Shāxiàn gōngfu chá

I-Shaxian Gongfu Cha (Shāxiàn gōngfu chá, 沙县工夫茶) itiye elibomvu lasesifundeni sase-Shaxian (沙县区) ngaphansi kukamasipala wase-Sanming, esifundazweni sase-Fujian. Incwadi eyisisekelo yezinkundla zezimpawu zokuma kwezindawo ikuchaza njengetiye elibomvu lamaqabunga amancane (小叶种红茶) futhi ichaza ukusontwa okuqondile okucolekile kombala omnyama onamafutha, umnuko obomvu ogqamile onomphetho osagolide kanye nokunambitha “okujiyile, okumnandi, okuthambile”, okunomthunzi woju. Kusukela ngo-2021 igama livikelwe wuphawu lwesitifiketi sokuma kwendawo. Umnikazi walo uyafana nowe-ulong i-Shaxian Hongbian Cha, olunophawu olwavela ngaphambili, okuyinhlangano yetiye yase-Xiamao esifundeni sase-Shaxian.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Itiye elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá), elivutshelwe ngokuphelele. Ohlwini lwesifundazwe lwezimpahla zophawu lubhalwe ngokuthi “红茶”; incwadi eyisisekelo yesikhulumi icacisa ukuthi itiye elibomvu lamaqabunga amancane.
Ugibe lwegama: «工夫茶» egameni akusiyona indlela yokuphisa eyaziwa ngokuthi i-gongfu cha, kodwa igama leqembu letiye elibomvu elenziwe ngokucophelela. Izinga likazwelonke i-GB/T 13738.2-2017 libiza kanjalo leli qembu — «工夫红茶», ngesiNgisi kuthiwa yi-Congou black tea.
Isigaba: Itiye elibomvu le-gongfu lase-Fujian elinophawu lwesitifiketi sokuma kwendawo (2021).
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Fujian (福建, Fújiàn), umasipala wase-Sanming (三明, Sānmíng), isifunda sase-Shaxian (沙县, Shāxiàn).
Indawo evikelwe: Ngokwencwadi eyisisekelo yesikhulumi, yindawo yamanje yokuphatha yase-Shaxian. Uhlu lwesifundazwe lubonisa i-Shaxian njengendawo yomnikazi wophawu.
Uhlelo lokuvikela: Uphawu lwesitifiketi sokuma kwendawo lwe-China National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA) № 50240050, isigaba 30, impahla — itiye elibomvu. Usuku lokubhaliswa ngokohlu lwesifundazwe lungomhla ziyisi-7 kuZibandlela 2021; umnikazi yinhlangano yetiye yase-Xiamao esifundeni sase-Shaxian (沙县夏茂茶叶协会). Ngomhla zingama-30 kuNhlangulana 2026 ukubhaliswa kubonakala kusasebenza.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- I-xiaozhong yangaphandle. I-Wikipedia yesiShayina esihlokweni ngetiye elibomvu ibiza i-Shaxian kanye ne-Zhenghe, i-Tanyang ne-Gutian njengezifunda eziphambili ze-”xiaozhong yangaphandle” (外山小种, wàishān xiǎozhǒng) — itiye elibomvu lohlobo lwe-xiaozhong, elenziwe ngaphandle kwendawo yase-Tongmu e-Wuyishan. Lo mugqa awunalo usuku noma umthombo wokuqala.
- 2015. Ngokohlu lwesifundazwe, uphawu lokuqala lwetiye lwesifunda kwaba yi-ulong i-Shaxian Hongbian Cha: uphawu № 13908849 lwabhaliswa ngomhla zingama-28 kuNhlolanja 2015.
- 2021. Ngomhla ziyisi-7 kuZibandlela kwabhaliswa uphawu «沙县工夫茶» — ngaphansi kwenhlangano efanayo nasekhelini elifanayo, efektri yetiye yase-Xiamao.
- Ukuthi i-Shaxian yaqala nini ukwenza itiye elibomvu le-gongfu, akushiwongo emithonjeni etholakele.
Igama:
- «Shaxian» (沙县) — ngokwezwi nezwi kusho “isifunda esinesihlabathi”; manje yisifunda sase-Sanming (沙县区).
- «Gongfu» (工夫, gōngfu) — “umsebenzi, ukwenziwa ngokucophelela”: yile ndlela e-China ebizwa ngayo itiye elibomvu elenziwe ngokucophelela.
- «Cha» (茶) — “itiye”.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Umnikazi wophawu ubhaliswe edolobhaneni lase-Xiamao (夏茂镇). Ikhasi lesifunda ngaleli dolobhana libeka itiye nezitshalo zezithelo nemifino njengemikhakha ekhethekile esafufusa; etiyeni lendawo kuphela uphawu olubizayo yi-hongbian, futhi alisho lutho ngetiye elibomvu. Eminye imininingwane ngendawo yaleli tiye emasikweni endawo ayitholakali emithonjeni etholakele.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa

Izinhlobo / I-Cultivar: Incwadi eyisisekelo yesikhulumi ikhuluma kuphela ngezinhlobo zamaqabunga amancane (小叶种). Izinhlobo ezithile azizishiwongo emithonjeni etholakele.
Izinto zokusetshenziswa: Incwadi eyisisekelo ibiza ukukhethwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa ngokuthi kunokucophelela (选料精细), ngaphandle kwemininingwane.
Izinga lokuqoqa: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
Isikhathi sokuqoqa: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala

Isifunda: Isifundazwe sase-Fujian, umasipala wase-Sanming. Ububanzi bedolobhana lase-Xiamao, ngokwesizindalwazi sesifunda, bungama-248 km².
Ukuphakama kokutshala: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
Isimo sezulu nomhlabathi: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Incwadi eyisisekelo yesikhulumi ibiza ukwenziwa ngokuthi kunokucophelela (做工考究), kodwa ayinikezi izinyathelo nemingcele; umqulu wobuchwepheshe waleli tiye angikaze ngiwubone.

Uhlelo olujwayelekile lwetiye elibomvu le-gongfu ngokwezinga likazwelonke i-GB/T 13738.2-2017 luwuhlelo lwesigaba, hhayi incazelo yobuchwepheshe base-Shaxian:

Ukubuna (萎凋, wěidiāo): Iqabunga lilahlekelwa ingxenye yomswakama futhi libe lithambile.
Ukusontwa (揉捻, róuniǎn): Amangqamuzana eqabunga ayaphuka, ubisi luphumele phezulu.
Ukuvutshelwa (发酵, fājiào): I-oxidation enikeza umbala obomvu womnuko nangaphansi.
Ukomisa (干燥, gānzào).
Ukuhlunga nokuqedela (精制, jīngzhì): Itiye lihlukaniswa ngokwezilinganiso nezinhlobo.

6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic

Incazelo engezansi inikezwe yincwadi eyisisekelo yezinkundla zezimpawu zokuma kwezindawo. Angizange ngiyiqhathanise nomqulu wophawu.

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Ukusontwa kuminyene futhi kucolekile, kuhle, kuqondile futhi kulingana (条索紧细苗秀，挺直匀齐); umbala umnyama, ucwebezela ngamafutha (乌润油亮).
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Encazelweni yetiye elilungile, ngaphambi kokuphiswa, lihlanzekile, lisha, liphakeme futhi licolekile (香气清芳高雅).
Iphunga lomnuko: Lijiyile futhi linamandla, linephunga lezimbali nezithelo, lisha futhi lihlala isikhathi eside (浓厚强烈，香味如花似果，清鲜持久).
Ukunambitha: Kujiyile, kumnandi, kuthambile futhi kuqabulayo (浓、甜、醇而爽口); emphinjeni kunobumnandi obunomthunzi woju (喉韵甘怡带蜜), nokubuya okumnandi.
Umbala womnuko: Phakathi ubomvu ogqamile futhi osobala, emaphethelweni usagolide ophuzi (中间红艳透亮，边缘金黄).
Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga eliphisiwe): Licolekile futhi lithambile, linamaqabunga abonakalayo, libomvu ngokomthusi, lilingana futhi licwebezela, linokucwebezela okunjengosilika (细嫩，显芽铜红匀亮，富有绸面光泽).

Ngokwencwadi efanayo, itiye limelana nokuphiswa okungu-6–8 ngokulandelana, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa umbala, iphunga nokunambitha.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Ayikho imininingwane ye-physicochemical ngaleli tiye emithonjeni etholakele. Izidingo ezijwayelekile zetiye elibomvu le-gongfu elivela ezinhlotsheni eziphakathi nezincane zibekwa yizinga likazwelonke i-GB/T 13738.2-2017; ukuthi kukhona oye wahlola itiye lase-Shaxian ukuthi liyahambisana nalo, angazi.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba setiye elibomvu.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 90–95 °C.
Inani letiye: 3–4 g nge-150 ml.
Isitsha: I-gaiwan emhlophe ye-porcelain — kuyo kubonakala umphetho osagolide womnuko.
Inqubo:
1. Fudumeza isitsha.
2. Faka itiye.
3. Umnuko wokuqala — imizuzwana engu-10–20.
4. Thela konke, ungashiyi amanzi eqabungeni.
5. Wonke umnuko olandelayo — ubuncane bujule.
6. Incwadi eyisisekelo yesikhulumi ithembisa ukuphisa okuyi-6–8.

9. Ukugcina

Umkhuba wesigaba. Ephaketheni elivalekile, ezingeni lokushisa legumbi, endaweni eyomile emnyama, ngaphandle kwamaphunga angaphandle. Itiye elibomvu likwazi ukugcinwa kangcono kuneliluhlaza, kodwa iphunga lezimbali nezithelo liyancipha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

10. Intengo Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi

Ayikho imininingwane ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele.

Ukwazi ukugwema imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
- Bheka uphawu lwesitifiketi sokuma kwendawo ephaketheni; inombolo yophawu ingu-50240050.
- Qiniseka ukuthi itiye lenziwe e-Shaxian.
- Ukusontwa kucolekile, kuqondile, kumnyama futhi kucwebezela; umnuko ubomvu unomphetho osagolide; isisekelo sibomvu ngokomthusi.
- Ungadidanisi ne-Shaxian hongbian: lokhu kuyi-ulong, enophawu lwayo.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

Izimpawu ezimbili zetiye zase-Shaxian — ezibomvu neze-ulong — zinomnikazi oyedwa nekheli elilodwa: ifektri yetiye yedolobhana lase-Xiamao.
Phakathi kokubhaliswa kophawu lwe-hongbian nophawu lwetiye elibomvu le-gongfu kwadlula cishe iminyaka eyisikhombisa: 2015 no-2021.
Umphetho osagolide emaphethelweni omnuko obomvu ubhalwa yincwadi eyisisekelo njengophawu oluhlukile.
Igama elithi «工夫茶» kulula ukulithatha njenge-gongfu cha — indlela yokuphisa; lapha yigama lesigaba setiye elibomvu.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye abomvu ase-Fujian

I-Shaxian Hongbian Cha (沙县红边茶): I-ulong yalesi sifunda sifanayo futhi yomnikazi ofanayo wophawu; ne-gongfu red tea ihlotshaniswa kuphela yindawo.
I-Youxi Hong (尤溪红): Itiye elibomvu lesifunda sase-Youxi ngaphansi kukamasipala ofanayo wase-Sanming, elinophawu lwayo kanye nezinga leqembu.
I-Zhenghe Gongfu (政和工夫): Itiye elibomvu le-gongfu lasenyakatho ye-Fujian; i-Zhenghe imi eduze ne-Shaxian ohlwini lwezifunda ze-xiaozhong yangaphandle.
I-Tanyang Gong Fu (坦洋工夫): Itiye elidala elibomvu le-gongfu lasempumalanga yesifundazwe, elinye “lamagongfu amathathu amakhulu ase-Fujian”.
I-Zheng Shan Xiao Zhong (正山小种): I-xiaozhong yendawo yase-Tongmu e-Wuyishan — indawo yokuqala okubalwa kuyo i-xiaozhong “yangaphandle”.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Shaxian Gongfu Cha itiye elibomvu lamaqabunga amancane elisemusha ekuvikelweni, kusukela ngo-2021, laseSanming. Imiqulu ngalo imfishane: uphawu, umnikazi kanye nencazelo eyodwa yokubukeka. Kodwa le ncazelo inemininingwane — ukusontwa okuqondile okumnyama okucolekile, umnuko obomvu onomphetho osagolide, ukunambitha okujiyile okumnandi nokubuya koju, isisekelo esibomvu ngokomthusi esinokucwebezela okunjengosilika kanye nokuphisa okuyi-6–8. Izinhlobo, izikhathi zokuqoqa kanye nezinyathelo zobuchwepheshe zisalinde umthombo wazo.

Imithombo

Amazinga

GB/T 13738.2-2017

Inkomba yendawo

CNIPA 地理标志证明商标 №50240050

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo