Yāntái chá · thetea.app

I-Yantai Cha (Yāntái chá, 烟台茶) — igama eliyisambulela letiye lesifunda sedolobha i-Yantai (烟台市) enhlonhlweni ye-Shandong, esifundazweni i-Shandong. Leli gama liyisibizo sendawo esimsulwa kanye nokuthi «cha» okujwayelekile, ngaphandle kokucacisa isigaba: lihlanganisa itiye lawo wonke umkhakha wesifunda, kusukela ezifundeni eziseningizimu kuya esifundeni esiyisiqhingi sase-Changdao. Izidingo zomkhiqizo zihlukanisa izinhlobo ezintathu — itiye eliyisicaba, elisontekile kanye nelinjengenalithi; ngokubukeka zonke ezintathu ziluhlaza, kodwa isigaba asiqanjwanga embhalweni. Indawo ilele phakathi kuka-36°16′ no-38°23′ enyakatho ye-latitude — lokhu kungenye yezindawo ezisenyakatho kakhulu zokutshala itiye e-China. Leli gama labhaliswa njengophawu lwezolimo lwendawo ngo-2021, kwathi ngo-2025 laqashelwa njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nomdabu

Uhlobo: Isigaba asiqanjwanga ezidingweni zomkhiqizo. Izinhlobo ezintathu ezichaziwe — itiye eliyisicaba (扁形茶), elisontekile (卷曲形茶) kanye nelinjengenalithi (针形茶) — ziluhlaza okwesabisele, ezimpunga eziluhlaza noma eziluhlaza, ezinomphunga oluhlaza, okusho ukuthi ngokubukeka lokhu kuyitiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Akukho sigaba mayelana nobuchwepheshe obungaqinisekisa isigaba embhalweni.
Isigaba: Isambulela sesifunda; itiye lasenyakatho ye-China, elavela ohlelweni «Itiye laseNingizimu — liya eNyakatho» (南茶北引, nán chá běi yǐn).
Umdabu: I-China, isifundazwe i-Shandong (山东, Shāndōng), isifunda sedolobha i-Yantai (烟台, Yāntái).
Indawo evikelwe: Izifunda eziyishumi nanhlanu, amadolobha amancane kanye nezindawo ezikhethekile zesifunda: izifunda i-Zhifu (芝罘), i-Laishan (莱山), i-Fushan (福山), i-Muping (牟平) kanye ne-Penglai (蓬莱), indawo yokuthuthukisa ezomnotho, indawo yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, amadolobha i-Longkou (龙口), i-Laizhou (莱州), i-Zhaoyuan (招远), i-Qixia (栖霞), i-Laiyang (莱阳) kanye ne-Haiyang (海阳), isifunda sase-Changdao (长岛) kanye nesiqiwi semvelo sase-Kunyushan (昆嵛山). Kulezi zindawo kunezindawo eziyikhulu namashumi amahlanu nane, amadolobhana kanye namakomidi emigwaqo.
Izixhumanisi zendawo: 119°34′–121°57′ empumalanga longitude kanye no-36°16′–38°23′ enyakatho latitude.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- Inganekwane ngetiye elidala. Izincazelo zendawo zilandisa umlando wetiye e-Yantai kusukela ekupheleni kwe-Ningizimu Song — ekuqaleni kwe-Yuan. Ayikho imibhalo engakuqinisekisa lokhu emithonjeni etholakele.
- 1966. Ngokwe-«Yantai Forestry Chronicle» (烟台林业志) ngokulandiswa kabusha kwezincazelo zendawo, ukulethwa kwetiye enyakatho kwaqala ngo-1966; imbewu yayilethwa ivela e-Anhui nase-Zhejiang.
- 1978. Ukuphakama kokukhiqiza kwalezi zikhathi — 132 450 kg. Ezinye izincwadi zendawo, zicaphuna i-chronicle efanayo, zinikeza okuhlukile: ukutshala okuphumelelayo kokuhlola ngoMeyi 1963 kanye nokuphakama ngo-1977 — 187 750 kg. Angizange ngikuxazulule lokhu kwehluka.
- 1985. Kwakusele cishe ama-mu angamakhulu ayisithupha kuphela amasimu etiye — umzamo wacishe waphela nya.
- 2004. Kwaqala ukuvuselelwa okubanzi kwetiye eliluhlaza; izifunda eziyinhloko — i-Haiyang, i-Laiyang, i-Penglai, i-Muping ne-Laizhou. Ngokwemininingwane yendawo, i-Haiyang ithatha cishe amaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalombili omhlaba.
- 2021. UMnyango Wezolimo wafaka i-Yantai Cha ohlwini lokuqala lwezimpawu zezolimo zendawo zango-2021 (inombolo AGI03358).
- 2025. Isimemezelo sikaHulumeni Wezobunini sika-646 saqashela i-Yantai Cha njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo. Umfakisicelo — Inhlangano Yetiye Yedolobha lase-Yantai (烟台市茶叶学会).
Igama: «Yantai» (烟台) — igama ledolobha, ngokwezwi nezwi «umbhoshongo wentuthu»; «cha» (茶) — itiye.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Itiye lapha lincane futhi lisekelwe esithombeni setiye lasolwandle lasenyakatho. Izidingo zomkhiqizo ziqinisa ifomula yokubukeka — «ukuhlaza okumnyama okunjenge-jade, umphunga onjengomhluzi wamabele, iphunga likabhontshisi» (墨玉绿、小米汤、豆子香).

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Kanye Nempahla Eluhlaza

Izinhlobo / Ama-cultivar: Ezidingweni zomkhiqizo uhlobo lubizwa ngokumane kuthiwe «itiye lase-Yantai». Imithombo yezindaba yendawo ibhala ngohlobo lokuqala olwakhuliswa e-Yantai — i-Běichá 1 (北茶1号, Běichá 1): ngokwencazelo yayo, lolu hlobo lwatholakala ku-Fuding dabai kanye nenani labantu lase-Longjing, lwafakwa kurejista kahulumeni yezinhlobo ngo-2019 futhi lubekezelela isithwathwa kuze kufike ku—18 °C. Lokhu kokugcina kungamazwi ezincazelo zendawo; angizange ngiyibone imivivinyo.
Ukuvuna: Ukukha ngesandla kuphela (人工采摘). Azikho izinsuku ezidingweni.
Izinga lokukha: Alikho ezidingweni.
Izidingo zempahla eluhlaza: Umdabu ovela endaweni evikelwe. Izidingo zibeka nokunakekelwa: umquba ophilayo, ithani elilodwa nge-mu, ngaphambi kokutshala izithombo (embhalweni kubhalwe «移摘», ngokomqondo — ukudlulisela); umquba okhethekile wetiye, amathani ayisithelo nge-mu, ebusika; ukunisela ngokudonsa kuphela, izikhathi eziyi-10–15 ngesizini; ukuthenwa kokwakha ngemva kokutshala kanye nokuthenwa kwaminyaka yonke ngokwesimo sesihlahla; ukwelashwa ngomuthi we-lime-sulphur.

4. I-Terroir Kanye Nezici Zokutshala

Isifunda: Inyakatho enhlonhlweni ye-Shandong, ugu lolwandle; indawo enwebeka ngaphezu kwamadigri amabili e-latitude — kusukela e-Haiyang eningizimu kuya eziqhingini zase-Changdao enyakatho.
Isimo sezulu: Izincazelo zendawo zisibiza ngokuthi isolwandle — nobusika obufudumele nehlobo elipholile ngokwezindinganiso zasenyakatho — futhi zigcizelela umehluko omkhulu wamazinga okushisa emini nasebusuku. Ayikho imininingwane eqondile yesimo sezulu emithonjeni etholakele.
Ubude bendawo: Akubaluliwe ezidingweni.
Umhlabathi: i-pH kusukela ku-5,6 kuya ku-7,5, izinto eziphilayo ngokwesilinganiso ziyi-1,26 %, inhlabathi engaphansi ikhishwa kahle amanzi. Izidingo zibhala phansi i-phosphorus, i-potassium, i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-iron, i-zinc ne-selenium emhlabathini, ngaphandle kwamanani.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Asikho isigaba sobuchwepheshe ezidingweni zomkhiqizo — ukubukeka kwezinhlobo ezintathu kuphela. Imithombo yezindaba yendawo ichaza ukuthoswa ngesandla ku-180–200 °C, okuthatha imizuzu engaphezu kwamashumi amane, nokuphuma cishe amaliang amabili etiye elomile ngejin elilodwa lamaqabunga amasha; ukuthi lokhu kubhekise kuluphi uhlobo, akucacisiwe.

Ngetiye eliluhlaza, okuyilona lonke izinhlobo ezintathu ezibonakala ziyilo, uhlelo olujwayelekile lwesigaba lumile kanje: ukubhoca (摊放, tānfàng), ukulungisa (杀青, shāqīng), ukubunjwa — ngokucindezela ebhodweni ngetiye eliyisicaba, ngokusonteka ngetiye elisontekile, ngokuhlela ngetiye elinjengenalithi, — kanye nokomisa (干燥, gānzào). Lolu wuhlelo olujwayelekile lwesigaba, hhayi incazelo yobuchwepheshe be-Yantai Cha.

6. Izici Zokuzwa Ngezitho Zomzimba

Ifomula ejwayelekile yezidingo: iqabunga liwugqinsi, iphunga liphezulu, ukunambitheka kugcwele, itiye limelana nokuphindwa kaningi (叶片厚、香气高、滋味浓、耐冲泡).

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile:
- Itiye eliyisicaba — isicaba futhi siqondile, bushelelezi futhi busha, buluhlaza okotshani (扁平挺直、光滑鲜润、色泽翠绿).
- Elisontekile — elisontekile kahle noma eliminyene, lilingana futhi liqinile, luhlaza okompunga kunobumba (灰绿起霜).
- Elinjengenalithi — eliminyene, elicijile, eliyindilinga, eliqondile, eliluhlaza, elinoboya obumhlophe.
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
Iphunga lomphunga: Kwesiyisicaba — eligcwele, elide futhi eliqhubekayo (浓郁悠长); kwesisontekile — elihlanzekile, eliphezulu futhi eliqhubekayo (清高而持久); kwesinjengenalithi — elihlanzekile futhi eliphezulu (清高). Ifomula ejwayelekile ikhuluma ngephunga likabhontshisi.
Ukunambitheka: Kwesiyisicaba — okuthambile futhi okugcwele (醇厚); kwesisontekile — okugcwele, nobumnandi obubuyayo (浓醇而回甘); kwesinjengenalithi — okuthambile nokuvumelanayo (醇和).
Umbala womphunga: Kwesiyisicaba — uluhlaza okotshani futhi ukhanya (碧绿明亮); kwesinjengenalithi — ocacile, oluhlaza okhanyayo (清澈、绿亮); kwesisontekile awuzange ubalulwe ngokwehlukile.
Ingaphansi letiye (iqabunga eliphisiwe): Kwesiyisicaba — elilinganayo, amaqabunga avuleka njengamahlumela aphelele (匀齐成朵); kwesisontekile — aluhlaza ngobumnene futhi aminyene (嫩绿而厚实); kwesinjengenalithi — anyama, athambile futhi alinganayo (肥嫩、匀齐).

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Izidingo ze-physicochemical zomkhiqizo:

Inkomba	Isidingo
Umswakama	hhayi ngaphezu kwe-6 g/100 g
Umlotha ophelele	hhayi ngaphezu kwe-7 g/100 g
Izinto ezikhiphekayo	hhayi ngaphansi kwama-37 %
Imvuthuluka nothuli	hhayi ngaphezu kwe-0,5 %
Ama-polyphenol etiye	hhayi ngaphansi kwama-14 %
Ama-amino acid akhululekile (esisindweni esomile)	hhayi ngaphansi kwama-4 %
I-caffeine	hhayi ngaphansi kwe-2 mg/kg (njengoba kubhalwe embhalweni)

Lezi yizindlela zokuvumela, hhayi ukwakheka okukaliwe. Izinga le-caffeine libhalwe ngama-milligrams ngekhilogremu — ngetiye lokhu kuyinani elincane ngokungavamile, futhi iyunithi mhlawumbe ibhalwe ngephutha; ngiliveza njengoba linjalo. Izincazelo zendawo zigomela ukuthi ama-amino acid nezinto ezikhiphekayo etiyeni lase-Yantai miningi kunasematiyeni aseningizimu, kodwa angizange ngiyibone imininingwane yokuqhathanisa enendlela yokwenza.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza: ngokubukeka zonke izinhlobo ezintathu ziluhlaza.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C; ngetiye elisontekile eliminyene — kuze kufike ku-90 °C.
Ubuningi betiye: 3 g nge-150 ml.
Izitsha: Ingilazi yegilazi ngetiye eliyisicaba nelinjengenalithi, i-gaiwan emhlophe ngetiye elisontekile.
Inqubo:
1. Fudumeza izitsha.
2. Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi ngasodongeni.
3. Umphunga wokuqala — imizuzwana engama-40–60.
4. Phuza, ushiya ingxenye yomphunga.
5. Thela amanzi futhi.
6. Ukuphindaphinda amahlandla amathathu kuya kwamane: izidingo zigcizelela ukuthi itiye limelana nokuphindwa kaningi.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza. Emaphaketheni avaliwe, efrijini ngo-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga angaphandle. Kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.

10. Intengo Kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi

Ayikho imininingwane ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele.

Ungayigwema kanjani imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
- Bheka uphawu lwendawo; igama eliyisambulela alisho uhlobo, ngakho bheka ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo olusephaketheni.
- Qinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizi ukwenye yezindawo eziyishumi nanhlanu zesifunda sase-Yantai.
- Qhathanisa ukubukeka nezidingo: eliyisicaba — luhlaza okotshani futhi bushelelezi, elisontekile — luhlaza okompunga kunobumba, elinjengenalithi — liqondile, elinoboya obumhlophe.

11. Amaqiniso Athokozisayo

Umngcele osenyakatho wendawo — ngu-38°23′ N, iziqhingi zesifunda sase-Changdao.
Indawo evikelwe ihlanganisa isiqiwi semvelo sase-Kunyushan.
Itiye e-Yantai laqala kabili: ukudluliswa kuka-1966 kwaphela ngo-1985, kwaze kwasala ama-mu angamakhulu ayisithupha, futhi ukuvuselelwa kwadingeka kuqale ngo-2004.
Igama elilodwa eliyisambulela lihlanganisa izinhlobo ezintathu zamaqabunga — eliyisicaba, elisontekile nelinjengenalithi.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Amatiye aseShandong

I-Yantai Lü Cha (烟台绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda esifanayo elinokubhaliswa okwehlukile, okusondele kakhudlwana; sinendatshana ngalo. Lapho ifomula yokubukeka yehlukile — «ukuhlaza okumnyama okunjenge-jade, iphunga likabhontshisi othosiwe, umphunga onjenge-amber». I-Yantai Cha iyisambulela phezu kwetiye lesifunda sonke, futhi amagama amabili akumelwe ahlanganiswe.
I-Laoshan Lü Cha (崂山绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lentaba i-Laoshan ngaphansi kwe-Qingdao, eningizimu enhlonhlweni.
I-Rizhao Lü Cha (日照绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lase-Rizhao elingasogwini eningizimu ye-Shandong.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Yantai Cha igama lesifunda setiye lasolwandle lasenyakatho: izindawo eziyishumi nanhlanu zesifunda, kusukela e-Haiyang kuya eziqhingini zase-Changdao, izinhlobo ezintathu zamaqabunga kanye nefomula eyodwa ejwayelekile — iqabunga eliwugqinsi, iphunga eliphezulu, ukunambitheka okugcwele. Isigaba asiqanjwanga encazelweni etholakele, nakuba ngokubukeka zonke izinhlobo ziluhlaza. Umlando mfushane futhi awulingani: ukudluliswa kuka-1966, ukuphela ngo-1985, ukuvuselelwa kusuka ngo-2004, uphawu luka-2021 nokuqashelwa kuka-2025.