xiāngmáo

I-lemongrass iyisengezo esomile esaziwa kakhulu ekulungiseni itiye laseNingizimu neShayina, kodwa ngokohlelo lwaseShayina lokuhlukanisa itiye alilona 花茶 futhi alilona itiye nhlobo: alinalo iqabunga letiye eliyisisekelo, ngakho-ke alinayo nendlela eyinhloko yokwenza iphunga elimnandi — 窨 (yìn). Lesi sihloko sichaza ukuthi 香茅 imi kuphi ohlelweni, ukuthi iziphatha kanjani enkomishini, nokuthi ungayidida kanjani nabanye abaseduze kwaso eshalufini.

Igama nokuthi yisiphi isitshalo

香茅 (xiāngmáo, ngokwezwi nezwi “uhlaza lwembewu enephunga elimnandi, utshani obunephunga elimnandi”) yigama lokuhweba nelokupheka lamaqabunga nengxenye engezansi yesiqu sezitshalo zohlobo lwe-Cymbopogon, ikakhulukazi Cymbopogon citratus, owaziwa esikweni laseYurophu njenge-lemongrass. Kukhona negama elifanayo 柠檬草 (níngméng cǎo, “utshani bukalamula”), futhi esimweni sokupheka — 香茅草 (xiāngmáo cǎo). Lesi isitshalo seminyaka eminingi sohlobo lwembewu, esakha isixhobo esiminyene samaqabunga amancane aqinile anonqenqema olubukhali; uma omisiwe kusetshenziswa iqabunga (elisikiwe), noma isiqu esinqunyiwe “unyawo”.

Okubalulekile ku-encyclopedia: i-Cymbopogon ayihlangene ne-Camellia sinensis. Kusukela lapha kuvela yonke imiphumela elandelayo — kusukela ekuhlukaniseni kuya endleleni yokuphisa.

Kungani lokhu kungeyona i-花茶: umqondo we-再加工茶

花茶 ohlelweni lwaseShayina — iyingxenye yesigaba sesikhombisa, “esicutshungulwe kabusha” 再加工茶 (zài jiāgōng chá), esimi ngaphandle kwezigaba eziyisithupha eziyisisekelo (oluhlaza, omhlophe, ophuzi, i-oolong, obomvu, omnyama). Isakhiwo se-花茶 sihlala sinezingxenye ezimbili:

1. 茶坯 (chápī) — isisekelo setiye, ngokuvamile 烘青绿茶 (hōngqīng lǜchá), itiye eliluhlaza elomiswe eziko, ngezinye izikhathi isisekelo esibomvu, i-oolong noma esimhlophe;
2. imbali kanye nomsebenzi we-窨 — ukubeka imbali ephilayo ngezingqimba nesisekelo setiye (ezinhlotsheni zekhwalithi ephezulu kaningi), ukuze iqabunga limunce izinto eziguqukayo, ngemva kwalokho inqwaba yembali iyasuswa.

Ohlwini lwezinkomba lwezinhlobo ze-花茶 — 茉莉花茶 (i-jasmine, elawula ngokuphelele), 桂花茶 (i-osmanthus), 玫瑰花茶 (i-rose), 白兰花茶 (i-magnolia), 珠兰花茶 (i-chloranthus), 玳玳花茶 (iwolintshi elibabayo), 柚子花茶 (imbali ye-pomelo), kuhlanganise nezinhlobo ze-premium ze-jasmine (龙珠, 银针, 大白毫) kanye ne-工艺花茶 yokuhlobisa — i-lemongrass ayikho futhi ayikwazi ukuba khona. Isizathu akusiyona into yokungavamile, kodwa umehluko wesakhiwo emibili:

• 香茅 emkhiqizweni ayinaso isisekelo setiye: yisithako esomile esizimele, hhayi iqabunga letiye elinephunga elimnandi;
• iphunga layo elifakwayo akulona 窨, kodwa ngokuxuba okuqondile kwesisiki esomile, okungukuthi ukuxuba ngomshini.

Isifaniso esiseduze kakhulu ngaphakathi kohlu — izindawo zasemngceleni 菊花茶 ne-菊普: i-chrysanthemum ngokwayo ayilona iqabunga letiye, ngakho-ke ibalwa ngesexwayiso, kanti 菊普 ichazwa njengengxube ne-普洱熟 (shu puer). 香茅 imi emngceleni ofanayo, kodwa igxathu elilodwa kude netiye: i-chrysanthemum okungenani iyimbali, ngokwesiko efakwe kusichazamazwi se-花茶, kanti i-lemongrass iyisithako sotshani, esingena esigabeni esibanzi sokuhweba “sezithako ezithatha indawo yetiye” (代用茶, dàiyòng chá). “Izinga le-香茅花茶” elihlukile alikho, futhi imizamo yokuthengisa isisiki se-lemongrass njenge-花茶 iyiphutha le-terminology lomthengisi.

Indawo yokutshala nokutholakala kwesithako

香茅 — isitshalo sezindawo ezishisayo nezishisayo ezinomswakama. E-Shayina sitshalwa futhi sivunwa eningizimu: e-Yunnan, e-Hainan, e-Guangdong nase-Guangxi. Lesi yisiko lohlobo lwepulazi nengadi yemifino, hhayi ingadi yetiye yasentabeni: ukusikwa kwenzeka izikhathi eziningana ngesizini, ikhwalithi incike ebudaleni beqabunga, isivinini sokomiswa, nokuthi ingxenye engezansi eqinile yesihlahla ingene yini ekusikeni.

Izimpawu ezisebenzayo zesithako:

• umbala — oluhlaza okotshani okumpunga okhanyayo kuya kobomvana bolimu; umbala onsundu, “wotshani obomile” usho ukushisa ngokweqile noma ukugcinwa isikhathi eside;
• ukusikwa — okulinganayo, ngaphandle kothuli nangaphandle kwezinsalela ezimhlophe eziqinile zesisekelo;
• iphunga elomile — ukalamula ohlanzekile we-citrus ongaphansi okuluhlaza “kotshani”; isithako esinuka kuphela “utshani obomile” sesiphelelwe amandla.

Iphrofayili yokuguquguquka kwe-lemongrass yakhiwe phezu kwe-citral (ingxube ye-geranial ne-neral) ihambisana ne-geraniol ne-citronellal; yilokho i-citral enikeza ukufana okwaziwayo nekhasi likalamula ngaphandle kwe-asidi. Inhlanganisela iyaguquguquka futhi izwela ekukhanyeni, ngakho-ke 香茅 ilahlekelwa isimilo ngokushesha kuneqabunga letiye: ukupakishwa okuvalekile, ubumnyama, namaphakethe amancane kuyadingeka.

Ukunambitheka, ukungena kwamanzi, nokuphisa

Ukungena kwe-香茅 ehlanzekile — kuphuzi okukhanyayo, cishe ithoni kalamula, kucacile. Ephunga — ikhasi likalamula, ubusha besiqu, ngezinye izikhathi inothi elincane “lejinja nensipho” esithakweni esomiswe ngokweqile. Ukunambitheka kuncane, kumnandi kancane ekuqaleni, ngokuphela okomile kotshani; abukho ubukrakra bama-catechin etiye, abukho ubukhulu, futhi abukho ukubuya kobumnandi emphinjeni (回甘, huígān) lapha ngokwencazelo — alikho neqabunga letiye.

Izinkomba zokuphisa (njengesithako sotshani, hhayi njengetiye):

ifomethi	isithako	amanzi	isikhathi
ukungena okukodwa, inkomishi	2–3 g ku-250 ml	95–100 °C	3–5 imiz, ukuphisa 1–2
i-gaiwan, ukuphisa okufushane	3 g ku-120 ml	100 °C	30–60 s, kuze kufike ku-3
njengesengezo etiyeni	0,2–0,5 g ku-5 g wetiye	ngokohlelo lwetiye eliyisisekelo	ngokohlelo lwetiye eliyisisekelo

Umthetho obaluleke kakhulu wokuxuba: 香茅 inamandla ngephunga, futhi ingxenye yayo ebonakalayo isula itiye eliyisisekelo. Ngakho-ke emkhubeni wemakethe ivame ukubekwa ezisekelweni eziminyene, “ezimnyama” ezimelana nokushaya — ikakhulukazi i-普洱熟, ngomqondo ofanayo nalowo okuxutshwa ngawo i-菊普; ngezinye izikhathi netiye elibomvu. Kumaphrofayili amancane we-花茶, ikakhulukazi i-jasmine, i-lemongrass ayibekwa: iziqongo ezimbili ze-citrus nezimbali ziyangqubuzana, futhi “ubusha obuphilayo” obuyisici se-jasmine (鲜灵) buyalahleka.

Umongo wamasiko

Indima yokupheka ye-香茅 e-Shayina indala futhi ibaluleke kakhulu kunanoma iyiphi “itiye”. Ekuphekeni kwama-Dai (傣族) eningizimu ye-Yunnan, i-lemongrass iyisithako esiyisisekelo sephunga elimnandi: 香茅草烤鱼, inhlanzi eboshwe ngeziqu futhi yoswe emlilweni wamalahle — ngesinye sezidlo zasendaweni ezaziwa kakhulu. Isiqu sisetshenziswa njengokubamba kwephunga, uhlaka kanye nesinongo ngesikhathi esifanayo, iqabunga — lokupheka nokumanzisa. Kusukela lapha kuvela nomkhuba “wasekhaya” wokuphisa isisiki esomile njengophuzo olushisayo lwansuku zonke esimweni sezulu esishisayo — umkhuba wasekhaya, ongangeni emthethweni wetiye.

Ekuhwebeni kwetiye 香茅 ivela ngezindlela ezimbili: njengesithako sezingxube zotshani zokudayisa endaweni futhi njengengxenye yezingxube ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Kuzo zombili izimo lesi yisigaba semakethe, hhayi esejwayelekile: asinayo isikole somlando se-窨, asinazo izigaba zamakilasi akudala, futhi asinayo indawo yaso yohlu lwezinhlobo ze-花茶.

Ungayihlukanisa kanjani nokuthi idideka nani

香茅 (i-lemongrass, i-Cymbopogon) — ukusikwa kwamaqabunga amancane aqinile anemithambo emide, ngezinye izikhathi izingcezu zesiqu esimhlophe esiminyene; iphunga le-citral, “ukalamula kanye nesiqu”.

Ukudideka okuvamile:

• 柠檬马鞭草 / i-verbena kalamula (i-Aloysia) — iqabunga libanzi, linomumo we-lance, limahhadlahhadla, iphunga limnandi kakhudlwana futhi “linjengoswidi kalamula”; lesi esinye isitshalo nesinye isithako;
• 柠檬香蜂草 / i-melissa — iqabunga eliyindilinga elinomphetho onamazinyo, iphunga le-mint nekalamula;
• ikhasi elomisiwe le-citrus (kuhlanganise ne-陈皮) — i-citrus ehluke ngokuphelele, enamafutha nebukrakra, futhi ngokubukeka yisikhumba sesithelo, hhayi utshani;
• “itiye eliluhlaza le-lemongrass” — uma ephaketheni kubonakala isisekelo setiye kanye nesisiki sotshani, phambi kwakho kunengxube ngomshini, hhayi i-花茶: ku-花茶 ukufakwa kwephunga kwenziwa nge-窨, futhi izinsalela zezitshalo zangaphandle emkhiqizweni oqediwe, njengomthetho, azihlali.

Ukuhlola okulawulayo kulula. Thela amanzi abilayo esithakweni bese uhlola umzimba wokungena kwamanzi: 香茅 inikeza amanzi anephunga elimnandi kodwa “angenalutho” ngesakhiwo ngaphandle kokubaba kwetiye. Uma enkomishini kunokuminyana kwetiye nohlaka olubambanayo — kusebenza i-茶坯, futhi umkhiqizo kufanele uchazwe ngesisekelo sawo (oluhlaza, obomvu, shu puer), kanti i-lemongrass kufanele ibizwe ngalokho eyikho: isengezo esomile sephunga elimnandi.

Isifinyezo sekhathalogu

Esigabeni “izimbali nesithako esomile” 香茅 ithatha indawo ethembekile yesithako sotshani: ayikho ezigabeni eziyisithupha eziyisisekelo, ayikho ku-花茶 ngaphakathi kwe-再加工茶 futhi isebenza njengegxathu lokuxuba noma ukungena okuzimele. Amandla ayo — isiqongo se-citral esaziwa ngokushesha; ubuthakathaka bayo — ukulahleka kwephunga ngokushesha nokuthambekela kokucindezela noma yisiphi isisekelo setiye esincane. Zombili lezi zici kufanele zihlale zikhunjulwa ekuthengeni nasekwakheni izingxube.

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