Bùlǎngzú suānchá

Itiye elimuncu laseBulang (Bùlǎngzú suānchá, 布朗族酸茶) liwumkhiqizo wendabuko wabantu baseBulang (布朗族, Bùlǎngzú) esifundazweni saseYunnan, ohlotshaniswa ngokuyinhloko nesifunda sezintaba saseBulangshan esifundeni saseMenghai. Iqabunga letiye elisha lilungiswa ngokushisa, liyashiswa ngomusi noma liyabiliswa, bese lifakwa ngaphakathi koshubhu loqalo, livalwe, bese liyekwa libile ngaphandle kokufinyelela emoyeni, ngokuvamile ngokungcwaba ushubhu emhlabathini. Umphumela uba yiqabunga eliqoshiwe, elidliwa ngokuyinhloko: liyahlafunwa bese ligwinywa linjengoba linjalo. NgesiShayina libizwa ngokufushane ngokuthi 酸茶 (suānchá), “itiye elimuncu”, kanti abantu baseBulang uqobo, ngokwamarekhodi abacwaningi, balibiza ngegama elithi “miyan”. Ezincwadini zesayensi, lokhu itiye eliqoshiwe elibiliswa ngesiteji esisodwa ngaphandle komoya, lohlobo olufanayo ne-lahpet yaseMyanmar, i-miang yaseThailand naseLaos, kanye ne-awabancha yaseJapan. Phakathi kwezigaba eziyisithupha zetiye laseShayina, indawo yalo ngokobuchwepheshe ayikachazwa.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

• Uhlobo: Alukatholakali. Lapha imithombo iyaphikisana, futhi ukuphikisana kufanele kushiwo ngqo. Izinga likazwelonke i-GB/T 30766-2014 “Ukuhlukaniswa Kwetiye” lichaza itiye elimnyama (黑茶, hēichá) njengomkhiqizo ovela eqabungeni elisha, odlule ekulungisweni ngokushisa (杀青, shāqīng), ukusongwa (揉捻, róuniǎn), ukunqwabelana okumanzi (渥堆, wòduī) nokomiswa. Ngetiye elimuncu laseBulang, imithombo ichaza okuhlukile: ukulungiswa ngokushisa kanye nokubila kuqalo elivaliwe; i-athikili ka-2025 kuphephabhuku i-Foods ibhala ngqo ukuthi iqabunga ngaphambi kokubila alisongwa, kanti ukunqwabelana okumanzi akuchazwanga yinoma yimuphi umthombo ohloliwe. Incazelo yesiRashiya ka-2025 ibiza umkhiqizo ngokuthi “ngokomthetho” itiye elimnyama, ngenxa yokubila kwama-microorganism. Lokhu kuwumbono, hhayi ukuhlukaniswa ngokwezinga, ngakho uhlobo alubhalwanga lapha.
• Isigaba: Ezincwadini zesayensi, itiye eliqoshiwe (pickled). I-athikili yaseJapan ka-1998 ibeka itiye elimuncu laseBulang ematini abiliswa ngesiteji esisodwa ngaphandle komoya, ohlobo olufanayo ne-lahpet yaseMyanmar, i-miang yaseThailand naseLaos, kanye ne-awabancha yaseJapan (阿波晩茶). Ababhali bahlukanisa leli qembu kumatiye abila emoyeni ikakhulukazi ngenxa yesikhunta, ababeka i-puer kuwo. I-athikili ka-2025 ibiza itiye elimuncu laseBulang ngokuthi ukudla okuvundisiwe kwendabuko kwabantu baseBulang.
• Iyini into: Umkhiqizo wendabuko wabantu, hhayi uhlobo lwesitshalo setiye, hhayi uphawu lokuhweba, futhi hhayi iqoqo lomkhiqizi oyedwa. Ifomu elidliwayo kanye nefomu, ngokwezinye izincazelo, eliphuzwayo, yizindlela ezimbili zokusebenzisa umkhiqizo owodwa, hhayi izinhlobo ezimbili.
• Imvelaphi: IShayina, isifundazwe saseYunnan (云南, Yúnnán), isifunda esizimele saseXishuangbanna Dai (西双版纳, Xīshuāngbǎnnà), isifunda saseMenghai (勐海县, Měnghǎi xiàn), indawo yaseBulangshan, ngokusemthethweni iBulangshan Bulang National Township (布朗山布朗族乡, Bùlǎngshān Bùlǎngzú xiāng). Incwadi yezinkomba yaseShayina ka-1992 ibhala ukuthi abantu baseBulang bahlala ikakhulukazi eBulangshan, kanti futhi nasezintabeni zaseXiding (西定, Xīdìng) naseBada (巴达, Bādá), kanti abanye bahlakazekile nakwezinye izifunda eziningana, futhi ukuthi “bajwayele ukudla itiye elimuncu unyaka wonke”. Ngaphakathi kwendawo ecwaningiwe, uhambo lwasensimini lwaseJapan lwango-1993 kuya ku-1998 lwathola itiye elimuncu kuphela engxenyeni yabantu baseBulang eduze kwaseBulangshan nasengxenyeni yabantu baseDai esifundeni saseDehong. Ukusabalala kwamanje akuhloliwe.
• Izinga: Alitholakalanga. Ngo-Okthoba 2026, kuseshwe kuzingosi zezinga lendawo nelezwe laseShayina ngamagama angukhiye 酸茶, 腌茶, 布朗族, 布朗, 竹筒茶 kanye ne-布朗山. Kwatholakala kuphela amazinga amabili endawo esifundeni saseDehong ngetiye elimuncu laseDe’ang, i-DB5331/T 35-2021 “德昂酸茶加工技术规程” (imithetho yokucubungula) kanye ne-DB5331/T 39-2023 “德昂酸茶（干茶）感官审评方法” (indlela yokuhlola izinzwa yetiye elomile), womabili anesimo “esichithiwe” (废止, fèizhǐ). Awahlobene netiye laseBulang. Amazinga eqembu awahloliwe, futhi ukungabi khona kokutholakele akubandlululi idokhumenti ngaphansi kwegama elihlukile.
• Amagugu angaphatheki: Kumatiye amuncu ohlwini lukazwelonke lwamagugu angaphatheki, kwatholakala kuphela ubuciko betiye elimuncu laseDe’ang (德昂族酸茶制作技艺, 2021). Itiye elimuncu laseBulang alitholakalanga lapho, kodwa uhlu lukazwelonke alukahlukaniswa ngokuphelele, futhi izinhlu zesifundazwe, zesifunda nezifunda aziyekwanga ukuhlolwa.
• Isibonakaliso sendawo: Asitholakalanga. Indawo yaseBulangshan ifakiwe ohlwini lwendawo yesibonakaliso sendawo ye-puer (GB/T 22111-2008), kodwa lokho akuhlobene netiye elimuncu.
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: Azikho emithonjeni ehloliwe.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

• Umlando:
  • 1982. Ucwaningo lwe-ethnographic lwaseShayina ngabantu baseBulang, olwanyatheliswa ngalo nyaka, lwaziwa ngokucashunwa ku-athikili yaseJapan ka-1996. Kuyo, itiye elimuncu lichazwa ngokwehlukile kwitiye elixegayo (散茶, sǎnchá) kanye “netiye likaqalo” (竹筒茶, zhútǒngchá), itiye eligazingiwe elibhakwa kushubhu loqalo. Itiye elimuncu, ngokwalo mbhalo, lalenziwa ngezinyanga zesikhombisa nesishiyagalombili: iqabunga elisha lalibiliswa, lifakwe kuqalo, lingcwatshwe emhlabathini, bese cishe ngemva kwenyanga likhishwa futhi lidliwe; lalishintshaniswa njengesipho. Ucwaningo uqobo aluvulwanga.
  • 1992. Incwadi yezinkomba yaseShayina “iZhongguo Chajing” (中国茶经, Zhōngguó chájīng) esigabeni esithi “布朗族的酸茶” ichaza itiye elimuncu njengomkhiqizo wezinyanga zesihlanu nesithupha, isikhathi sasehlobo esishisayo nesinomswakama: iqabunga elincane elithe xaxa liyabiliswa, lishiywe endaweni emnyama izinsuku ezingaphezu kweshumi ukuze likhunte, bese lifakwa kuqalo, lingcwatshwe, futhi ngemva kwenyanga nangaphezulu likhishwa futhi lidliwe. Umbhalo waziwa nge-facsimile ku-athikili yaseJapan ka-1998; incwadi yezinkomba uqobo ayivulwanga. Abacwaningi baseJapan babhala ukuthi ubuchwepheshe obunezigaba ezimbili abuzange bubuthole ensimini.
  • Ama-1990. Ngokohambo lwaseJapan lwango-1993 kuya ku-1998, kubantu baseBulang ezifundeni zaseSimao naseLincang itiye elimuncu laqala ukunyamalala kusenesikhathi, futhi ngeNguquko Yezamasiko lanyamalala cishe yonke indawo; kwalondolozwa kuphela abantu baseBulang abaseduze kwaseBulangshan, lapho itiye elimuncu lalenziwa futhi lidliwe cishe unyaka wonke. Omunye umbhali waseJapan ngoJanuwari 1994 wabona itiye elimuncu kuqalo kubantu baseBulang kwesinye sezindawo esifundeni saseMenghai, kanti ngoFebhuwari 1995 kwesinye sezindawo zaseBulangshan akazange alithole.
  • 2021. Iqembu labacwaningi elihlanganyela neYunnan Agricultural University lathatha amasampula etiye elimuncu edolobhaneni laseBanzhang endaweni yaseBulangshan futhi laqapha ukuthi lishintsha kanjani phakathi nezinyanga ezintathu zokuguga. Imiphumela yanyatheliswa ngo-2025 kuphephabhuku i-Foods; ngonyaka owedlule, iqembu elifanayo lababhali lanyathelisa umsebenzi kuphephabhuku i-Food Chemistry ngama-microorganisms etiye elimuncu laseBulang (bheka isigaba 7).
• Igama:
  • 酸茶 (suānchá) yigama lesiShayina, “itiye elimuncu”. I-athikili yaseJapan ka-1998 ilichaza ngokufanisa: eShayina imifino, inhlanzi kanye nenyama ebilisiwe kubizwa ngokuthi “okumuncu”, 酸菜 (suāncài), 酸鱼 (suānyú), 酸肉 (suānròu), kanti itiye eliqoshiwe libizwa ngendlela efanayo. Igama elifanayo lisetshenziselwa netiye elimuncu laseDe’ang, ngakho egameni le-athikili kushiwo abantu.
  • 布朗族酸茶 (Bùlǎngzú suānchá) “itiye elimuncu laseBulang”. Libhalwe ngokuhlanganiswa kanjena esimemezelweni sokukhangisa somkhosi wetiye eMenghai (2023), ohlwini lwamatiye endawo ezizwe ezahlukene. Incwadi yezinkomba ka-1992 yabiza isigaba ngokuthi “布朗族的酸茶” (Bùlǎngzú de suānchá), okusho into efanayo “itiye elimuncu laseBulang”, kodwa nesakhi sokungumnikazi; ifomu elihlanganisiwe liqinisekiswa umbhalo wokuqala, kanti elihlanganisiwe lithathwe njengesihloko njengelifushane.
  • Ukuphinyiselwa. Imithombo ayinikezi ukuphinyiselwa kwegama ngamathoni: i-athikili yaseJapan ibhala ngesi-Latin iSuancha ngaphandle kwamathoni. Bùlǎngzú suānchá ukuphinyiselwa okujwayelekile kwezinhlamvu: 布 bù, 朗 lǎng, 族 zú, 酸 suān, 茶 chá; azikho izinhlamvu ezinokungaqondakali egameni.
  • Igama lesiBulang. Abacwaningi baseJapan balibhala nge-katakana ngokuthi “ミヤン” (miyan) futhi baphawula ukuthi itiye eliqoshiwe laseNyakatho Thailand naseNyakatho-ntshona Laos libizwa ngendlela efanayo. Ucwaningo lwaseShayina lwango-1982, ecashunweni lombhali waseJapan ka-1996, ludlulisela igama lesiBulang ngohlamvu 勉 (ngesiShayina lifundeka miǎn), kanti i-athikili ka-2025 ilibhala ngesi-Latin ngokuthi mian. Uhlamvu 勉 lapha luwukubhalwa kwegama lolimi lwesiBulang, hhayi igama lesiShayina letiye.
  • Izinhlobo zesiRashiya. Incazelo yesiRashiya ka-2025 inikeza ukudluliswa “miyàng”, “miáng”, “mián” kanye “nomiyǎn” futhi ixhumanisa igama negama lesiThai letiye eliqoshiwe. Lezi zinhlobo azihlobene negama lesiShayina i-酸茶.
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko:
  • Umkhiqizo ohlonishwayo. Abacwaningi baseJapan baqopha izindaba zezakhamuzi zedolobhana laseMangjing (芒景, Mángjǐng), ngokwemininingwane yabo inhloko-dolobha “yombuso” wamaBulang (布朗王国, Bùlǎng wángguó), owawukhona ngaphambi kweNguquko Yezamasiko. Ngokwalezi zindaba, itiye elimuncu lapho lalenziwa kuphela ngabantu abaqokiwe, lalilethwa kumbusi, laliyingxenye yomkhuba womshado, futhi kwakungavunyelwe ukuthinta iqabunga ngezandla ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza, i-miyan yayenziwa kuphela ngezinti. Abadala baseMangjing bathi i-miyan yayinikezwa abantu ababalulekile, kanti bona uqobo babengayidli. Lezi yizindaba zedolobhana elilodwa, futhi azikwazi ukwenziwa jikelele kubo bonke abantu baseBulang.
  • Isipho kanye nokwamukela izivakashi. Ucwaningo lwango-1982 kanye nencwadi yezinkomba ka-1992 kubiza itiye elimuncu ngesipho esishintshaniswayo; ukushicilelwa okudumile kwesango likahulumeni “Zhongguo Wang” (中国网, Zhōngguó wǎng, 2024) kubiza isipho kanye nokwamukela izivakashi.
  • Ukudla, hhayi isiphuzo kuphela. Ngokungafani namatiye amaningi e-encyclopedia, itiye elimuncu laseBulang lichazwa ngokuyinhloko njengokudla: liyahlafunwa, kanti ngokokushicilelwa kwango-2024 futhi lisetshenziswa ekuphekeni futhi lidliwe njenge-snack.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe

• Uhlobo / Cultivar: Alibizwanga yinoma yimuphi umthombo ohloliwe. I-athikili ka-2025 ithi kuphela ukuthi iqabunga lesitshalo setiye (Camellia sinensis) liyabiliswa; uhlobo kanye nenani lendawo akucaciswanga.
• Izinto ezingavuthiwe: Izincazelo ziyaphikisana, futhi azikwazi ukuhlanganiswa zibe yindinganiso eyodwa. Uhambo lwaseJapan lwama-1990 lwabona kuphela iqabunga elivuthiwe. Incwadi yezinkomba ka-1992 ibhala ngeqabunga elincane elithe xaxa. Ukushicilelwa kwe-”Zhongguo Wang” (2024) kubhala ngeqabunga elidala elimahhadlahhadla lezihlahla zetiye ezindala (古茶树, gǔ cháshù). Ngamasampula ka-2021 kwaqoqwa iqabunga “lehlumela elilodwa namacembe amabili”. Lezi yizincazelo zeminyaka ehlukene, izindawo ezahlukene kanye nababhali abahlukene; ukuthi umehluko uchazwa kanjani, imithombo ayisho.
• Ukuqoqa: Ngokwencwadi yezinkomba ka-1992 nokushicilelwa kwango-2024, ngoMeyi kuya kuJuni; ngokocwaningo lwango-1982, ngezinyanga zesikhombisa nesishiyagalombili (ngokweyiphi ikhalenda, akushiwo ecashunweni; isigaba esiseduze salo mbhalo ngetiye likaqalo sinikezwe ngokwekhalenda lesiDai); uhambo lwama-1990 lwathola ukukhiqizwa cishe unyaka wonke. Amasampula ka-2021 aqoqwa kusukela ngoJulayi kuya ku-Okthoba, kusukela ekufakweni kuya enyangeni yesithathu yokuguga.
• Indinganiso yokuqoqa: Ayikho indinganiso ejwayelekile. “Ihlumela elilodwa namacembe amabili” yizinto ezingavuthiwe zeqoqo elilodwa elicwaningiwe, hhayi imfuneko yesitayela.
• Izidingo zezinto ezingavuthiwe: Azikachazwa: akukho zinga lethe tiye elimuncu laseBulang. Okufanayo kuzo zonke izincazelo ukulungiswa kweqabunga ngokushisa ngaphambi kokubila.

4. Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala

• Isifunda: Indawo yezintaba yaseBulangshan esifundeni saseMenghai eningizimu-ntshona yeYunnan (ku-abstract yesiNgisi ye-athikili yaseJapan, i-Mt. Bulang); incwadi yezinkomba ka-1992 ibiza futhi izintaba zaseXiding naseBada. Ngokuthi iqabunga letiye elimuncu lithathwa kuziphi izingadi, imithombo ayibhali ngokwehlukile; ukushicilelwa kwango-2024 kukhuluma kuphela ngezihlahla zetiye ezindala.
• Ukuphakama kokutshala: Ayikho imininingwane ngezingadi zetiye elimuncu. Incwadi yezinkomba ka-1992 ibhala kuphela ngabantu: abantu baseBulang bahlala ikakhulukazi ezintabeni eziphakeme, ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-1500 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle.
• Inhlabathi: Ayichazwanga emithonjeni ehloliwe.
• Isimo sezulu: Azikho izincazelo zesimo sezulu ezikhethekile ngetiye elimuncu. Incwadi yezinkomba ka-1992 ixhumanisa isikhathi sokukhiqiza nesikhathi sasehlobo esishisayo nesinomswakama.
• Indawo yokubila: Kulo mkhiqizo, akubalulekanga kuphela ingadi, kodwa nendawo lapho iqabunga libila khona. Emadolobhaneni amabili kulawo achazwe ngababhali baseJapan, ushubhu wawungcwatshwa emgodini, ngokwesibonelo, ekhoneni legceke; emhlabathini, ubumba oluvalwe ngawo umlomo alomi, futhi uqalo aluqhekeki.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Abukho ubuchwepheshe obufanayo: akukho zinga, futhi izincazelo zeminyaka ehlukene namadolobhana ahlukene ziyahluka. Okufanayo kuzo zonke ukulungiswa kweqabunga elisha ngokushisa, ukufakwa kushubhu loqalo nokuguga ngaphandle komoya. Ukuminyana kokufaka, indlela yokuvala kanye nokungcwaba emhlabathini kuyahluka ezincazelweni ezahlukene.

1. Ukulungiswa (杀青, shāqīng): Iqabunga lishiswa ngomusi noma liyabiliswa. Umusi uchazwa uhambo lwaseJapan emadolobhaneni amabili esifunda saseMenghai, abhalwe ngawo ngokuthi 弄養 ne曼班, kanti kwelesithathu, elibhalwe ngokuthi 邦哈, cishe imizuzu engu-30; umusi ubizwa futhi yincazelo ejwayelekile ku-athikili ka-2025. Ukubilisa kuchazwa ucwaningo lwango-1982, incwadi yezinkomba ka-1992, ukushicilelwa kwango-2024, incazelo yesiRashiya ka-2025 kanye nesigaba sezindlela se-athikili efanayo ka-2025; ngamasampula ayo, iqabunga lalibiliswa imizuzu engu-20. EMangjing, ngokwencazelo yaseJapan, iqabunga lalibiliswa embizeni omkhulu cishe imizuzu emihlanu. Amagama amadolobhana anikezwe ngokubhalwa kwesiJapan; ukuhambisana kwawo kwesiShayina akukatholakali, ngakho ukuphinyiselwa akukho lapha.
2. Ukulungiselela iqabunga: Ngokwamasampula ka-2021 kanye nokufingqwa kwe-athikili ka-2025, iqabunga elisha liyabuna ngaphambi kokulungiswa. Ngemva kokulungiswa, liyapholiswa, futhi ngokwe-athikili ka-2025 futhi liyomiswa emoyeni ukuze kwehliswe umswakama.
3. Ngaphandle kokusongwa: I-athikili ka-2025 igcizelela ukuthi, ngokungafani netiye elimuncu laseDe’ang, i-lahpet yaseMyanmar kanye ne-awabancha yaseJapan, itiye elimuncu laseBulang alisongwa ngaphambi kokubila.
4. Ukufakwa kuqalo: Emadolobhaneni ase弄養 nase曼班, uhambo lwaseJapan lwabona ukuthi iqabunga elipholile lifakwa ngokuminyene kushubhu loqalo onobubanzi obucishe bube amasentimitha angu-10 nobude obucishe bube amasentimitha angu-30, kungafinyeleli onqenqemeni cishe amasentimitha angu-5. Edolobhaneni lase邦哈, ukufakwa kwakungeminyene. Ukushicilelwa kwango-2024 kubhala ukuthi ushubhu ugcwaliswa kuze kube phezulu, ngaphandle kwezikhala.
5. Ukuvala: Emadolobhaneni ase弄養 nase曼班, umlomo uvalwa ngeqabunga likabhanana eligoqiwe, bese phezulu kuze kube seqophelweni kuvalwa ngobumba obomvu obugayiwe. Edolobhaneni lase邦哈, umlomo uvalwa ngeqabunga likabhanana, awuvalwa ngobumba, futhi kushubhu kuthululelwa amanzi. Ukushicilelwa kwango-2024 kubhala ukuthi umlomo uvalwa ngokuqinile ngamacembe kabhanana (芭蕉叶, bājiāo yè).
6. Ukubila (发酵, fājiào): Emadolobhaneni ase弄養 nase曼班, ushubhu ungcwatshwa emgodini ojule ngamasentimitha angu-15 kuya kwangu-30 futhi ushiywe isikhathi esisukela emavikini ambalwa kuya ezinyangeni ezimbalwa. Edolobhaneni lase邦哈, ushubhu ugcinwa endaweni emnyama, kanti eMangjing iqabunga lalishiywa izinsuku ezingaphezu kweshumi, lingangcwatshwanga. Ezinye izincazelo zibiza cishe inyanga emhlabathini (1982), ngaphezu kwenyanga emhlabathini ngemva kokukhunta izinsuku ezingaphezu kweshumi (1992), cishe izinyanga ezimbili (2024) kanye nezinyanga ezintathu (ukufingqwa kwe-athikili ka-2025, amasampula ayo kanye nencazelo yesiRashiya ka-2025).
7. Ukomisa (hhayi njalo): Ngokwencazelo yesiRashiya ka-2025, ngemva kokuguga, itiye liyomiswa noma aliyomiswa; elomile liyaphuzwa. Izindlela zokomisa azichazwanga emithonjeni. Amasampula ka-2021 omiswa elangeni ukuze ukunambitha kwelabhorethri, lokhu kuwukulungiselela ukuhlaziya, hhayi incazelo yomkhuba.

Lapho izincazelo ziphikisana khona: umusi noma ukubilisa; iqabunga elivuthiwe, elincane noma elidala elimahhadlahhadla; ukufakwa okuminyene noma okungeminyene; ubumba, amanzi noma amacembe kuphela emlonyeni; emhlabathini noma endaweni emnyama; kusukela ezinsukwini eziyishumi kuya ezinyangeni ezimbalwa. Inguqulo enezigaba ezimbili yencwadi yezinkomba ka-1992, kuqala ukukhunta emoyeni, bese kungcwatshwa, abacwaningi baseJapan abazange bayithole ensimini. Imithombo ayichazi ukuthi yikuphi kwalokhu kwehluka okuhlobene nedolobhana, nokuthi yikuphi okuhlobene nenkathi.

6. Izici Zokunambitha

Ayikho indlela ejwayelekile yokuhlola izinzwa yetiye elimuncu laseBulang. Ngezansi yilokho okuncane abakubhalayo abacwaningi, kukhonjiswa ukuthi ukubheka kwabo kuhlobene nani.

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Ifomu elidliwayo lidliwe ngqo kushubhu, lingomisiwe, ngakho alinayo ifomu elomile. Ngokwencazelo yaseJapan, lapho kuvulwa ushubhu, ungqimba olungaphezulu olucishe lube amasentimitha angu-2 lumbozwe isikhunta futhi lunsundu, luyalahlwa. Ocwaningweni lwango-2025, amasampula okunambitha omiswa elangeni; ngokuhamba kwesikhathi sokuguga, ukubukeka kwawo kanye nokumnika kwaba nsundu ngokuphawulekayo. Azikho izincazelo zefomu lokuphuza elomisiwe ekuphileni kwansuku zonke emithonjeni.
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ifomu elidliwayo alinayo ifomu elomile; abacwaningi baseJapan baphawula ukuthi itiye elimuncu eliguge isikhathi eside linephunga lokubila. Azikho ezinye izincazelo zephunga emithonjeni ehloliwe.
• Iphunga lokumnika: Alichazwanga emithonjeni ehloliwe.
• Ukunambitha: Ngokwe-athikili yaseJapan ka-1998, itiye elimuncu eliguge isikhathi eside linomuncu omncane, kodwa kuwo wonke amasampula ukunambitha kwetiye uqobo kuhlala, futhi ikakhulukazi ubukrakra obunamandla. Ocwaningweni lwango-2025, abanambithi bahlola izimpawu ezinhlanu, ubukrakra, ubukrakra obuhlala isikhathi eside, ukunambitheka okumnandi ngemva, umuncu kanye “nokunambitha kokubila”. Eqabungeni elingaguganga, zonke izilinganiso ezinhlanu zaziphansi kakhulu, futhi phakathi nezinyanga ezintathu zokuguga zonke ezinhlanu zakhula ngezinga elihlukile; umuncu ngenyanga yesibili wawunamandla ukudlula owesithathu. Lolu uchungechunge olulodwa lwamasampula edolobhana elilodwa, futhi iphrofayili yokunambitha yesitayela ayifinyeleleki kulo.
• Umbala wokumnika: Ocwaningweni lwango-2025, ukumnika kwamasampula omisiwe kwaba nsundu ngokuphawulekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi sokuguga. Azikho ezinye izincazelo.
• Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga eliphuziwe): Asichazwanga emithonjeni ehloliwe.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Emithonjeni ehloliwe, ukuhlaziywa kwetiye elimuncu laseBulang kukhona kuphela emisebenzini emibili yeqembu elifanayo lababhali, futhi imiphumela yabo ihlobene namasampula acwaningiwe, hhayi netiye elimuncu jikelele. Umsebenzi ka-2025 wenziwe ngamasampula ka-2021 avela edolobhaneni laseBanzhang; ukuthi umsebenzi ka-2024 wenziwe ngawaphi amasampula, akunakwaziwa ku-abstract yawo.

• Ama-microorganism: Ngokwe-athikili ka-2024 kuphephabhuku i-Food Chemistry (kufundwe i-abstract), etiyeni elibilayo kwakugcwele amagciwane e-lactic acid Lactobacillus plantarum, ama-enterobacteria angahlukanisiwe, imvubelo, i-Debaryomyces engahlukanisiwe kanye ne-Candida metapsilosis, kanye nesikhunta Cladosporium sphaerospermum kanye ne-Aspergillus engahlukanisiwe.
• Ama-asidi e-organic: Ngokwawo msebenzi, inani eliphelele lama-fatty acid amafushane lakhula ngokubila, kanti i-acetic acid yayiningi kakhulu. Ngokwe-athikili ka-2025, i-acidity e-titriwayo yayiphezulu kakhulu ngenyanga yesibili yokuguga.
• Ama-polyphenol nama-flavonoid: Ngokwe-athikili ka-2025, inani lawo eliphelele, kanye noshukela oncibilikayo, laliphezulu kakhulu ngenyanga yesibili.
• Ama-amino acid: Inani eliphelele lama-amino acid akhululekile lakhula ngokuguga (i-athikili ka-2025).
• Ukuguquka kwama-microbe: Amagciwane e-lactic acid kanye nama-aerobic ayemaningi kakhulu ngenyanga yesibili, kanti inani lesikhunta lakhula ngokuguga (i-athikili ka-2025).
• Umsebenzi we-antioxidant ku-test tube: Umthamo ophelele we-antioxidant kanye nekhono lokubopha ama-hydroxyl radical kwakhula ngokuguga, kanti ikhono lokubopha ama-ABTS kanye nama-DPPH radical laqala lakhula kancane, bese lehla. Lezi izilinganiso zasetest tube, hhayi umphumela emzimbeni.
• Ama-alkaloid, amavithamini, amaminerali: Ayikho imininingwane nge-caffeine, amavithamini kanye nokwakheka kwamaminerali kwetiye elimuncu laseBulang emithonjeni ehloliwe.

8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo

Ayikho imininingwane eqinisekisiwe ngomphumela wetiye elimuncu laseBulang empilweni. Incwadi yezinkomba yaseShayina ka-1992, ucwaningo lwe-ethnobotanical lwango-2023 kanye nokushicilelwa okudumile kwango-2024 bathi itiye elimuncu linomphumela wokwelapha, kanti ababhali be-athikili ka-2025 ngokusekelwe ekuhlolweni kwasetest tube bakha ukucabanga ngokungenzeka kokuba wusizo. Azikho izifundo kubantu emithonjeni ehloliwe, ngakho izimangalo ezinjalo aziphindwa lapha futhi azethulwa njengezakhiwo zetiye.

Lokho okwaziwayo ngokuqinisekile ngetiye elimuncu akuhlobene nempilo, kodwa nomkhuba: liyadliwa, liyanikezwa izivakashi futhi lishintshaniswa njengesipho. Izilinganiso zamakhemikhali zesigaba 7 zenziwe elabhorethri ngamasampula edolobhana elilodwa futhi azisho lutho ngomphumela emzimbeni.

9. Ukwenza Itiye

Indlela eyinhloko yokusebenzisa, echazwe ngabacwaningi, akukhona ukwenza itiye, kodwa ukudla. Ucwaningo lwe-ethnobotanical lwango-2023, olwenziwa emadolobhaneni ayishumi aseBulang esifundeni saseMenghai, lubhala ngqo ukuthi itiye elimuncu alenziwa ngamanzi abilayo, kodwa liyahlafunwa.

• Indlela yokudla: Iqabunga eliqoshiwe lithathwa kushubhu, liyahlafunwa futhi ligwinywe; incwadi yezinkomba ka-1992 ibhala ukuthi lihlafunwa ngokucophelela emlonyeni. Ukushicilelwa kwe-”Zhongguo Wang” (2024) kwengeza ukuthi itiye elimuncu lisetshenziswa ekuphekeni, kanti abanye balidla njenge-snack.
• Inqubo (ifomu elidliwayo, ngokwencazelo yaseJapan):
  1. Vula ushubhu bese ususa ubumba namacembe kabhanana emlonyeni.
  2. Susa futhi ulahle ungqimba olungaphezulu olucishe lube amasentimitha angu-2, olumbozwe isikhunta futhi lunsundu.
  3. Khipha iqabunga bese ulidla.
  4. Okungadliwanga kuvalwa futhi ngeqabunga likabhanana; ngezinye izikhathi ushubhu uphinde ungcwatshwe.
• Ifomu lokuphuza: Ukushicilelwa kwe-”Zhongguo Wang” (2024) kubhala ukuthi itiye elimuncu lingenziwa futhi liphuzwe; incazelo yesiRashiya ka-2025 ithi ngemva kokuguga, ingxenye yetiye iyomiswa futhi yenziwe njengetiye elijwayelekile. I-athikili yaseJapan ka-1998, ucwaningo lwe-ethnobotanical lwango-2023 kanye nencwadi yezinkomba ka-1992 abalisho ifomu lokuphuza.
• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi, inani letiye, izitsha: Izindlela zasekhaya, izilinganiso, izinga lokushisa, isikhathi, izitsha, azinikezwa emithonjeni, futhi uhlobo lwetiye, obekungathathwa kulo umkhuba ojwayelekile, alukatholakali. Ngakho-ke ayikho iresiphi lapha.
• Ukwenza kwelabhorethri: Ngokunambitha ngokwezinga le-GB/T 23776-2018, abacwaningi bango-2025 bathululela amagremu angu-3 etiye elimuncu elomisiwe elangeni kumamililitha angu-150 amanzi abilayo imizuzu emi-5. Lena yindlela yokuhlola, hhayi isincomo noma isiko.

10. Ukugcina

Ngokwezincazelo zaseJapan, itiye elimuncu ligcinwa kushubhu elifanayo elibile kulo. Ngokokubheka kohambo lwaseJapan, emadolobhaneni lapho ushubhu ungcwatshwa khona, emhlabathini ubumba obusemlonyeni abomi futhi uqalo aluqhekeki. Ngemva kokuvula, ungqimba olungaphezulu olunesikhunta luyalahlwa, okungadliwanga kuvalwa futhi ngeqabunga likabhanana futhi kuzanywa ukuthi kudliwe ngokushesha, kanti ngezinye izikhathi ushubhu uphinde ungcwatshwe. Ngokugcinwa kwefomu elomisiwe nokuthi liyashintsha yini ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imithombo ayibhali.

11. Intengo kanye Nemikhohlisi

Ayikho imininingwane ngokudayiswa, amanani kanye nemikhohlisi yetiye elimuncu laseBulang emithonjeni ehloliwe: zonke izincazelo zihlobene nokukhiqizwa kwasekhaya kanye namasampula ocwaningo.

• Ungakudidi kanjani:
  • Igama ngaphandle kwabantu. I-酸茶 ngaphandle kokukhomba abantu ingasho itiye elimuncu laseDe’ang (德昂族酸茶, Dé’ángzú suānchá) elivela esifundeni saseDehong (德宏, Déhóng). Lokhu kungumkhiqizo wabantu abahlukile nobuchwepheshe obuhlukile.
  • Ukusonga. Ubuchwepheshe betiye laseDe’ang, ngokwencazelo yohlu lukazwelonke lwamagugu, buhlanganisa ukusonga, ukubila ngaphandle komoya, ukugaya, ukubumba nokomisa; itiye elimuncu laseBulang, ngokwe-athikili ka-2025, alisongwa.
  • Amazinga. Amazinga endawo esifunda saseDehong ngetiye elimuncu abhalelwe itiye laseDe’ang, hhayi eleBulang, futhi womabili achithiwe.
  • Itiye likaqalo. Ushubhu loqalo ngokwawo awenzi itiye libe muncu: “itiye likaqalo” (竹筒茶) yiqabunga eligazingiwe, elibhakwe kushubhu, ngaphandle kokubila.
  • Uphawu. Akukho zinga noma isibonakaliso sendawo setiye elimuncu laseBulang, ngakho ukuhlola ubuqiniso ngedokhumenti noma uphawu akunakwenzeka.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

• Igama lesiShayina i-酸茶 lakhiwe ngokwesibonelo samagama emikhiqizo ebilisiwe, i-酸菜, i-酸鱼, i-酸肉: itiye eliqoshiwe libizwa ngokuthi “elimuncu”, njengemifino, inhlanzi nenyama ebilisiwe.
• Abantu baseBulang uqobo, ngokwamarekhodi abacwaningi baseJapan, balibiza leli tiye ngokuthi “miyan”, igama elifanayo neletiye eliqoshiwe laseNyakatho Thailand naseNyakatho-ntshona Laos.
• Edolobhaneni laseMangjing, i-miyan, ngokwezindaba zabadala, yayinikezwa abantu ababalulekile, kanti bona uqobo babengayidli; ukuthinta iqabunga ngezandla ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza kwakungavunyelwe.
• Ocwaningweni lwaseShayina lwango-1982, itiye elimuncu lichazwa eduze kwetiye elixegayo kanye “netiye likaqalo”, njengendlela ehlukile yokwenza itiye kubantu baseBulang.
• Emadolobhaneni achazwe ngabacwaningi baseJapan, lapho kuvulwa ushubhu, amasentimitha amabili aphezulu etiye, ambozwe isikhunta futhi ansundu, ayalahlwa, kudliwe iqabunga elingaphansi kwawo.

13. Ukuqhathaniswa Namatiye Afanayo

• Itiye elimuncu laseDe’ang (德昂族酸茶, Dé’ángzú suānchá): Umkhiqizo wabantu abahlukile nesifunda esihlukile, iDehong. Ngokwencazelo yohlu lukazwelonke lwamagugu, ubuchwepheshe balo buhlanganisa ukusonga, ukugaya nokubumba; kuhlukaniswa ifomu lokudla, iqabunga elibilile elimanzi lezitsha, kanye nefomu lokuphuza, elomisiwe futhi lenziwe. Ubuciko bufakwe ohlwini lukazwelonke lwamagugu angaphatheki ngo-2021 (umfakisicelo, iMangshi, 芒市, Mángshì). Itiye elimuncu laseDe’ang likhulunywa ngalo ku-athikili “iDehong Gushu Lü Cha”.
• Itiye likaqalo (竹筒茶, zhútǒngchá; 竹筒香茶, zhútǒng xiāngchá): Ngokocwaningo lwango-1982, kubantu baseBulang leli yiqabunga eligazingiwe, elifakwa lishisa kushubhu futhi libhakwe eduze kweziko, ngaphandle kokubila; itiye elimuncu lichazwa ngokwehlukile kulo mbhalo. Ngalo, kubhalwe kuma-athikili “Naka” kanye “neYunnan Lücha”; i-paka cha ecindezelwe kuqalo futhi engabili, iku-athikili “Paka Cha”.
• I-Puer yaseBulangshan: Isifunda esifanayo nabantu abafanayo, kodwa umkhiqizo ohlukile, ngawo kukhona ama-athikili “Bulangshan” kanye “neBulangshan shu bing”. Abacwaningi baseJapan babeka i-puer ematini abila emoyeni ikakhulukazi ngenxa yesikhunta, kanti itiye elimuncu, ematini abila ngaphandle komoya.
• Itiye elimnyama (黑茶, hēichá): Ngokwezinga le-GB/T 30766-2014 lichazwa ngokusonga nokunqwabelana okumanzi; izincazelo zetiye elimuncu laseBulang azihambisani nale ncazelo. Ngesigaba, kubhalwe ku-athikili “Hei Cha”.
• I-Lahpet, i-miang, i-awabancha: Amatiye aqoshiwe aseMyanmar, aseThailand naseLaos kanye naseJapan ohlobo olufanayo lokubila. Lawa awawona amatiye aseShayina, futhi ukuqhathanisa nawo lapha kwenzelwa ukuqonda ubuchwepheshe kuphela. Umbhali waseJapan ka-1996 ubheka “itiye elidliwayo” njengento engeyona eyabaseBulang kuphela, kodwa evamile “netiye elihlafunwayo” laseThailand kanye “netiye elidliwayo” laseMyanmar.

Ekuphetheni:

Itiye elimuncu laseBulang liyiqabunga elingasongwa, kodwa lishiswa, livalwe kuqalo bese lishiywa libile ngaphandle komoya, ngokuvamile emhlabathini. Lidliwe ngokuyinhloko, lihlafunwa ngqo kushubhu, kususwe ungqimba olungaphezulu olunesikhunta; ngokwezinye izincazelo, futhi liyenziwa futhi liphuzwe. Izinto ezingavuthiwe, izikhathi kanye nezindlela zokuvala emithonjeni ziyahluka, akukho zinga, futhi indawo yalo phakathi kwezigaba eziyisithupha zetiye laseShayina ngokobuchwepheshe ayikatholakali.

Abacwaningi bama-1990 bathola lo mkhuba kubantu baseBulang abaseduze kwaseBulangshan, kanti eMangjing batshelwa ukuthi i-miyan yayilethwa kumbusi. Ucwaningo lwango-2025 lwafunda ukubila kwalo ngamasampula edolobhana elilodwa, kodwa okuningi kusengaziwa: ukuthi lenziwa kanjani futhi kuphi manje, ukuthi ifomu lokuphuza lomiswa futhi lenziwa kanjani, nokuthi yikuphi ukunambitha okungabizwa ngokuthi okujwayelekile. Kulabo abathakasela itiye njengengxenye yendlela yokuphila yabantu basezintabeni, itiye elimuncu laseBulang libonisa ukuthi iqabunga letiye eYunnan aliyona into yokuphuza kuphela, kodwa futhi nokudla.

Imithombo

Amazinga

• GB/T 22111-2008
• GB/T 23776-2018
• GB/T 30766-2014
• DB5331/T 35-2021
• DB5331/T 39-2023

Amadokhumenti nezishicilelo

1. Dynamics Changes in Physicochemical Properties, Antioxidant Activity, and Non-Volatile Metabolites During Bulang Pickled Tea Fermentation — Foods (MDPI), vol. 14, no. 5 (2025), art. 878; DOI 10.3390/foods14050878; PMID 40077581; PMCID PMC11898713; Zhou J., Chen L., Zhang F., Foo H., Cao Z., Lin Q. (College of Food Science and Technology); received 2025-02-12, accepted 2025-02-25, epub 2025-03-04; CC BY
2. 中国・雲南省西南部の無塩漬物茶「酸茶」 / Non-Salted Pickled Tea (Sour Tea) in South-East Yunnan in China — Journal of Home Economics of Japan (日本家政学会誌), vol. 49, no. 8 (1998), pp. 907–915; DOI 10.11428/jhej1987.49.907; 難波敦子 (Atsuko Nanba), 宮川金二郎, 大森正司, 加藤みゆき, 田村朝子, 斎藤ひろみ
3. Ethnobotanical study on medicinal plants used by Bulang people in Yunnan, China — Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, vol. 19 (2023), art. 38; DOI 10.1186/s13002-023-00609-0; PMCID PMC10486041; Zhou H., Zhang J., Kirbis B. S., Mula Z., Zhang W., Kuang Y., Huang Q., Yin L.; epub 2023-09-07
4. 東南アジア大陸諸民族と茶の文化 —檳榔との比較民俗学的研究 — 比較民俗研究 (Comparative Folklore Studies, University of Tsukuba), no. 14 (1996/9), pp. 77–105
5. Changes in microbial diversity and volatile metabolites during the fermentation of Bulang pickled tea — Food Chemistry, vol. 458 (2024), art. 140293; PMID 38970959; Zhou J., Chen L., Foo H. L., Cao Z., Lin Q.; first publication 2024-07-01 (Europe PMC)
6. Making “Senses”: The qualia of Pu’er tea and sensorial encounters between tea producers and traders in southwest China — Journal of Material Culture, vol. 28, no. 1 (2023; online 2022-08-01), pp. 40–62; CC BY 4.0
7. GB/T 30766-2014 茶叶分类 — 国家标准 (SAC/AQSIQ)
8. GB/T 22111-2008 地理标志产品 普洱茶 — 国家标准
9. 德昂族酸茶制作技艺 (国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目名录) — 中国非物质文化遗产网·中国非物质文化遗产数字博物馆
10. dbba.sacinfo.org.cn
11. 石榴籽·同心圆 | 布朗族：从千年茶农到世界遗产守护者 — 中国网 (China.org.cn), 2024-05-21
12. “城市出逃计划”启动！第十二届勐海（国际）茶王节带你嗨翻整个国庆！ — 中国日报网, 2023-09-01

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo