Liánpíng gāoshān chá

ILianyiping Gaoshan Cha (Liánpíng gāoshān chá, 连平高山茶) — “itiye lasezintabeni laseLianyiping”, igama elijwayelekile lamatiye esifunda saseLianyiping (连平县) ngaphansi kukamasipala wedolobha iHeyuan enyakatho yesifundazwe saseGuangdong, ezintabeni zaseJiulianshan. Lokhu akusona uhlobo noma isigaba: ngaphansi kwaleli gama kukhona itiye eliluhlaza nelibomvu, ikakhulukazi elivela esixukwini sendawo samaHakka. Ngo-2024 abameleli babalimi betiye bavotela ukuqinisekisa leli gama, ukuze kuhlanganiswe amagama ahlukahlukene endawo abe wuphawu olulodwa lomphakathi, futhi isifunda silungiselela uphawu lwesitifiketi sezindawo ngaphansi kwalo. Ngokwempendulo yesifunda (Novemba 2024), isicelo asikafakwa futhi silindele uxhaso lwezimali; irejista yango-2026 nayo isibhala njengesiphakamiso.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Asikho isigaba esisodwa. Ngokwe “Nanfang plus” (2018), izingcweti zendawo zenza ikakhulukazi itiye eliluhlaza noma elibomvu eqabungeni; isifunda sizama amazinga eqembu kukho kokubili lokhu (isigaba 5). “高山” — “izintaba eziphakeme” — kuyisici sendawo, hhayi ubuchwepheshe.
Isigaba: Uphawu lomphakathi lwesifunda kanye nophawu lwesitifiketi sezindawo oluhlongozwayo (alukafakwa).
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Guangdong (广东, Guǎngdōng), umasipala wedolobha i-Heyuan (河源, Héyuán), isifunda sase-Lianyiping (连平, Liánpíng).
Indawo ehlongozwayo: Yonke indawo yamanje yesifunda — kanjalo kuvumelana iminyango yesifunda yezolimo, izinsiza zemvelo kanye namahlathi. Indawo ihlongoziwe, kodwa ayikaqinisekiswa.
Izixhumanisi zokuma kwendawo: Ngokwempendulo yesifunda, 114°14′44″–114°56′51″ empumalanga kanye no-24°05′48″–24°28′08″ enyakatho.

2. Umlando kanye nokubaluleka kwamasiko

Umlando:
- Ulwazi oludala. Angikaze ngibone imibhalo yakuqala ngetiye laseLianyiping. Lapho kulungiselelwa uphawu, isifunda saqoqa izingcaphuno ezivela ku-“河源年鉴”, “连平县志” kanye ne-“连平年鉴”, kodwa empendulweni asizinikezi. Ngokwe-“Heyuan wanbao” (2024), kuze kube ngawo-1970 eJiulian kwakutshalwa kuphela imbewu yetiye yendawo, kusukela ngawo-1970 amaqembu aqala ukuletha izinhlobo ze-oolong ezivela kwezinye izindawo. Igama elithi “连平高山茶” emaphephandabeni livela okungenani kusukela ngo-2018 (“Nanfang plus”).
- 2022. Umnyango wesifunda wokuqondisa imakethe waqala ukuqoqa imininingwane nge-“高山茶”. Ngokweshicilelo sesifunda sentwasahlobo salowo nyaka, ibhande letiye lizungeza amadolobhana ase-Shangping (上坪), i-Yuanshan (元善), i-Beitou (陂头) ne-Youxi (油溪) eduze kwemimango yase-Jiulianshan nase-Huangniushi.
- 2023. Isifunda sahlola izingadi, izihlahla ezindala kanye nobude bezitshalo: izingadi eziningi, ngokwempendulo yaso, zisezintabeni zase-Jiulianshan futhi “ngokuyisisekelo zihlangabezana nezimpawu zokuba sezintabeni eziphakeme”. Ngokwemibhalo yomlando kanye nemibiko yonyaka kwenziwa ukuhlaziywa komkhiqizo wophawu lwakusasa.
- 2024 — igama. Ukuhlolwa kwabonisa ukuthi uphawu lomphakathi lwalungenalo igama elilodwa, futhi igama elihlelekile lalikhulunywa emibhalweni iminyaka engaphansi kwemithathu. Inhlangano yetiye yesifunda yahlanganisa abameleli babalimi betiye, futhi ngokuvota kwakhethwa elithi “连平高山茶”; igama lafakwa ku-“连平2023年鉴”. Iminyango emithathu yesifunda yavumelana negama, nofaka isicelo — inhlangano yetiye yesifunda — kanye nendawo yesifunda sonke.
- 2024 — izimali. Isifunda sizama ukufaka uphawu ohlelweni lokwesekwa lwesifunda futhi safaka isicelo sezimali zesifunda sase-Shenzhen i-Nanshan, umlingani we-Lianyiping ohlelweni losizo lwababili. Kusukela ngomhla ka-11 Novemba 2024 impendulo yayingekafiki. Lonke lolu lwazi luvela empendulweni yesifunda esiphakamisweni selungu lekomidi lokubonisana lezepolitiki lesifunda mayelana nophawu lwesitifiketi sezindawo embonini yetiye.
Igama: 连平 — igama lesifunda; 高山 — “izintaba eziphakeme”; 茶 — itiye.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Emaphephandabeni endawo itiye libizwa nangokuthi “连平客家高山茶” — “itiye lamaHakka lasezintabeni laseLianyiping”; i-“Nanfang plus” (2018) igqamisa ubuchwepheshe bamaHakka bokwenza itiye eliluhlaza eligoshiwe.

3. Incazelo yezitshalo kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa

Izinhlobo / isixuku: Ngokwe-“Nanfang plus” (2018), isihlahla esiyinhloko yisixuku samaHakka (客家群系种, Kèjiā qúnxìzhǒng). Izincwadi zesifunda zikhuluma nangezinye izinhlobo: ngo-2022 — isihlahla sendawo esinamaqabunga amancane, i-Meizhan (梅占, Méizhàn), i-Hongyan No. 12 (鸿雁12号, Hóngyàn shí’èr hào) kanye nezihlahla zakudala zasendle; ngo-2023 — futhi i-Jinxuan (金萱, Jīnxuān) ne-Danxia No. 1 (丹霞1号, Dānxiá yī hào).
Izihlahla ezindala: Ngokwe-“Heyuan wanbao” (Juni 2024), edolobhaneni lase-Neiguan (内莞镇), emzaneni wase-Gaohu, endaweni yase-Cha’ao (茶垇), kwatholakala ihlathi lezihlahla zetiye ezinkulu eziyisihlahla eziyi-18: iziqu ziphakathi kuka-10 no-50 cm ububanzi, ukuphakama kungaphezu kwama-10 m, esikhulu kunazo zonke singaphezu kwama-20 m. Ngokwamazwi omlimi wetiye wendawo, ihlathi latshalwa esemncane yisihlobo sakhe; iphephandaba alinikezi iminyaka eqondile. Amanye amahlathi kusetshenzwa kuwo nanamuhla. Isifunda sihlose ukuhlola nokubhalisa izihlahla zetiye ezindala futhi sakhe ingadi eyodwa noma ezimbili “zezihlahla eziyikhulu leminyaka”.
Isikhathi sokuvuna: Entwasahlobo ka-2022 ishicilelo sesifunda ngaphambi komkhosi we-Qingming (清明) sasibika ngokuvunwa kwetiye lasentwasahlobo; ngokombiko ka-2025, itiye lasezintabeni lase-Lianyiping livunwa cishe ezinsukwini eziyi-15 kamuva kunetiye lasemathafeni. Izinga lokuvuna alikho; isifunda siphakamisa kuphela ukuqoqa amaqabunga “ngokunengqondo nangokulinganisela” ngaphansi kwesigaba esidingekayo kanye nokuhlanganisa ukuvuna ngesandla nokuvuna ngomshini.

4. Indawo kanye nezici zokutshala

Isifunda: Inyakatho ye-Guangdong, izintaba zase-Jiulianshan, umfula ongenhla we-Xinfengjiang (新丰江) — ngokwe-“Nanfang plus” (2018); lapho kuthiwa esifundeni kuneziqongo ezingama-79 ezingaphezu kwama-1000 m. Izintaba zihamba emngceleni we-Guangdong ne-Jiangxi; isiqongo esiphakeme kunazo zonke sohla lwezintaba, i-Huangniushi (黄牛石, 1430 m), sisemngceleni wezifundazwe.
Isimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu esiphakathi nendawo esishisayo esinamandla emvula: ihlobo nobusika obude, intwasahlobo nekwindla emifushane, amazinga okushisa athambile, izinkathi ezicacile zonyaka, ukukhanya kwelanga okuningi kanye nemvula eningi (“Nanfang plus”, 2018).
Ukuphakama kokukhula: Akukho zilinganiso zezingadi emithonjeni etholakele. Isifunda sibhala kuphela ukuthi izingadi eziningi “zifihlwe ezintabeni eziphakeme zase-Jiulianshan”; i-“Nanfang plus” (2018) ibiza ngokuthi itiye lasezintabeni eziphakeme ngokujwayelekile itiye elivela ezingadini ezingaphezu kwama-800 m, kodwa ayinikezi ukuphakama kwezingadi zase-Lianyiping.
Izindawo kanye nomkhiqizo: Izinombolo ziyashintsha ngeminyaka. Ngokweshicilelo sesifunda sentwasahlobo ka-2022 — cishe izinkulungwane ezingama-20 ze-mu, ngaphezu kwama-600 t, cishe ama-yuan ayizigidi eziyi-180. Ngokwemibiko yomkhosi wokuqala ukuvuna ka-2025 — ngaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-30 ze-mu, ama-631.4 t, cishe ama-yuan ayizigidi ezingama-270, ngaphezu kwamafemu atshala itiye angama-500.

5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza

Abukho ubuchwepheshe obufanayo begama: e-Lianyiping benza itiye eliluhlaza nelibomvu. I-“Nanfang plus” (2018) igqamisa ubuchwepheshe bamaHakka bokwenza itiye eliluhlaza eligoshiwe (客家炒青, Kèjiā chǎoqīng). Isifunda sihlose ukutadisha ukuthi e-Lianyiping asebenza kanjani amazinga eqembu “卷曲形长炒青绿茶” (itiye eliluhlaza eligoshiwe elisongekile) kanye ne-“客家中小叶种红茶产品标准” (itiye elibomvu elivela ezinhlotsheni zamaHakka ezinamaqabunga amancane naphakathi), futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi sibhale amazinga aso siqu e-“连平（九连山）高山茶”. Imibhalo yala mazinga angiyibonanga.

Uhlelo olujwayelekile lwetiye eliluhlaza eligoshiwe — akusiyona incazelo yaleli tiye:

Ukuvutshelwa (摊放, tānfàng).
Ukuqinisa ebhodweni (炒青杀青, chǎoqīng shāqīng).
Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn).
Ukomisa ngokugazinga (炒干, chǎogān).

6. Izici zezwa

Ayikho incazelo evamile yaleli gama. Ngezansi kukhona incazelo yetiye lasezintabeni lase-Lianyiping evela ku-“Nanfang plus” (2018); ukuthi isiphi isigaba esishoyo, isihloko asicacisi.

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
Iphunga lotshala: Iphunga lezimbali lemvelo elicobile (自然花香浓郁), eligcwele nelihlala isikhathi eside (茶香饱满持久). Umthombo awucacisi ukuthi kukhulunywa ngephunga leqabunga elomile noma lotshela.
Ukunambitheka: Okumnandi, okuthambile nokugcwele (滋味甘香醇厚), nokubuya okumnandi kanye nokukhiqiza amathe ngemva kokugwinya (回甘生津).
Umbala wotshela: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga elisebenzile): Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.

7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali

Ayikho imininingwane yamakhemikhali emithonjeni etholakele. Isifunda sihlose kuphela ukuqhathanisa ukwakheka kwetiye lase-Lianyiping netiye eliluhlaza elijwayelekile, ukuze kutholakale “izinto ezikhethekile”.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba — amapharamitha ancike ekutheni yiliphi itiye elisesandleni.

Eliluhlaza: 80–85 °C, 3 g ku-150 ml, ukufakwa kokuqala imizuzwana engama-40–60, ingilazi noma i-gaiwan, ukuphindwa kabili noma kathathu.
Elibomvu: 90–95 °C, 3 g ku-150 ml, ukufakwa kokuqala cishe umzuzu owodwa, i-gaiwan noma itiye le-porcelain, ukuphindwa okuningana ngokwengeza isikhathi.

9. Ukugcina

Umkhuba wesigaba. Itiye eliluhlaza — emaphaketheni avaliwe, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama kanye namaphunga, liphuzwe phakathi nonyaka. Elibomvu — endaweni eyomile emnyama ekamelweni lokushisa, emaphaketheni avaliwe, kude namaphunga.

10. Intengo kanye nemikhiqizo yomgunyathi

Ayikho imininingwane ngentengo emithonjeni etholakele.

Ungazigwema kanjani imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
- Uphawu lwesitifiketi sezindawo “连平高山茶” alukabikho: isicelo alukafakwa.
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi uvela esifundeni sase-Lianyiping kumasipala wedolobha i-Heyuan.
- “高山茶” ngaphandle kwegama lendawo yigama elijwayelekile, hhayi igama laleli tiye.

11. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Ngokwe-“Heyuan wanbao” (2024), ezihlahleni ezindala zehlathi lase-Neiguan iqabunga elikhulu kunazo zonke lifinyelela ku-25 cm ubude.
Igama lakhethwa ngokuvota kwabalimi betiye futhi lafakwa ngokushesha embikweni wonyaka wesifunda: isifunda ngokwaso saphawula ukuthi igama elihlelekile lalikhulunywa emibhalweni iminyaka engaphansi kwemithathu, futhi sakubona lokhu njengesithiyo sophawu.
Umkhosi wokuqala wesifunda wokuqala ukuvuna kwetiye lasentwasahlobo wabanjwa ngomhla ka-3 Ephreli 2025 engadini yemvuthuluka yase-Dabu (大埠) edolobhaneni lase-Yuanshan.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye

I-Kanghe Cha (康禾茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda sase-Dongyuan esifundeni sase-Heyuan, ngokomlando elalithunyelwa enkantolo.
I-Shangguan Xian Hu Cha (上莞仙湖茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lasezintabeni zase-Xianhu esifundeni sase-Heyuan, elenziwe ngobuchwepheshe obudala betiye eliluhlaza eligoshiwe.
I-Zijin Hong Cha (紫金红茶): Itiye elibomvu lesifunda sase-Zijin esifundeni sase-Heyuan.
I-Huidong Lü Cha (惠东绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda sase-Huidong esifundeni sase-Huizhou, naso lisiko lamaHakka lokugazinga.

Ekuphetheni:

ILianyiping Gaoshan Cha yigama isifunda esisaqala ukuliqoqa: ukuvota kwabalimi betiye, ukubhalwa embikweni wonyaka, ukuvumelana kweminyango ngendawo yesifunda sonke kanye nokufuna izimali zesicelo. Ngemuva kwalo kukhona itiye lasezintabeni lase-Lianyiping — eliluhlaza nelibomvu, ikakhulukazi elivela esixukwini sendawo samaHakka, nehlathi lezihlahla ezindala e-Neiguan, — kodwa izinga elingachaza ukubukeka kwalo alikabikho, futhi igama elithi “izintaba eziphakeme” ephaketheni likhuluma ngendawo, hhayi ngekhwalithi.