Guānshān liánqiào chá

Guānshān Liánqiào Chá (Guānshān liánqiào chá, 冠山连翘茶) — “tii ya ku Guanshan yochokera ku forsythia”, chakumwa chochokera ku masamba ang’ono ndi masamba a forsythia (连翘, liánqiào) m’boma la Pingding (平定县) m’chigawo cha Yangquan m’chigawo cha Shanxi. Mulibe tiyi wa Camellia sinensis mmenemo: ichi ndi choloweza mmalo mwa tiyi (代用茶, dàiyòng chá) chochokera m’banja la “tiyi zamankhwala zaku Shanxi” (山西药茶). Dzina lakuti Yánnián Qiào (延年翘, Yánnián qiào), “forsythia ya moyo wautali”, malinga ndi nthano linaperekedwa ndi mfumu; tsopano ilinso chizindikiro cha wopanga. Masamba amakonzedwa monga tiyi m’mitundu itatu — “yofiira”, “yobiriwira” ndi “ya buluu” (青茶). Dzinali limatetezedwa ngati chizindikiro chaulimi cha geographical kuyambira 2021 komanso ngati chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha geographical kuyambira 2025.

1. Magulu ndi Chiyambi

Mtundu: Choloweza mmalo mwa tiyi (代用茶), osati tiyi wochokera ku Camellia sinensis. “Yofiira”, “yobiriwira” ndi “ya buluu” ndi njira zokonzedwera masamba, osati magulu a tiyi.
Gulu: Tiyi yamankhwala yaku Shanxi; chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha geographical.
Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Shanxi (山西, Shānxī), mzinda wa Yangquan (阳泉, Yángquán), boma la Pingding (平定, Píngdìng).
Dera lotetezedwa: Matauni a Guanshan (冠山镇) ndi Yesi (冶西镇) m’boma la Pingding — midzi 78 ndi malo okhalamo. Wopempha — Pingding Specialty Products Association (平定特产协会).
Zogwirizana za geographical: 113°28′15″–113°35′35″ E, 37°45′30″–38°06′30″ N.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

Mbiri:
- Nthano za Qing. Wopanga ndi tsamba la cholowa chosagwirika amalemba kuti dzina lakuti 延年翘 linaperekedwa kwa chakumwachi ndi mfumu Kangxi ndipo kuti munthawi ya Qing chinali msonkho kwa nyumba yachifumu. Malinga ndi akuluakulu a boma la Yangquan, nkhaniyi ndi yosiyana: dzinalo linaperekedwa ndipo msonkho unakhazikitsidwa ndi mfumu Qianlong. Magwero amasiyana, palibe zolemba za izi zomwe zapezeka.
- Nthano ya msonkho. Malinga ndi nthano yomwe tsamba la mankhwala achikhalidwe limafotokoza, msonkho pa nthawi ya Qianlong unali madani makumi asanu pachaka, osonkhanitsa ankafa pazingwe, ndipo mfumu, itamva za anthu omwalira, inathetsa msonkhowo.
- Kubwezeretsa. Malinga ndi atolankhani akumaloko, luso linatsala pang’ono kutha; linabwezeretsedwa ndi kampani yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 2011 kuchokera kumudzi wa Hougou (后沟村) m’tauni ya Guanshan.
- 2017. Luso lachikhalidwe lopanga lidalowetsedwa m’ndandanda wa zigawo wa cholowa chosagwirika cha Shanxi.
- 2020. Mu March, boma la chigawo linalengeza chizindikiro cha boma cha “山西药茶”; tiyi zamankhwala za chigawochi zikukuzidwa ngati gawo lofunikira kuyambira 2018.
- 2021. Kulembetsa chizindikiro chaulimi cha geographical cha Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; malinga ndi Baidu encyclopedia — 4 June.
- 2025. Chilengezo cha State Intellectual Property Office No. 640 cha 16 July 2025 (patsamba — 13 August) chinazindikira chakumwachi ngati chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha geographical, m’gulu lazinthu 1409.
Dzina: Guanshan (冠山) — phiri ndi tauni ya dzina lomwelo m’boma la Pingding; 连翘 — forsythia; 茶 — tiyi.
Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Wopanga amalemba kuti adamanga pansi pa phiri la Guanshan malo opangira zinthu ndi malo osungira luso, ndipo zida zopangira ndi kumwa adazisintha kukhala 紫砂 zaku Pingding.

3. Kufotokozera kwa Zomera ndi Zopangira

Chomera: Forsythia (连翘, Forsythia suspensa) — chitsamba cha mankhwala, m’miyambo chimatchedwa 黄金条 (“ndodo zagolide”). Kumayambiriro kwa masika chimachita maluwa achikasu, kenako chimatulutsa mphukira zazing’ono.
Mtundu: Zofunikira za chitetezo pagawo la “mtundu” zimatchula dzina la chinthu chenichenicho; palibe mitundu yosankhidwa yomwe yapezeka.
Zakutchire ndi zobzalidwa: Atolankhani amatsindika kwambiri forsythia yakutchire (pafupifupi ma 2500 mu a forsythia yakutchire yotetezedwa ndi wopanga, 2022). Koma zofunikira za chitetezo zimafotokozanso kulima — kubzala, cuttings, kubzala 2 × 1.5 m, kudula mphukira yayikulu pa kutalika kwa 70–80 cm, feteleza, — ndipo m’nkhani ya 2025 amatchula kale “zobzalidwa ndi zakutchire” za forsythia.
Zopangira ndi kusonkhanitsa: Mphukira zazing’ono ndi masamba; malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo — kusonkhanitsa pamanja kumayambiriro kwa April. Wopanga amawona kuti masamba abwino kwambiri ndi omwe amasonkhanitsidwa chisanafike nyengo ya Guyu (谷雨, pafupifupi 20 April); mu 2025 adatcha nyengo yopangira kukhala April — July.

4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima

Dera: Mapiri a Taihangshan (太行山) kum’mawa kwa Shanxi.
Kutalika kwa kumera: 600–1200 m — malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo.
Dothi ndi malo: Dothi lakuya, lachonde, lofewa, lotulutsa madzi bwino la sandy loam (砂质壤土); mapiri a mthunzi pang’ono kapena otetezedwa ku mphepo, malo otsetsereka pang’ono.
Nyengo: Sizinafotokozedwe m’malemba a chitetezo; palibe zomwe zapezeka.
Kukula: Malinga ndi Baidu encyclopedia, mu 2020 dera lotetezedwa linkapereka mahekitala 500 ndi matani 100 pachaka; wopanga mu 2025 amayembekezera pafupifupi matani 50 pachaka.

5. Tekinoloje Yopangira

Zofunikira za chitetezo zimapereka njira zitatu; masitepe oyamba ndi ofanana kwa onse — kusankha ndi kusanja masamba atsopano, kugwedeza (摇青, yáoqīng), kuyanika padzuwa (晒青, shàiqīng), kufowoketsa (萎凋, wěidiāo).

“Yofiira” (连翘红茶): kupota (揉捻, róuniǎn) → kupesa (发酵, fājiào) → kuyanika koyamba → “kukweza fungo” (提香, tíxiāng).
“Yobiriwira” (连翘绿茶): kukhazikitsa (杀青, shāqīng) → kupota → kuumba → kuyanika.
“Ya buluu” (连翘青茶): kuthira nthunzi kasanu ndi kamodzi (九次蒸青) → kupota kasanu ndi katatu → kuyanika.

Njira yachikhalidwe m’magwero akumaloko imatchedwa “kuthira nthunzi kasanu ndi kamodzi ndi kuyanika kasanu ndi kamodzi” (九蒸九晒, jiǔ zhēng jiǔ shài) ndipo amalemba kuti m’miyambo imapatsirana kwa zaka zoposa zana. Mu 2021 wopanga adaika mizere inayi: umodzi — wa njira iyi, wopangidwa ndi iwo omwe, itatu — zodziwikiratu zochokera kumwera kwa China.

6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic

Kufotokozera kwachokera ku zofunikira za chitetezo cha 2025; mtundu uliwonse uli ndi zake.

Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: “Yobiriwira” — yobiriwira yakuda (深绿); “yofiira” — yakuda yonyezimira (乌润). Kwa “ya buluu” palibe kufotokozera.
Fungo la masamba owuma: Palibe kufotokozera komwe kwapezeka.
Fungo la madzi: “Yobiriwira” — yachilengedwe komanso yosangalatsa (自然芬芳). Kwa “yofiira” ndi “ya buluu” palibe kufotokozera kwapadera kwa fungo.
Kukoma: “Ya buluu” — kwatsopano, kofewa komanso kopadera (鲜醇独特), mkamwa kwatsopano komanso konunkhira (口感清新芳香), ndi kuzizira pang’ono ndi dzanzi (略有凉麻); “yofiira” — yodzaza, ndi kukoma kotsekemera pambuyo pake (醇厚，回味甘甜).
Mtundu wa madzi: “Yobiriwira” — wobiriwira wopepuka (浅绿); “yofiira” — wofiira komanso wowala (红明); “ya buluu” — woyera komanso wowonekera (清亮).
Pansi pa tiyi (masamba ophikidwa): “Yobiriwira” — wobiriwira wabuluu (青绿); “yofiira” — wofiira komanso wonyezimira (红亮).

Masamba obiriwira akuda, madzi obiriwira opepuka ndi pansi wobiriwira wabuluu — lamulo la “zobiriwira zitatu” (三绿).

7. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala

Chizindikiro	Mulingo wa chitetezo
Chinyezi	osapitirira 10 %
Phulusa	osapitirira 4.5 g pa 100 g

Palibe zomwe zapezeka za zinthu zogwira ntchito m’masamba.

8. Ubwino Wathanzi

Palibe umboni wotsimikizika wa zotsatira za chakumwa ichi. Mawu oti “mankhwala” m’dzina la makampani ndi otsatsa, palibe chotsimikizidwa mwachipatala.

9. Kupanga Tiyi

Mchitidwe wa gulu. Palibe magawo a chakumwa ichi omwe apezeka; pansipa pali magawo wamba a masamba okonzedwa monga tiyi.

Mtundu “wobiriwira”: 80–85 °C, 3 g pa 150 ml, kupangira koyamba 40–60 masekondi, kuthira kawiri kapena katatu.
“Yofiira” ndi “ya buluu”: 90–95 °C, 3 g pa 150 ml, kupangira koyamba pafupifupi miniti imodzi, kuthira kangapo ndikuwonjezera nthawi.
Zida: Gaiwan kapena mtsuko wawung’ono wa tiyi.

10. Kusunga

Mchitidwe wa gulu. Mu paketi yolimba, pamalo owuma amdima, kutali ndi fungo; mtundu “wobiriwira” — pamalo ozizira ndipo mkati mwa chaka.

11. Mtengo ndi Zonamizira

Palibe zomwe zapezeka za mitengo.

Momwe mungapewere zonamizira:
- Fufuzani chizindikiro chapadera cha geographical pafupi ndi dzina 冠山连翘茶.
- Onetsetsani kuti wopanga ndi wochokera ku matauni a Guanshan kapena Yesi.
- Zopangira ziyenera kukhala masamba a forsythia, osati masamba a tiyi.
- Maonekedwe ayenera kugwirizana ndi mtundu: kwa “wobiriwira” — “zobiriwira zitatu”, kwa “wofiira” — masamba akuda onyezimira ndi madzi ofiira owala.

12. Zinthu Zosangalatsa

Mtundu “wa buluu” umathiridwa nthunzi kasanu ndi kamodzi ndikupotedwa kasanu ndi katatu; chiwerengero cha kuthira nthunzi chikugwirizana ndi njira yakale ya “kuthira nthunzi kasanu ndi kamodzi ndi kuyanika kasanu ndi kamodzi”.
Nthano ya msonkho imathera osati ndi ulemerero, koma ndi kuthetsedwa.
Mu chilengezo No. 640 palinso forsythia zina za ku Shanxi — Pingshun, Jiangxian, Qinyuan, — koma popanda mawu oti “tiyi”: kumeneko chomera chenichenicho chimatetezedwa.
Malinga ndi nyuzipepala ya mzinda, chigawochi chikufuna kupanga tiyi yamankhwala kukhala “dongosolo lachisanu ndi chiwiri la tiyi” la China.

13. Kufanizira ndi “tiyi” zina zosachokera ku chomera cha tiyi

Máoyán Méichá (茅岩莓茶): Chakumwa cha ku Hunan kuchokera ku mpesa Ampelopsis grossedentata, chokhalanso kuchokera ku chilengezo No. 640.
Hónghú Héyè Chá (洪湖荷叶茶): Masamba a lotus ochokera ku Hubei, ochokera ku chilengezo chomwecho.
Kǔdīng (苦丁茶): Chakumwa chowawa kuchokera ku masamba a zomera zobiriwira nthawi zonse.
Jiǎogǔlán (绞股蓝): Gynostemma, mpesa waudzu.

Pomaliza:

Guānshān Liánqiào Chá si tiyi, koma masamba a forsythia ochokera ku mapiri a Taihangshan, okonzedwa monga tiyi m’mitundu itatu: “yobiriwira” yokhala ndi “zobiriwira zitatu”, “yofiira” yokhala ndi kupesa ndi “ya buluu” yomwe imathiridwa nthunzi kasanu ndi kamodzi. Ulemerero wa mfumu umakhala pa nthano, ndipo zolemba zamakono: cholowa cha chigawo kuyambira 2017, chitetezo cha dzina kuyambira 2021.