso embhalweni: entabeni kunezihlahla ezindala ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane, kuzo ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu ezinomqhele obanzi. Eminye imithombo ibala izihlahla ezingama-3890 nangaphezu kwezingu-4000. Umbhalo uchaza izihlahla ezinobude obucishe bube ngamamitha ama-4–5 namagatsha agobile.
Izinhlaka zokusetshenziswa kanye nokuvuna: Ngokombhalo, iqabunga livunwa entwasahlobo, ngesikhathi sezimvula nasekwindla. Izidingo zophawu nezinga lokuvuna azikho emithonjeni etholakele.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala

Isifunda: Izintaba zase-Wuliangshan; ngokwencazelo yesifunda, indawo yetiye ilele ehlathini lokuqala ekujuleni kwesiqiwi sase-Wuliangshan. Ukuminyana kwehlathi nxazonke — 66 %.
Ukuphakama: 1910 m — ngokwengcaciso yentaba yetiye.
Isimo sezulu: Izinga lokushisa eliphakathi lonyaka lingu-15,8–18,1 °C, imvula ingama-920–1910 mm ngonyaka (ingcaciso embhalweni).
Izimila kanye nenhlabathi: Ihlathi elihlala liluhlaza elinamaqabunga abanzi kanye nehlathi elixubile lama-conifer namaqabunga abanzi; inhlabathi — i-lateritic ebomvu nebomvu (赤红壤、红壤).
Indawo: Ngokombiko wango-2024, emkhandlwini wasemakhaya wase-Wenkuan kunama-mu etiye angaphezu kuka-4000, emnyombweni we-Kanpenqing — angaphezu kuka-2000 mu. Umbhalo ubala izinombolo ezincane zedolobhana elilodwa: angaphezu kuka-800 mu wezingadi zetiye, kuwo angaphezu kuka-100 mu ezihlahla ezindala.
Idolobhana: Ngokombhalo, i-Kanpenqing imi maphakathi nomthambeka: imizi engu-9, izakhamuzi ezingaphezu kwamashumi amane; ukusuka emkhandlwini wasemakhaya kuya edolobhaneni — amakhilomitha ayi-16 omgwaqo wasezintabeni.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Ubuciko betiye elingaphansi kophawu abukho emithonjeni etholakele, ikilasi alishiwongo. Ingcaciso yentaba yetiye ikhuluma ngetiye lokomiswa elangeni elenziwe ngesandla — izinto zokusetshenziswa zetiye le-pu’er; kulo uhlelo olujwayelekile lunjena:

Ukuvuna (采摘, cǎizhāi).
Ukupholisa iqabunga (摊晾, tānliàng).
Ukumisa ekotishi (杀青, shāqīng).
Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn).
Ukomisa elangeni (晒干, shàigān): Kutholakala i-maocha evundlekile (晒青毛茶, shàiqīng máochá).
Ukucindezela (紧压, jǐnyā): Akudingekile.

Lolu uhlelo olujwayelekile lwesigaba, hhayi incazelo yobuciko be-Zhenyuan Kanpenqing Cha. Ngokombhalo, edolobhaneni kusebenza umfelandawonye wezakhamuzi ezingama-38: wamukela iqabunga emizini futhi, ngokwawo, awuthengi iqabunga lezinye izintaba.

6. Izimpawu Zokuzwa Ngomlomo

Izincazelo ezingezansi zithathwe encazelweni yesifunda, ezincwadini zetiye naserekhodini lokunambitha «amatiye ayisishiyagalombili ase-Zhenyuan» engosini yetiye; akukho muntu ozibophezele ngokusemthethweni emkhiqizweni ongaphansi kophawu.

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Kuphuzi, kukhulu, kuyipuleti, kuyalingana; irekhodi lokunambitha lithatha lo mbala njengophawu olwaziwayo lwe-Kanpenqing. Ngokwalelo rekhodi, itiye linamandla ngesinambitheka, hhayi ngokubukeka, futhi ngamaphuzu okuhlola okujwayelekile alikhuphukeli phezulu.
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Linamanzi (干香润) — ngokwerekhodi lokunambitha.
Iphunga lotshala: Isifunda sichaza itiye ngefomula ethi «厚重饱满，浓酽霸气» — «elikhulu neligcwele, eliminyene nelinamandla»; ingcaciso embhalweni — iphunga eliphezulu.
Isinambitheka: Kumusha futhi kuvuselela, kuthambile ekwakhekeni, nokubuya okumnandi okuqhubekayo nokunambitheka okujulile ngemva (irekhodi lokunambitha). Incwadi ethi «Pu’er wenhua» ibiza i-Kanpenqing yendabuko ngokuthi inamandla kunawo wonke esifundeni: ubabayo buyahamba, kusale ubumnandi; kamuva, ngokwale ncwadi efanayo, lapha bafunda ukwenza itiye elino «bumnandi obufana noshukela weqhwa» (冰糖甘) ngomoya we-Bingdao. Umbhalo: umbono wokuqala — ubumnandi, iphunga lihlala isikhathi eside emlonyeni.
Umbala wotshala: Kusagolide, kucacile (ingcaciso embhalweni); kukhanya futhi kugcwele (irekhodi lokunambitha).
Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga elitheliwe): Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Ayikho imininingwane ye-physicochemical emithonjeni etholakele.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba. Uphawu alulishiwongo ikilasi; izinkomba ezingezansi — eze-sheng pu’er, okuchazwa ngayo itiye lendawo njengezinto zokusetshenziswa.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 95–100 °C.
Inani letiye: 5–8 g ku-110–150 ml.
Isitsha: I-gaiwan noma i-teapot yobumba.
Inqubo:
1. Shisisa isitsha.
2. Faka itiye; elicindezelwe — lihlephule ngokucophelela, ungalichobozi iqabunga.
3. Geza iqabunga kafushane ngamanzi abilayo bese uwachitha.
4. Ukuphisa kokuqala — imizuzwana eyi-10–15.
5. Thela konke.
6. Yandisa isikhathi ngokuphisa ngakunye.

9. Ukugcina

Umkhuba wesigaba. I-sheng pu’er igcinwa endaweni eyomile, ehlanzekile, enomoya ovunguzayo ngaphandle kokukhanya nephunga langaphandle, emaphaketheni aphefumulayo; ivame ukugcinwa iminyaka.

10. Intengo kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi

Ngokombhalo wohambo, ngo-2016 itiye lentwasahlobo lezihlahla ezindala zase-Kanpenqing lalithengiswa ngama-yuan angama-3000–5000 ngekhilogremu, kanti itiye lezingadi ezijwayelekile «ze-ecology» — ngama-yuan angama-200–600. I-«Pu’er wenhua» ibiza i-Kanpenqing njengendawo enentengo ephezulu kakhulu yetiye esifundeni. Ngokwemininingwane yombiko wango-2024, ngo-2023 inani letiye lemizi engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili emkhandlwini wasemakhaya wase-Wenkuan lidlule ama-yuan ayizigidi ezingama-30, kuwo angaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-20 aqhamuka emizini eyishumi nanye yomnyombo.

Ugwema kanjani imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
- Bheka uphawu «镇沅砍盆箐茶» futhi uqinisekise ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowesifunda sase-Zhenyuan.
- Khumbula ukuthi izihlahla ezindala zimbalwa lapha: irekhodi lokunambitha lithi ngokuqondile itiye elihle kakhulu lase-Kanpenqing kunzima ukulithola. Umthamo omkhulu ngentengo ephansi — isizathu sokusola.
- Qhathanisa ukubukeka nezincazelo: iqabunga elikhulu eliphuzi, utshala obusagolide, isinambitheka esinamandla nokubuya okumnandi.

11. Amaqiniso Athokozisayo

Igama ledolobhana, ngokwenganekwane yendawo, laqhamuka ezitsheni zokugeza zokhuni ezazigedlwa lapha eziqu; igama lesibili, «砍船箐», — lisuka ezikebheni.
Isihlahla ngasinye sezihlahla ezindala ezingama-896 zomnyombo sathola «iphasipoti» elinezixhumanisi negama lalowo osinakekelayo.
Ngokwerekhodi lokunambitha, i-Kanpenqing ibonakala ngokubona kokuqala nangokugwinya kokuqala, kanti umbala weqabunga elomile «uhlukile kuyo yonke indawo».

12. Ukuqhathanisa Namatiye Angomakhelwane

Qianjiazhai ne-Bada (千家寨 · 巴达): Isihloko se-encyclopedia yethu ngezihlahla zasendle ezingokhokho; isihlahla sase-Qianjiazhai sikhula esifundeni esifanayo, ezintabeni zase-Ailao.
Bingdao Laozhai (冰岛老寨): Isilinganiso so «bumnandi bukashukela weqhwa», okwakulingana naso izingcweti zalapha, ngokwencwadi ethi «Pu’er wenhua».
Nanjian Wuliangshan Hongcha (南涧无量山红茶): Itiye elibomvu elisuka ohlangothini olufanayo lwe-Wuliangshan, isihloko sochungechunge.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Zhenyuan Kanpenqing Cha — uphawu lwedolobhana elincane lasehlathini ezintabeni zase-Wuliangshan: 1910 m, izihlahla ezindala ezingama-896 ezibhalisiwe, iqabunga elikhulu eliphuzi kanye netiye isifunda esilibiza ngokuthi eliminyene nelinamandla, kanti abanolwazi — ngokuthi linamandla kakhulu futhi libiza kakhulu e-Zhenyuan. Uphawu lwaziwa kuphela ngomugqa wohlu lwesifundazwe, ikilasi alulishiwongo, ngakho konke okunye kusekelwe ezincazelweni zesifunda nasezincwadini zetiye.