xiāngmáo

Lemongrass ndi chowonjezera chodziwika bwino kwambiri cha “chouma” m’maphikidwe a kumwera kwa China, koma malinga ndi kagulu ka tiyi waku China, si 花茶 ndipo si tiyi ayi: alibe tsamba la tiyi ngati maziko, choncho alibenso ntchito yaikulu ya tekinoloje ya kununkhira — 窨 (yìn). Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mmene 香茅 alili mu dongosolo, momwe amachitira mu kapu, ndi momwe mungasokonezere ndi oyandikana naye pashelefu.

Dzina ndi chomera chimenechi

香茅 (xiāngmáo, kwenikweni “tirigu wonunkhira, udzu wonunkhira”) — dzina la malonda ndi lophikira la masamba ndi mbali yakumunsi ya tsinde la udzu wa mtundu wa Cymbopogon, makamaka Cymbopogon citratus, wodziwika mu miyambo ya ku Ulaya monga lemongrass. Palinso dzina lofanana 柠檬草 (níngméng cǎo, “udzu wa mandimu”), ndipo m’malo ophikira — 香茅草 (xiāngmáo cǎo). Uwu ndi udzu wosatha, womwe umapanga tchire lolimba la masamba opapatiza olimba ndi m’mphepete lakuthwa; pouma amagwiritsa ntchito tsamba (kudula) kapena tsinde lodulidwa — “mwendo”.

Chofunika kwambiri kwa encyclopedia: Cymbopogon alibe ubale ndi Camellia sinensis. Kuchokera pano pamabwera zotsatira zonse — kuyambira kagulu mpaka njira yophikira.

Chifukwa chake si 花茶: mfundo za 再加工茶

花茶 mu dongosolo laku China — ndi gawo la kalasi yachisanu ndi chiwiri, “yokonzedwanso” 再加工茶 (zài jiāgōng chá), yomwe ili kunja kwa magulu asanu ndi limodzi oyambira (wobiriwira, woyera, wachikasu, wulong, wofiira, wakuda). Kapangidwe ka 花茶 nthawi zonse kamakhala ka mbali ziwiri:

1. 茶坯 (chápī) — maziko a tiyi, nthawi zambiri 烘青绿茶 (hōngqīng lǜchá), tiyi wobiriwira woumitsidwa pa ng’anjo, kawirikawiri maziko ofiira, a wulong kapena oyera;
2. duwa ndi ntchito ya 窨 — kuyika duwa lamoyo m’mizere ndi maziko a tiyi (m’maonekedwe apamwamba mobwerezabwereza), kuti tsamba litenge zinthu zowuluka, kenako misa ya maluwa imachotsedwa.

Mu mndandanda wovomerezeka wa mitundu ya 花茶 — 茉莉花茶 (jasmine, wopambana kwambiri), 桂花茶 (osmanthus), 玫瑰花茶 (rozi), 白兰花茶 (magnolia), 珠兰花茶 (chloranthus), 玳玳花茶 (lalanje lowawa), 柚子花茶 (duwa la manyumelo), kuphatikiza mitundu yapamwamba ya jasmine (龙珠, 银针, 大白毫) ndi zokongoletsera 工艺花茶 — lemongrass kulibe ndipo sikungakhalepo. Chifukwa si chosowa, koma chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kamangidwe:

• 香茅 m’chinthucho alibe maziko a tiyi: ndi chopangira chochokera chokha chouma, osati tsamba la tiyi lonunkhitsidwa;
• fungo lake silowetsedwa ndi 窨, koma ndi kusakaniza mwachindunji kwa kudula kouma, ndiko kuti, kusakaniza kwa makina.

Chofanana chapafupi mkati mwa mndandanda — malo a m’malire a 菊花茶 ndi 菊普: chrysanthemum yokha si tsamba la tiyi, choncho amatchulidwa ndi chenjezo, ndipo 菊普 amatanthauzidwa ngati kusakaniza ndi 普洱熟 (shu puer). 香茅 ali pa malire omwewo, koma sitepe ina kutali ndi tiyi: chrysanthemum ndi duwa, lomwe mwachikhalidwe linalembedwa mu dikishonale ya 花茶, koma lemongrass ndi chopangira cha udzu, chomwe chimalowa mu gawo lalikulu la malonda la “zolowa m’malo mwa tiyi” (代用茶, dàiyòng chá). Palibe “mulingo wa 香茅花茶” wapadera, ndipo kuyesa kugulitsa kudula kwa lemongrass ngati 花茶 — ndi kulakwitsa kwa mawu kwa wogulitsa.

Malo ndi chopangira

香茅 — chomera cha m’madera otentha ndi otentha achinyezi. Ku China chimalimidwa ndi kukonzedwa kumwera: ku Yunnan, ku Hainan, ku Guangdong ndi ku Guangxi. Ichi ndi mbewu ya mtundu wa minda, osati munda wa tiyi wamapiri: kudula kumachitika kangapo pa nyengo, ubwino umadalira zaka za tsamba, liwiro la kuumitsa, ndi ngati pansi pokhwima pachilichonse pamalowetsedwa.

Zizindikiro zothandiza za chopangira:

• mtundu — wobiriwira-wotuwa wowala mpaka wachikasu cha udzu; mtundu wa bulauni, wa “udzu wouma” umatanthauza kutenthedwa kwambiri kapena kusungidwa kwa nthawi yaitali;
• kudula — kofanana, kopanda fumbi ndi kopanda zidutswa zoyera zolimba za maziko;
• fungo louma — loyera la mandimu-citrus ndi pansi pa “udzu” wobiriwira; chopangira chonunkhira “udzu wouma” chokha chatha.

Mbiri yowuluka ya lemongrass imakhazikika pa citral (kusakaniza kwa geranial ndi neral) ndi geraniol ndi citronellal; ndi citral yomwe imapereka kufanana kodziwika ndi chikopa cha mandimu popanda acidity. Chigawochi ndi chowuluka komanso chosazindikira kuwala, choncho 香茅 imataya khalidwe lake mwachangu kuposa tsamba la tiyi: ma paketi osalowetsa mpweya, mdima ndi mapaketi ang’onoang’ono ndi ofunikira.

Kukoma, madzi, ndi kuphikira

Madzi a 香茅 okha — achikasu otumbululuka, pafupifupi a mtundu wa mandimu, owonekera. Fungani muli chikopa cha mandimu, kutsitsimuka kwa tsinde, nthawi zina “ginger-soap” pang’ono pa chopangira chouma kwambiri. Kukoma kumakhala kochepa, kokoma pang’ono koyambirira, ndi mapeto ouma a udzu; palibe kuwawa kwa tea catechins, palibe kukhuthala, palibe kubwerera kwa kutsekemera m’mero (回甘, huígān) pano mwachilengedwe — palibe tsamba la tiyi.

Zoyendetsera za kuphikira (monga zopangira za udzu, osati ngati tiyi):

mtundu	chopangira	madzi	nthawi
kuphika kokha, kapu	2–3 g pa 250 ml	95–100 °C	3–5 min, 1–2 kuphika
gaiwan, kuphika kochepa	3 g pa 120 ml	100 °C	30–60 s, mpaka 3 nthawi
ngati chowonjezera ku tiyi	0,2–0,5 g pa 5 g ya tiyi	malinga ndi tiyi woyambira	malinga ndi tiyi woyambira

Lamulo lofunikira kwambiri la kusakaniza: 香茅 ndi wamphamvu pa fungo, ndipo gawo lake lodziwika limafafaniza tiyi woyambira. Choncho, m’machitidwe a msika, nthawi zambiri amayikidwa ku maziko olimba, “akuda” omwe amapirira — makamaka 普洱熟, malinga ndi mfundo zomwezo zomwe 菊普 amapangidwira; kawirikawiri ku tiyi wofiira. Ku mbiri zowonda za 花茶, makamaka jasmine, lemongrass sakayikidwa: nsonga ziwiri za citrus-maluwa zimasemphana, ndipo “kutsitsimuka kwapadera” kwa jasmine (鲜灵) kumatayika.

Mzere wa chikhalidwe

Udindo wophikira wa 香茅 ku China ndi wakale komanso wolemera kuposa uliwonse wa “tiyi”. Mu zakudya za anthu a Dai (傣族) kumwera kwa Yunnan, lemongrass ndi udzu wofunikira kwambiri: 香茅草烤鱼, nsomba yokulungidwa ndi tsinde ndi kuphikidwa pamoto wa makala, ndi imodzi mwa zakudya zodziwika bwino za kumaloko. Tsinde limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chomangira fungo, chimango ndi nthawi yomweyo chokometsera, tsamba — pa madzi ndi marinades. Kuchokera pano pamabwera chizolowezi cha “panyumba” chophika kudula kouma ngati madzi otentha a tsiku ndi tsiku m’malo otentha — mchitidwe wa tsiku ndi tsiku, osati wolowa mu malamulo a tiyi.

Mu malonda a tiyi, 香茅 amawonekera m’njira ziwiri: ngati chophatikizira cha zosakaniza za udzu za msika wamba ndi ngati gawo la zosakaniza zotumizidwa kunja. M’mbali zonse ziwiri, ili ndi gulu la msika, osati la muyezo: ilibe sukulu ya mbiri ya 窨, ilibe magawo apamwamba a mitundu, ndipo ilibe malo ake mu mndandanda wa mitundu ya 花茶.

Momwe mungasiyanitsire ndi zomwe amasokonezedwa nazo

香茅 (lemongrass, Cymbopogon) — kudula kwa masamba opapatiza olimba ndi mitsempha yotalikira, nthawi zina zidutswa za tsinde lowala lolimba; fungo la citral, “mandimu kuphatikiza tsinde”.

Kusokonezeka kofala:

• 柠檬马鞭草 / verbena ya mandimu (Aloysia) — tsamba lalikulu, lanset, lokhuthala, fungo lokoma kwambiri ndi “lotsekemera la mandimu”; ichi ndi chomera china ndi chopangira china;
• 柠檬香蜂草 / lemon balm — tsamba lozungulira ndi m’mphepete mwa mano, fungo la timinti-mandimu;
• chikopa chouma cha citrus (kuphatikiza 陈皮) — citrus wosiyana kwambiri, wamafuta-wowawa, ndipo poyang’ana ndi khungu la chipatso, osati udzu;
• “tiyi wobiriwira wa lemongrass” — ngati paketiyo muli maziko a tiyi kuphatikiza kudula kwa udzu, mukuyang’ana kusakaniza kwa makina, osati 花茶: mu 花茶 kununkhira kwachitika ndi 窨, ndipo masamba ena a zomera mu chinthu chomalizidwa, monga lamulo, sakhalapo.

Mayeso oyendetsa ndi osavuta. Thirani madzi otentha pa chopangiracho ndipo yesani thupi la madziwo: 香茅 amapereka madzi onunkhira koma “opanda kanthu” popanda kukhuthala kwa tiyi. Ngati mu kapu muli kukhuthala kwa tiyi ndi chimango chomangirira — 茶坯 ikugwira ntchito, ndipo chinthucho chiyenera kufotokozedwa kudzera mu maziko ake (wobiriwira, wofiira, shu puer), ndipo lemongrass iyenera kutchedwa chomwe aliri: chowonjezera chouma chonunkhira.

Chidule cha katalogu

Mu gawo la “maluwa ndi chopangira chouma” 香茅 ali ndi malo oona a chophatikizira cha udzu: salowa mu magulu asanu ndi limodzi oyambira, sali wa 花茶 mkati mwa 再加工茶 ndipo amagwira ntchito ngati chowonjezera chosakaniza kapena madzi odziyimira okha. Mphamvu yake — nsonga yodziwika nthawi yomweyo ya citral; kufooka kwake — kutaya fungo mwachangu ndi chizolowezi chophimba maziko aliwonse owonda a tiyi. Zinthu zonse ziwirizi ziyenera kukumbukiridwa pogula komanso popanga zosakaniza.

the teas described here are available from teamotea