Guānshān liánqiào chá

I-Guanshan Lianqiao Cha (Guānshān liánqiào chá, 冠山连翘茶) — «itiye laseGuanshan le-forsythia», isiphuzo esenziwe ngemiqumbe emincane namaqabunga e-forsythia (连翘, liánqiào) yesifunda sasePingding (平定县) kumasipala wedolobha iYangquan esifundazweni saseShanxi. Alikho ihlumela letiye kuso: lokhu kuyindawo ebambele esikhundleni setiye (代用茶, dàiyòng chá) evela emndenini «wamatiye okwelapha aseShanxi» (山西药茶). Igama elithi Yannian Qiao (延年翘, Yánnián qiào), «i-forsythia yokuphila isikhathi eside», ngokwesiko lanikezwa umbusi; manje leli futhi wuphawu lokuhweba lomkhiqizi. Iqabunga licutshungulwa ngendlela yetiye ngezinhlobo ezintathu — «elibomvu», «eliluhlaza» kanye «neliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka» (青茶). Igama livikelwa njengophawu lwezolimo lwesifunda kusukela ngo-2021 futhi njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwesifunda kusukela ngo-2025.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi

• Uhlobo: Okubambele esikhundleni setiye (代用茶), hhayi itiye elivela ku-Camellia sinensis. «Okubomvu», «okuluhlaza» kanye «nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka» — izindlela zokucutshungulwa kweqabunga, hhayi izigaba zetiye.
• Isigaba: Itiye lokwelapha laseShanxi; umkhiqizo onophawu lwesifunda.
• Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseShanxi (山西, Shānxī), umasipala wedolobha iYangquan (阳泉, Yángquán), isifunda sasePingding (平定, Píngdìng).
• Indawo evikelwe: Amalokishi aseGuanshan (冠山镇) naseYexi (冶西镇) esifundeni sasePingding — izigodi ezingama-78 zokuphatha nezindawo zokuhlala. Umfakisicelo — Inhlangano Yemikhiqizo Ehlonishwayo yasePingding (平定特产协会).
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: 113°28′15″–113°35′35″ empumalanga, 37°45′30″–38°06′30″ enyakatho.

2. Umlando nokubaluleka kwamasiko

• Umlando:
  • Izinkolelo nge-Qing. Umkhiqizi kanye nekhasi lamagugu angaphatheki babhala ukuthi igama elithi 延年翘 lanikezwa isiphuzo umbusi uKangxi nokuthi ngesikhathi se-Qing laliyisipho esiyisisekelo senkantolo. Inguqulo yeziphathimandla zesifunda saseYangquan yehlukile: igama lanikezwa futhi isipho esiyisisekelo samiswa umbusi uQianlong. Imithombo iyaphikisana, imibhalo ngalokhu ayitholakali ezintweni ezitholiwe.
  • Inganekwane yesipho esiyisisekelo. Ngokwesiko, elandiswa yisayithi lemithi yendabuko, isipho esiyisisekelo ngesikhathi sikaQianlong sasifinyelela ezigidini ezingamashumi amahlanu ngonyaka, abaqoqi babefa emaweni, futhi umbusi, lapho ezwa ngokuhlupheka, wasichitha isipho.
  • Ukuvuselelwa. Ngokusho kwabezindaba bendawo, ubuchwepheshe bacishe banqamuka; buvuselelwa yinkampani eyasungulwa ngo-2011 edolobhaneni laseHougou (后沟村) elokishini laseGuanshan.
  • 2017. Ubuchwepheshe bendabuko bokukhiqiza bufakwe ohlwini lwesifundazwe lwamagugu angaphatheki eShanxi.
  • 2020. NgoMashi kwamenyezelwa uphawu lomphakathi lwesifundazwe «山西药茶»; amatiye okwelapha esifundazwe athuthukiswa njengomkhakha obalulekile kusukela ngo-2018.
  • 2021. Ukubhaliswa kophawu lwezolimo lwesifunda loMnyango Wezolimo Nezindaba Zasemakhaya; ngokwe-Baidu Baike — ngomhlaka 4 Juni.
  • 2025. Isimemezelo se-State Intellectual Property Office No. 640 somhla ziyi-16 kuJulayi 2025 (kusayithi — 13 Agasti) samukela isiphuzo njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwesifunda, eqenjini lezinto eziyi-1409.
• Igama: I-Guanshan (冠山) — intaba kanye nelokishi elifanayo lesifunda sasePingding; 连翘 — i-forsythia; 茶 — itiye.
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Umkhiqizi ubhala ukuthi wakha ngaphansi kwe-Guanshan isisekelo sokuthuthukisa kanye nendawo yokudlulisela ubuciko, nokuthi izitsha zokwenza nokuphuza wazishintsha wafaka i-紫砂 yasePingding.

3. Incazelo yezitshalo nezinto ezingavuthiwe

• Isitshalo: I-Forsythia (连翘, Forsythia suspensa) — isihlahla sokwelapha, ngokwabantu 黄金条 («izinti zegolide»). Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo siqhakaza ngokuphuzi, bese sikhipha amahlumela amancane.
• Uhlobo: Izidingo zokuvikela esigabeni «uhlobo» zibiza igama lomkhiqizo uqobo; izinhlobo ezikhethiwe azikho emithonjeni etholiwe.
• Okwasendle nokutshaliwe: Abezindaba bagcizelela i-forsythia yasendle (cishe ama-2500 mu ezihlahleni zasendle ngaphansi kokuvikelwa komkhiqizi, 2022). Kodwa izidingo zokuvikela zichaza nokutshala — ukuhlwanyela, ukusika, ukutshala ngo-2 × 1,5 m, ukuthena ihlumela eliyinhloko ebangeni elingama-70–80 cm, ukuvundisa, — kanti embikweni ka-2025 sekuyinto «yokutshalwa kanye neyasendle» i-forsythia.
• Izinto ezingavuthiwe nokuqoqwa: Imiqumbe emincane namaqabunga; ngokwezidingo zokuvikela — ukuqoqwa ngesandla ekuqaleni kuka-April. Umkhiqizi ubheka njengelikhulu iqabunga eliqoqwa ngaphambi kwesizini yeGuyu (谷雨, cishe umhla zingama-20 kuApril); ngo-2025 wayebiza isizini yokukhiqiza ngo-April — Julayi.

4. I-terroir nezici zokutshala

• Isifunda: Izintaba zangaphansi kwe-Taihangshan (太行山) empumalanga yeShanxi.
• Ukuphakama kokukhula: 600–1200 m — ngokwezidingo zokuvikela.
• Inhlabathi nendawo: Inhlabathi ejulile, evundile, evulekile, ehlanzwe kahle ye-sandy loam (砂质壤土); izintaba ezinomthunzi noma ezivikelekile emoyeni ezinelanga kanye nemithambeka emincane.
• Isimo sezulu: Akuchazwanga embhalweni wokuvikela; imininingwane ayitholakali emithonjeni etholiwe.
• Isilinganiso: Ngokwe-Baidu Baike, ngo-2020 indawo evikelwe yayikhiqiza amahektha angama-500 namathani ayi-100 ngonyaka; umkhiqizi ngo-2025 wayelindele cishe amathani angama-50 ngonyaka.

5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza

Izidingo zokuvikela zibeka izinhlelo ezintathu; izinyathelo zokuqala ziyefana kuzo zonke — ukukhetha nokuhlunga kweqabunga elisha, ukunyakazisa (摇青, yáoqīng), ukubuna elangeni (晒青, shàiqīng), ukubuna (萎凋, wěidiāo).

1. «Okubomvu» (连翘红茶): ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn) → ukuvutshelwa (发酵, fājiào) → ukomisa kokuqala → «ukuphakamisa iphunga» (提香, tíxiāng).
2. «Okuluhlaza» (连翘绿茶): ukubulala (杀青, shāqīng) → ukusonga → ukwakha → ukomisa.
3. «Okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka» (连翘青茶): ukubila izikhathi eziyisishiyagalolunye (九次蒸青) → ukusonga izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili → ukomisa.

Indlela yendabuko imithombo yendawo iyibiza ngokuthi «ukubila okuyisishiyagalolunye nokomiswa okuyisishiyagalolunye» (九蒸九晒, jiǔ zhēng jiǔ shài) futhi ibhala ukuthi emphakathini idluliselwa iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Ngo-2021 umkhiqizi wafaka imigqa emine: owodwa — ngale ndlela, okuyisungulo sakhe, emithathu ezenzakalelayo — evela eningizimu ye-China.

6. Izici ze-organoleptic

Incazelo ithathwe ezidingweni zokuvikela zika-2025; uhlobo ngalunye lunezalo.

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: «Okuluhlaza» — okuluhlaza okujulile (深绿); «okubomvu» — okumnyama okucwebezelayo (乌润). Ngokuthi «okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka» azikho izincazelo.
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholiwe.
• Iphunga lotshwala: «Okuluhlaza» — okungokwemvelo nokuthokozisayo (自然芬芳). Ngokuthi «okubomvu» nokuthi «okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka» incazelo yephunga ayikho ngokwehlukana.
• Ukunambitheka: «Okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka» — okusha, okuthambile nokukhethekile (鲜醇独特), emlonyeni okusha nokunephunga elimnandi (口感清新芳香), nokubanda okuncane nokuba ndikindiki (略有凉麻); «okubomvu» — okugcwele, nokunambitheka okumnandi ngemva (醇厚，回味甘甜).
• Umbala wotshwala: «Okuluhlaza» — okuluhlaza okukhanyayo (浅绿); «okubomvu» — okubomvu nokucacile (红明); «okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka» — okuhlanzekile nokukhanyayo (清亮).
• Phansi kwetiye (iqabunga eliphuziwe): «Okuluhlaza» — okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (青绿); «okubomvu» — okubomvu nokucwebezelayo (红亮).

Iqabunga eliluhlaza okujulile, utshwala obuluhlaza okukhanyayo kanye nendawo engezansi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka — umthetho «wokuluhlaza okuthathu» (三绿).

7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali

Inkomba	Ngokuvikelwa
Umswakama	okungaphezulu kuka-10 %
Umlotha	okungaphezulu kuka-4,5 g nge-100 g

Imininingwane ngezinto ezisebenzayo zeqabunga ayitholakali emithonjeni etholiwe.

8. Izakhiwo eziwusizo

Ayikho imininingwane eqinisekisiwe ngomphumela walesi siphuzo. Igama elithi «lokwelapha» egameni lomkhakha — liwukukhangisa, akukho okufakazelwe ngokomtholampilo.

9. Ukuphuza

Umkhuba wesigaba. Imingcele yalesi siphuzo ayitholakali emithonjeni etholiwe; ngezansi — imingcele ejwayelekile yeqabunga elicutshungulwe ngendlela yetiye.

• Uhlobo «oluluhlaza»: 80–85 °C, 3 g nge-150 ml, ukuphuza kokuqala imizuzwana engama-40–60, ukuphinda kabili noma kathathu.
• «Okubomvu» nokuthi «okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka»: 90–95 °C, 3 g nge-150 ml, ukuphuza kokuqala cishe umzuzu, ukuphinda kaningi ngokwandisa isikhathi.
• Izitsha: I-gaiwan noma i-teapot encane.

10. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wesigaba. Emaphaketheni aminyene, endaweni eyomile emnyama, kude namaphunga; uhlobo «oluluhlaza» — endaweni epholile futhi kungakapheli unyaka.

11. Amanani kanye nezingamanga

Imininingwane ngamanani ayitholakali emithonjeni etholiwe.

• Uzivikela kanjani ezingamangeni:
  • Bheka uphawu olukhethekile lwesifunda eduze kwegama elithi 冠山连翘茶.
  • Qiniseka ukuthi umkhiqizi uvela emalokishini aseGuanshan noma eYexi.
  • Okuqukethwe kufanele kube yiqabunga le-forsythia, hhayi iqabunga letiye.
  • Ukubukeka kufanele kuhambisane nohlobo: ngokuthi «okuluhlaza» — «okuluhlaza okuthathu», ngokuthi «okubomvu» — iqabunga elimnyama elicwebezelayo kanye notshwala obubomvu obucacile.

12. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo

• Uhlobo «oluluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka» lubilisa izikhathi eziyisishiyagalolunye futhi lusonge izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili; inani lokubilisa lihambisana nendlela endala yokuthi «ukubila okuyisishiyagalolunye nokomiswa okuyisishiyagalolunye».
• Inganekwane yesipho esiyisisekelo iphetha hhayi ngenkazimulo, kodwa ngokuchithwa.
• Esimemezelweni No. 640 kukhona namanye ama-forsythia aseShanxi — i-Pingshun, i-Jiangxian, i-Qinyuan, — kodwa ngaphandle kwegama elithi «itiye»: lapho kuvikelwa isitshalo uqobo.
• Ngokwamazwi ephephandaba ledolobha, isifundazwe sifuna ukwenza itiye lokwelapha «uhlelo lwetiye lwesikhombisa» lwe-China.

13. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye «amatiye» angewona awehlumela letiye

• I-Maoyan Meicha (茅岩莓茶): Isiphuzo saseHunan esivela emvinini we-Ampelopsis grossedentata, naso esisememezelweni No. 640.
• I-Honghu Heye Cha (洪湖荷叶茶): Iqabunga le-lotus laseHubei, lisememezelweni elifanayo.
• I-Kudin (苦丁茶): Ukumnika okubabayo okuvela emaqabungeni ezitshalo ezihlala ziluhlaza.
• I-Jiaogulan (绞股蓝): I-gynostemma, umvini onobuthi obuncane.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Guanshan Lianqiao Cha — akulona itiye, kodwa iqabunga le-forsythia elivela ezintabeni zangaphansi kwe-Taihangshan, elicutshungulwe ngendlela yetiye ngezinhlobo ezintathu: «okuluhlaza» nge «okuluhlaza okuthathu», «okubomvu» ngokuvutshelwa kanye «nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka» okubiliswa izikhathi eziyisishiyagalolunye. Inkazimulo yombusi incike ezinkolelweni, kanti imibhalo ingeyesimanje: amagugu esifundazwe kusukela ngo-2017, ukuvikelwa kwegama kusukela ngo-2021.