Ruì'ān qīngmíngzǎo

Rui’an Qingmingzao (Ruì’ān qīngmíngzǎo, 瑞安清明早) ndi tiyi wa mtundu womwewo wa msanga kwambiri wochokera ku mzinda wa Rui’an (瑞安市) m’boma la Wenzhou, m’chigawo cha Zhejiang. Dzinali ndi la mtundu wa tiyi: “清明早” amatanthauza “msanga pa Qingming”, masamba amakhala okonzeka kutulidwa lisanafike phwando la Qingming. Kuyambira 2012, “瑞安清明早” ndi chizindikiro cha geographical certification. Mafotokozedwe amanena za masamba obiriwira kwambiri opindika mwamphamvu, ndipo zolemba za mtundu zimati ndi tiyi wobiriwira wokazinga, koma sindinapeze chikalata chomwe chimatsimikizira gulu la mankhwala pansi pa chizindikirocho. Chifukwa chake nkhaniyi ili m’gulu la magulu, osati mufoda ya kalasi.

1. Classification ndi Origin

Mtundu: Kalasi sinakhazikitsidwe ndi chikalata. “清明早” ndi dzina la mtundu wa tiyi, osati kalasi, ndipo kalembera wa chizindikiro mu gulu la 30 la katundu wa tiyi satchula kalasi. Zolemba za mtundu zimanena kuti chaka chilichonse amapanga matani opitirira 30 a tiyi wobiriwira wokazinga wa Wenzhou (温炒青, wēn chǎoqīng), ndipo mafotokozedwe a maonekedwe, mizere yobiriwira kwambiri yopindika, madzi obiriwira ofewa, amagwirizana ndi tiyi wobiriwira. Koma mtundu wamsanga sutanthauza kalasi: kuchokera ku mtundu wa Wenzhou wa Wuniu Zao amapanga tiyi wobiriwira komanso tiyi wofiira.
Gulu: Tiyi wa mtundu wa clonal wamsanga kwambiri; chizindikiro cha geographical certification (2012). Nyuzipepala ya m’deralo imamuyika pakati pa “tiyi zinayi zodziwika za kumwera kwa Zhejiang” (浙南四大名茶).
Origin: China, chigawo cha Zhejiang (浙江, Zhèjiāng), boma la Wenzhou (温州, Wēnzhōu), mzinda wa Rui’an (瑞安, Ruì’ān).
Dera: Dongosolo la chigawo la zizindikiro limatchula mzinda wa Rui’an monga gawo loyang’anira mwini chizindikiro; malire azamalamulo a dera sindinawone.
Geographical coordinates: Dera lalikulu ndi tawuni ya Gaolou (高楼镇), pafupifupi 27° kumpoto, malinga ndi malipoti a “Wenzhou Daily”; palibe ma coordinates enieni a dera m’magwero omwe ndinapeza.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

Mbiri:
- Nthano ya msonkho. “Wenzhou Daily” (温州日报, 2025) imanena kuti m’nthawi ya Ming Dynasty “瑞安清明早” anasankhidwa kukhala msonkho kwa nyumba yachifumu. Sindinaone chikalata cha nthawi ya Ming chomwe chingatsimikizire izi; mtundu wa clonal womwewo, malinga ndi zolemba za mtundu, unapangidwa ndi kusankha kwa alimi am’deralo ndipo unavomerezedwa mu 1992.
- Mtundu. Malinga ndi zolemba za mtundu, unapangidwa ndi alimi am’deralo posankha chitsamba chimodzi ku Pan Dai township (潘岱乡); mu 1992 komiti ya Zhejiang yowona za mitundu ya mbewu zaulimi inavomereza kukhala mtundu wa chigawo.
- 2010–2012, chizindikiro. Malinga ndi dongosolo la chigawo la geographical indications la Zhejiang, pempho linaperekedwa pa 29 November 2010, kulembetsa pa 7 July 2012. Zizindikiro ziwiri za gulu 30 zinalembedwa: No. 8891327 ndi “瑞安清明早” yokhala ndi chithunzi, ndi No. 8891328 yokhala ndi pinyin. Mwini ndi Rui’an Farmers Cooperative Union (瑞安市农民专业合作社联合会).
- 2019. Pa tsiku la dongosolo, panalibe makampani ovomerezeka kugwiritsa ntchito chizindikirocho. Dongosololi linasungidwa mpaka 2019; sindinawone ngati chizindikirocho chinawonjezedwa kapena chikugwirabe ntchito.
- 2025. Pa 1 March ku tawuni ya Gaolou adatsegula nyengo ya tiyi wamsanga: mzere woyamba wa masamba atsopano a mtundu kuchokera ku munda wa Hongdi, malinga ndi malipoti a nyuzipepala, adaperekedwa pamalopo ndi drone.
Dzina: “Rui’an” (瑞安) ndi dzina la mzinda; “Qingming” (清明) ndi phwando la masika la kukumbukira, pafupifupi 5 April; “zao” (早) amatanthauza “msanga”.
Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Nyuzipepala ya m’deralo imatcha tiyi m’modzi mwa tiyi zinayi zodziwika za kumwera kwa Zhejiang, zolemba za mtundu zimamutcha m’modzi mwa mitundu itatu yamsanga ya Wenzhou.

3. Kufotokozera kwa Botanical ndi Raw Material

Mtundu: Rui’an Qingmingzao (瑞安清明早). Malinga ndi zolemba za mtundu: clonal, shrub, masamba apakati, wamsanga kwambiri, diploid. Kwa kubzala, zolemba zimalangiza kubzala mzere umodzi kapena iwiri; mu July mpaka September tchire limavutika ndi nthata, ndipo kusamalira m’munda kwa autumn kuli bwino kuyambika msanga.
Raw material: Masamba oyambirira a masika, chifukwa chake mtunduwo umayamikiridwa.
Standard ya kutolera: Palibe deta m’magwero omwe ndinapeza.
Nthawi ya kutolera: Lisanafike phwando la Qingming, monga dzinalo likunenera; mu 2025 nyengo ku Gaolou idatsegulidwa pa 1 March.

4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima

Kumene amamera: Malinga ndi zolemba za mtundu, amalimidwa m’mapiri otsika ndi zitunda za townships za Tongxi (桐溪), Pan Dai, Tongpu (桐浦) ndi Zi’ao (梓岙); sindinawone momwe mayina awa akugwirizana ndi magawidwe amakono a mzinda.
Dothi: Yellow-red (黄红壤), malinga ndi zolemba za mtundu.
Kutalika ndi nyengo: Palibe deta m’magwero omwe ndinapeza.
Kukula: Deta ndi yosagwirizana. Zolemba za mtundu zimanena zopitirira 500 mu pansi pa mtundu ndi zopitirira 300,000 tchire, ndipo nthawi yomweyo zimanena za cooperative base ya tiyi wamsanga yopitirira 1000 mu m’mudzi wa Yingdong ku tawuni ya Gaolou. “Wenzhou Daily” imanena za 11,000 mu ya minda ya tiyi ku Gaolou, 73% ya minda ya mzinda, 22 mabizinesi a tiyi ndi mtengo wa malonda pafupifupi 50 miliyoni yuan kwa 2024, koma izi ndi tiyi wonse wamsanga wa tawuni, osati mtundu wa Qingmingzao wokha.

5. Tekinoloji ya Kupanga

Palibe chikalata ndi tekinoloji ya mankhwala pansi pa chizindikiro m’magwero omwe ndinapeza. Zolemba za mtundu zimanena za kupanga tiyi wobiriwira wokazinga wa Wenzhou (温炒青); ngati ichi ndicho chinthu chachikulu, ndiye kuti ndondomeko yonse ndi iyi:

Kuyala masamba atsopano (摊放, tānfàng).
Kukhazikitsa (杀青, shāqīng): Kutentha kumaliza oxidation.
Kukulunga (揉捻, róuniǎn).
Kuyanika ndi kukazinga (炒干, chǎogān).

Iyi ndi ndondomeko yonse ya tiyi wobiriwira wokazinga, osati kufotokozera kwa tekinoloji ya Rui’an Qingmingzao. Malinga ndi malipoti a 2025, Gaolou amatha kutulutsa pa tsiku zopitirira 4000 jin za masamba atsopano ndi zopitirira 500 jin za tiyi wouma.

6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic

Kufotokozera kumeneku kwachokera ku zolemba za mtundu, osati ku chikalata cha chizindikiro.

Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Mizere yopindika mwamphamvu, mtundu wobiriwira watsopano wonyezimira (条索紧结，色泽鲜绿润泽).
Kununkhira kwa masamba owuma: Palibe mafotokozedwe m’magwero omwe ndinapeza.
Kununkhira kwa madzi: Kosalala, kwatsopano, kokoma.
Kukoma: Kokwanira, kwatsopano, ndi kukoma kwanthawi yayitali.
Mtundu wa madzi: Wobiriwira wofewa, wowala ndi woonekera bwino.
Masamba pambuyo kuwira: Yellow-green, owala; masamba olimba, ofewa, osanjikana ndi ofatsa.

7. Kukhazikika kwa Chemical

Palibe deta ya physicochemical m’magwero omwe ndinapeza.

8. Kupanga

Zochita za kalasi ya tiyi wobiriwira, ngati m’manja muli, monga m’mafotokozedwe ambiri, tiyi wobiriwira kuchokera ku mtundu uwu.

Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85 °C.
Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
Zida: Kapu yagalasi kapena gaiwan yoyera.
Ndondomeko:
1. Tenthetsa zida.
2. Ikani tiyi ndikutsanulira madzi pambali.
3. Kupaka koyamba pakatha masekondi 40-60.
4. Mwani, kusiya gawo lamadzi.
5. Onjezerani madzi.
6. Kubwereza kuwirikiza kawiri kapena katatu.

9. Kusunga

Zochita za kalasi ya tiyi wobiriwira. M’matumba osalowetsa mpweya, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo. Tiyi wamsanga wa masika ndi bwino kumwa mkati mwa chaka.

10. Mtengo ndi Zonama

Palibe deta ya mitengo m’magwero omwe ndinapeza.

Momwe mungapewere zonama:
- Chizindikiro “瑞安清明早” chilipo m’mitundu iwiri, ndi chithunzi ndi ndi pinyin. Malinga ndi dongosolo la 2019 panalibe makampani ovomerezeka, choncho chizindikiro pa phukusi chiyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi mwini.
- “Qingmingzao” pa label imatchula mtundu; malinga ndi zolemba, mtundu umamera m’madera ena a Zhejiang, choncho dzina lopanda malo silitsimikizira kanthu.
- Onetsetsani kuti wopanga ndi wa mzinda wa Rui’an.

11. Zochititsa Chidwi

Dzina la tiyi ndi dzina la mtundu ndi lofanana: chizindikiro chimateteza dzina la tchire lomwe linasankhidwa mu township imodzi.
“Wenzhou Daily” imanena kuti mu 2025 mzere woyamba wa masamba a mtunduwo adaperekedwa pa kutsegulira kwa nyengo ndi drone, ndipo imodzi mwa ma cooperative am’deralo idagula ma drone awiri, kunyamula masamba, kudyetsa minda ndi kuthana ndi tizirombo.
Malinga ndi dongosolo la 2019, chizindikiro cholembedwa mu 2012 chinalibe ogwiritsa ntchito ovomerezeka.

12. Kuyerekeza ndi Tiyi Zina

Wuniu Zao (乌牛早): Mtundu wina wamsanga kwambiri wa Wenzhou; amapanga tiyi wobiriwira komanso tiyi wofiira, Wuniu Zao Hongcha (乌牛早红茶). Chitsanzo kuti mtundu wamsanga sutanthauza kalasi.
Taishun Sanbeixiang (泰顺三杯香): Tiyi wobiriwira wa mzinda wa Taishun m’boma lomwelo la Wenzhou.
Pingyang Huangtang (平阳黄汤): Tiyi wachikasu wa boma la Wenzhou; malinga ndi nkhani yake mu encyclopedia iyi, m’mbiri amapangidwa ku Rui’an.
Wencheng Gongcha (文成贡茶): Chizindikiro choyandikana cha Wenzhou ndi “msonkho” m’dzina, pansi pake amatulutsa tiyi za magulu osiyanasiyana.

Pomaliza:

Rui’an Qingmingzao ndi dzina la mtundu lomwe lakhala chizindikiro: tchire la clonal lamsanga kwambiri kuchokera ku Pan Dai township, mtundu wa chigawo kuyambira 1992, chizindikiro cha geographical certification kuyambira 2012. Mafotokozedwe amasonyeza masamba obiriwira opindika mwamphamvu ndi madzi obiriwira ofewa, koma palibe chikalata chomwe chidatchula kalasi ya mankhwala pansi pa chizindikiro, ndipo mtundu wamsanga ndi woyenera ku magulu ena. Msonkho wa Ming Dynasty ukhalabe nthano, ndipo kuchuluka kwa makampani ovomerezeka kugwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro pa 2019 kunali ziro.