Zhènghé gōngfu · thetea.app

I-Zhenghe Gongfu (Zhènghé gōngfu, 政和工夫) itiye elibomvu lesifunda saseZhenghe (政和县) esifundeni sikamasipala iNanping enyakatho yesifundazwe saseFujian, elinye lamatiye amathathu amakhulu e-gongfu hong yaseFujian (闽红三大工夫) kanye neTanyang Gongfu (坦洋工夫) neBailin Gongfu (白琳工夫). Igama elithi “gongfu” lisho “umsebenzi owenziwa ngokucophelela”: ngokombhalo womnyango wezolimo waseFujian, igama lanikezwa ngenxa yokucubungula okucolekile nokudla isikhathi. Isisekelo saleli tiye uhlobo lwendawo i-zhenghe dabaicha (政和大白茶), “isihlahla esikhulu esimhlophe saseZhenghe”; ngokwemininingwane eyisithenjwa, eqabungeni lalolu hlobo kunezelwa kancane “itiye elincane” elivela ezihlahleni ezinamaqabunga amancane ukuze kutholakale iphunga elimnandi eliphakeme. Iphunga leZhenghe Gongfu lichazwa njengephunga le-violet.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Itiye elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá), elivutshelwe ngokuphelele; i-gongfu hong (工夫红茶) — elinokucubungula kokuqala ngokucophelela nokuhlukanisa ngezigaba eziningi. Umbhalo womnyango wezolimo waseFujian wangomhla ziyi-11 kuZibandlela 2007 uwubiza ngqo ngokuthi ""政和工夫”红茶”.
Isigaba: Elinye lamagongfu hong amathathu amakhulu aseFujian; uphawu lokuqinisekisa (证明商标), ukubhaliswa okubili.
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseFujian (福建, Fújiàn), isifunda sikamasipala iNanping (南平, Nánpíng), isifunda saseZhenghe (政和县, Zhènghé Xiàn). Indawo yophawu ngokwalo mbhalo indawo yokuphatha yesifunda: izigodi namalokishi ayisishiyagalolunye, ikomidi lomgwaqo kanye namapulazi amathathu kahulumeni.
Izixhumanisi zokuma komhlaba: 118°33′–119°17′ E, 27°05′–27°23′ N.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- 1874 — “iXianyan Gongfu”. Ngokombhalo womnyango wezolimo, ngonyaka we-13 wenkathi yobukhosi iTongzhi umthengisi wetiye waseJiangxi ongowakwaZhao — igama lakhe alilondolozekanga — waqala ukwenza eZhenghe i-gongfu hong. Isikhungo sokuqala kwaba idolobhana laseSuiyingchang (遂应场, manje okuyiJinping — 锦屏), impahla yokwenziwa kwaba “itiye elincane” (小茶) lezindawo zezintaba, kanti umkhiqizo wawubizwa nge “Xianyan gongfu” (仙岩工夫). Wawuthwalwa eFuzhou, lapho wawudayiswa ngendleko ephezulu kakhulu; ngokwenganekwane, izitolo zetiye zaseFuzhou zazilinda minyaka yonke ukuphuma kwawo ukuze zivule ukuhweba.
- 1879 — isihlahla esikhulu esimhlophe. Ngonyaka we-5 kaGuangxu esifundeni kwatholakala isihlahla setiye esikhulu esimhlophe — i-xianyan dabaicha (仙岩大白茶), igama lakudala — i-zhenghe dabaicha; lolu hlobo lwabonakala luluhle futhi lwasakazwa kabanzi.
- 1896 — iZhenghe Gongfu yamanje. Ngonyaka wama-22 kaGuangxu umthengisi wetiye wendawo u-Ye Zhixiang (叶之翔) kanye nozakwabo baqala ukwenza i-gongfu ngeqabunga lesihlahla esikhulu esimhlophe. Lena iyiZhenghe Gongfu yamanje: igama labuyisa udumo, futhi itiye lafakwa ohlwini lwamagongfu amathathu amakhulu aseFujian. Ngokwawo mbhalo, ngo-1933–1936 umkhiqizo wawufinyelela ezinkulungwaneni eziyishumi zama-dan (担) ngonyaka; kulo mbhalo lesi sikhathi sibizwa ngokuthi “maphakathi nekhulu le-19”, futhi izinsuku azihambisani.
- Emva kuka-1949. Ngokombhalo ka-2007, itiye elibomvu lakhula ngokushesha ikakhulukazi ngemva kokungena kweChina kwi-WTO, futhi umkhiqizo wafinyelela emathani ayinkulungwane ngonyaka; imikhiqizo yayithunyelwa emazweni e-European Union naseRussia, kanti ezweni — eBeijing, eTianjin, eShandong, eShenyang nase-Inner Mongolia.
- 2007 — isicelo sophawu. Isiteshi sesifunda sokusabalalisa ubuchwepheshe betiye (政和县茶叶技术推广总站) safaka isicelo sophawu lokuqinisekisa ""政和工夫”红茶” ngaphansi kwesigaba sama-30, umkhiqizo — itiye; umnyango wezolimo wesifundazwe waqinisekisa indawo ngombhalo wangomhla ziyi-11 kuZibandlela 2007. Ohlwini lwezifundazwe lwezimpawu lwangomhla zingama-30 kuNhlangulana 2026 kunokubhaliswa okubili okusebenzayo kophawu lokuqinisekisa i “政和工夫” ngaphansi kwesigaba sama-30: no. 6495869 wangomhla zingama-28 kuNhlolanja 2009 kanye no. 7667931 wangomhla zingama-21 kuNhlolanja 2010; umnikazi wazo zombili lapho kubhalwa isikhungo sesifunda sokuthuthukisa imboni yetiye (政和县茶业发展中心).
Igama:
- “iZhenghe” (政和) — isiqubulo sokubusa kombusi weSong uHuizong. Ngokwenganekwane, ngonyaka wesihlanu wale nkathi (1115) isifunda saseGuanli (关隶) sethula itiye enkantolo, futhi umbusi wanikeza isifunda isiqubulo sakhe njengegama elisha.
- “iGongfu” (工夫, gōngfu) — “umsebenzi owenziwa ngokucophelela”: itiye elibomvu elidinga ukucubungula isikhathi eside futhi ngokunemba.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Kanye neTanyang Gongfu neBailin Gongfu, iZhenghe Gongfu imele isikole setiye elibomvu saseFujian. Kusuka kulolu hlobo olufanayo isifunda senza netiye elimhlophe — iZhenghe Baicha (政和白茶).

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nempahla Yokusetshenziswa

Uhlobo / I-cultivar: 政和大白茶 (Zhènghé dàbáichá) — uhlobo lwendawo lwesihlahla esikhulu esimhlophe, isisekelo “setiye elikhulu” (大茶); “itiye elincane” (小茶) linikezwa izihlahla ezinamaqabunga amancane.
Ukuvuna: Izikhathi azikatholakali emithonjeni etholiwe.
Izinga lokuvuna: Ngokombhalo womnyango wezolimo — lapho ihlumela likhipha ihlumela elinamaqabunga amabili kuya kwamathathu, kukhiwa ingaphezulu elincane. Iqabunga elisha ligcinwa ngokomthetho “wokuhlukanisa kathathu” (三分开): ukuvuna kwasekuseni nakusihlwa, iqabunga elomile nelimanzi, izinhlobo ezahlukene — ngokwehlukana.
Izidingo zempahla yokusetshenziswa: Imvelaphi esifundeni saseZhenghe.

4. I-Terroir Nezici Zokutshala

Isifunda: Ngokombhalo ka-2007 — indawo enamagquma nezintaba yogu oluseningizimu-mpumalanga: izintaba ziyindilinga, kunemifula eminingi. Indawo yophawu — amalokishi nezigodi iDongping (东平镇), iShitun (石屯镇), iXingxi (星溪乡), iTieshan (铁山镇), iLingyao (岭腰乡), iWaitun (外屯乡), iZhenqian (镇前镇), iYangyuan (杨源乡), iChengyuan (澄源乡), ikomidi lomgwaqo iXiongshan (熊山街道) kanye namapulazi amathathu kahulumeni.
Ukuphakama kokutshala: Imininingwane ayikho emithonjeni etholiwe.
Isimo sezulu: Ngokwawo mbhalo — izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi nendawo 14.2–18.5 °C, imvula ecishe ibe ngu-1600 mm ngonyaka; umoya unomswakama, kuvame ukuba nenkungu, ukukhanya okusabalalisekayo kuningi.
Umhlabathi: Obomvu nobomvu-phuzi, ungqimba ngokwesilinganiso lungaphezu kwemitha, luyathambile, luyi-medium loam. Izinto eziphilayo zingu-3.14 %, i-nitrogen ephelele ngokwesilinganiso 0.65 %, i-phosphorus 0.097 %, i-potassium 2.74 %; i-pH 5.4–6.2. Izimila — amahlathi ahlala eluhlaza anamaqabunga abanzi asezindaweni ezipholile.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Ngokombhalo womnyango wezolimo waseFujian, iZhenghe Gongfu itiye lokubuna okuphelele; ukucubungula kuhlukaniswa kwasekuqaleni nokulungisa.

Ukubuna (萎凋 — wěidiāo): Esimweni sezulu esicacile iqabunga lendlalwa libe lincane futhi lilingane, ukuze lilahlekelwe umswakama ngokulinganayo.
Ukusonga (揉捻 — róuniǎn): Kwephula amaseli eqabunga, ijusi liphuma ngaphandle.
Ukuvutshelwa (发酵 — fājiào): I-oxidation, lapho kwakhiwa khona umbala, iphunga, ukunambitheka kanye nesimo.
Ukomisa (干燥 — gānzào): Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu limisa ukuvutshelwa; kutholakala i-maocha — umkhiqizo ongakaqedwa.
Ukulungisa (精制 — jīngzhì): Ngokomgomo “wohlobo olulodwa ekungeneni, eziningi ekuphumeni” (单级付制，多级收回): ukuhlunga (筛分), ukusefa ngomoya (风选), ukukhetha (拣剔), ukuxuba nokulinganisa (拼配匀堆), ukomisa okwengeziwe (补火), ukupakisha.
Ukuxuba: Ngokwemininingwane eyisithenjwa, isisekelo — “itiye elikhulu” elivela ku-zhenghe dabaicha, okunezelwa kulo ngokulingene “itiye elincane” elinephunga elimnandi eliphakeme.

6. Izici Zokunambitheka

Ngokombhalo womnyango wezolimo, ifomula evamile yekhwalithi — “iphunga eliphakeme, umbala ogqamile, ukunambitheka okujulile” (香高、色艳、味浓):

Isimo seqabunga elomile: Ukusonga okuwugqinsi, okuminyene, okulinganayo (条索肥壮紧结匀齐); umbala omnyama, onamafutha, amathiphu amahlumela asagolide (色泽乌润、毫心金黄).
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Incazelo ehlukile ayikho.
Iphunga lotshala: I-violet egcwele (紫罗兰香浓郁), ihlala isikhathi eside.
Ukunambitheka: Kuhlanzekile, kuthambile, kumnandi futhi kugcwele (纯和甘浓); isimo sihlala ngemva kokuthelwa okuningana.
Umbala wotshala: Obomvu ogqamile (红艳), ngemva kokuthelwa okuningana uhlala unobala futhi ugqamile.
Amacembe asezansi (iqabunga eliphekiwe): Abomvu ogqamile (红艳).

Ngokwemininingwane eyisithenjwa, izingxenye ezimbili ngokwahlukana zinjena: “itiye elikhulu” — ukusonga okuyindilinga okuminyene, utshala obomvu onsundu, iphunga elimnandi eliphakeme elisha, ukunambitheka okugcwele, iqabunga eliwugqinsi elibomvu; “itiye elincane” — ukusonga okucolekile okuminyene, iphunga elifana nele-Qimen, ukunambitheka okuthambile, iqabunga elibomvu ngokulingana.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Imininingwane ye-physicochemical ngqo ngeZhenghe Gongfu ayikho emithonjeni etholiwe.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba. Izincomo ezihlukile azikho; ngezansi — amapharamitha avamile e-gongfu hong.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 90–95 °C.
Inani letiye: 3–5 g nge-150 ml.
Isitsha: I-gaiwan emhlophe ye-porcelain noma itiye pot.
Inqubo:
1. Fudumeza isitsha.
2. Faka itiye.
3. Mboza kafushane iqabunga ngamanzi ashisayo bese uwachitha.
4. Ukuthelwa kokuqala — imizuzwana engu-15–30 e-gaiwan noma imizuzu engu-3–4 etiye pot enkulu.
5. Thela ngokuphelele.
6. Ukuthelwa okuphindaphindiwe ngokukhulisa isikhathi.

9. Ukugcina

Umkhuba wesigaba. Ekupakisheni okuqinile, endaweni eyomile epholile emnyama, ngaphandle kwamaphunga angaphandle. Isiqandisi asidingeki.

10. Intengo Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi

Imininingwane ngezintengo ayikho emithonjeni etholiwe.

Ungayigwema kanjani imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
- Bheka uphawu lokuqinisekisa i “政和工夫”.
- Qinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowaseZhenghe.
- Qhathanisa isimo nencazelo yombhalo: ukusonga okuwugqinsi okuminyene, okumnyama okunamathiphu asagolide.
- Utshala — obomvu ogqamile, iphunga elinethoni ye-violet.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

Isifunda, ngokwenganekwane, sathola igama laso esiqubulweni sokubusa kombusi uHuizong njengomvuzo ngetiye.
Ngohlobo olulodwa, i-政和大白茶, esifundeni kwenziwa kokubili i-gongfu ebomvu netiye elimhlophe.
Imikhiqizo yomgunyathi yaleli tiye iyinkinga yakudala: ngokombhalo ka-2007, vele ngekhulu le-19 igama elithi “Xianyan gongfu” laliqanjwa kangako ukuthi ukuthengisa kwehla.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Amatiye

I-Tanyang Gongfu (坦洋工夫): Elinye lamagongfu amathathu amakhulu aseFujian, elivela eFu’an.
I-Bailin Gongfu (白琳工夫): Elwesithathu “kwabathathu abakhulu”, elivela eFuding.
I-Qimen Hongcha (祁门红茶): I-gongfu yakudala yase-Anhui; iphunga “letiye elincane” laseZhenghe izincwadi ziyifanisa naleli.
I-Zhenghe Baicha (政和白茶): Itiye elimhlophe lesifunda esifanayo nohlobo olufanayo — isigaba esihlukile, i-athikili ehlukile.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Zhenghe Gongfu itiye elibomvu lesikole saseFujian elinomlando wengxenye yekhulu nengxenye, kusukela e “Xianyan gongfu” kuya eqabungeni lesihlahla esikhulu esimhlophe. Enkomishini lona wutshala obomvu ogqamile, ukunambitheka okuthambile okumnandi okugcwele kanye nephunga eliqinile elinethoni ye-violet. Kanye netiye elimhlophe lesifunda esifanayo likhombisa ukuthi uhlobo olulodwa lungathwala kanjani izigaba ezimbili ezahlukene.

Imithombo

Inkomba yendawo

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo