Máoyán méichá

Maoyan Meicha (Máoyán méichá, 茅岩莓茶) — isiphuzo esenziwe ngamahlumela amancane namaqabunga omvini 显齿蛇葡萄 (Ampelopsis grossedentata) emndenini wamagilebhisi, ovela esifundeni sase-Yongding (永定区) emkhandlwini wedolobha lase-Zhangjiajie, esifundazweni sase-Hunan. Asikho isihlahla setiye lapha: i-«Hunan Ribao» ibiza lezi ziphuzo ngokuthi «imikhiqizo efana netiye» (类茶制品). Uphawu oluphambili — uphaphe olumhlophe eqabungeni, ngenxa yalokhu isiphuzo sasibizwa nge-霉茶, «itiye lesikhunta». Igama livikelwa njengophawu lwezolimo lwendawo kusukela ngo-2010 futhi njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo kusukela ngo-2025.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi

• Uhlobo: Isikhundla setiye esenziwe ngeqabunga le-Ampelopsis grossedentata, akulona itiye le-Camellia sinensis; akukho ezigabeni eziyisithupha zetiye.
• Isigaba: Umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
• Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Hunan (湖南, Húnán), umkhandlu wedolobha lase-Zhangjiajie (张家界, Zhāngjiājiè), isifunda sase-Yongding (永定, Yǒngdìng).
• Indawo evikelwe: Izifunda ezine namadolobhana enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Yongding — uLuotaping (罗塔坪乡), uQing’anping (青安坪乡), uWentang (温塘镇) kanye noSanjiaguan (三家馆乡). Umfakisicelo wango-2025 — i-Zhangjiajie Meicha Development Service Center (张家界莓茶发展服务中心).
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: 110°04′15″–110°19′23″ empumalanga, 29°06′37″–29°24′36″ enyakatho.

2. Umlando nokubaluleka kwamasiko

• Umlando:
  • Izinganekwane. Ngokwe-«Hunan Ribao» (2019), isiphuzo savela ekupheleni kwe-Yuan nasekuqaleni kwe-Ming emhlabeni wokuphatha kwendabuko wase-Maogang (茅岗土司), sineminyaka engaphezu kuka-600, futhi umlando we-«Yongding Xiangtu Zhi» (《永定乡土志》) ububiza ngokuthi «itiye laphezulu lama-Tujia» (土家神茶). Umkhiqizi ukhuluma ngeminyaka engu-700 futhi ulandisa izinganekwane — ngebutho lika-Qin Hou (覃垕) elavula umvini, nangokufuniswa okuyize kuka-Li Shizhen. Lezi yizinganekwane, akusizo imibhalo.
  • 1993–1995. Isazi samahlathi sabona ukuthi «itiye lesikhunta» lendawo liyi-Ampelopsis grossedentata futhi saliqamba ngokuthi 茅岩莓 — ngomfula nangokufana kwegama 莓 («amajikijolo») esikhundleni sika-霉 («isikhunta»). Ukufunwa kwemibhalo ngo-1994 nango-1995 akutholanga ucwaningo ngesitshalo noma ngesiphuzo.
  • 2010. Ngokwe-encyclopedia ye-Baidu, mhla ziyi-15 Novemba 2010 uMnyango Wezolimo wathatha «茅岩莓茶» njengophawu lwezolimo lwendawo; inombolo yokubhalisa — i-AGI00396.
  • 2013. Ngokwesifunda, uhlobo lwamaqabunga amancane 显齿蛇葡萄 lwamukelwa njengento entsha yokudla.
  • 2018. Ngokwe-«Hunan Ribao», i-Zhangjiajie meicha yamukelwa njengomkhiqizo onokuvikelwa kwemvelaphi yezemvelo.
  • 2021. Ngokwehlukile ku-茅岩莓茶, kwabhaliswa uphawu lwesitifiketi «张家界莓茶».
  • 2025. Isimemezelo se-State Intellectual Property Office No. 640 sango-16 Julayi (esizeni — mhla ziyi-13 Agasti) saqaphela i-茅岩莓茶 njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo — ngokombiko wokugada kwemakethe yedolobha, ngokudluliswa kophawu lwezolimo.
• Igama: 茅岩 — umfula i-Maoyan (茅岩河), ogwadwini lwawo okwatholakala futhi kwaqanjwa khona isitshalo; 莓 — «amajikijolo», igama elifanayo nelithi 霉 «isikhunta»; 茶 — itiye.
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Kuma-Tujia isiphuzo sibizwa ngokuthi «itiye laphezulu», «itiye elimnandi» kanye ne-«tiye lamazolo»; isifunda sase-Yongding sinesihloko esithi «izwe lokuzalwa kwe-meicha».

3. Incazelo yezitshalo kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa

• Isitshalo: 显齿蛇葡萄 (Ampelopsis grossedentata (Hand.-Mazz.) W. T. Wang), uhlobo lwe-Ampelopsis emndenini wamagilebhisi: umvini onamahlumela amancane, onamaqabunga ahlanganisiwe nangezinsika zokubamba. Izinto zokusetshenziswa — uhlobo lwamaqabunga amancane (小叶种), olubizwa nangokuthi «itiye lomvini» (藤茶).
• Endle kanye nokutshalwe: Isampula okwatholakala ngalo isitshalo ngo-1993 lenziwa ngomvini wasendle. Ngo-2021, ngokwesifunda, e-Yongding kwakunama-mu angaphezu kuka-81,000 e-meicha, okuyingxenye yawo engaba ngu-20,000 ama-mu — amahlathi asendle. Izidingo zika-2025 zitshela ukutshala uhlobo oluthuthukisiwe lwamaqabunga amancane, oluvundiswe ngendlela engakhiqizi (无性繁殖), ngokufaka umquba nangokunqunywa ebusika.
• Ukuvuna (izidingo zika-2025): Ezingadini ezineminyaka emibili nangaphezulu — kusukela ngo-Ephreli kuze kube maphakathi no-Novemba: kuze kube uSepthemba kuvunwa amahlumela amancane omvini, kusukela ngo-Septhemba — amaqabunga avuthiwe ahlanganisiwe. Ukuvuna ngesandla.

4. I-Terroir kanye nezici zokutshala

• Isifunda: Izintaba zase-Wuling (武陵山), enyakatho-ntshonalanga yesifunda sase-Yongding.
• Ukuphakama kokukhula: Izidingo zokuvikela zika-2025 encazelweni yomkhiqizo zibiza 800–1500 m, njengoba kwenza umkhiqizi; abaphathi besifunda babhala ngo-400–1500 m.
• Umhlabathi: Izidingo zika-2025 — umhlabathi ojulile emithambekeni engekho ngaphezu kuka-25° nge-pH 4,5–6,5; encazelweni yomkhiqizo lapho — «i-sandstone ebomvu» (红砂岩). Abaphathi besifunda babhala ngomhlabathi we-quartz-sandstone, kanti nge-meicha yasendle — ngomhlabathi onsundu onesihlabathi nge-pH 4,0–6,02.
• Isimo sezulu: Isifunda nomkhiqizi bakhuluma ngenkungu engapheli; imininingwane yokushisa nemvula ayitholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
• Ubukhulu: Ngokwesifunda (2025), i-meicha kulo lonke i-Yongding — cishe ama-mu angu-115,000.

5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza

Izidingo zika-2025 zichaza ubuchwepheshe ngokuningiliziwe; izinto zokusetshenziswa — iqabunga elisha lesigaba esiphezulu noma sokuqala.

1. Ukunaba (摊青, tānqīng): ungqimba luka-10–20 cm emgodini noma u-3–4 cm emanetheni; entwasahlobo amahora angu-4–6, ehlobo nasekwindla amahora angu-2–4.
2. Ukuqinisa (杀青, shāqīng): emshinini we-microwave emhubheni ku-64–74 °C, imizuzu emi-2–3.
3. Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn): umzuzu owodwa kuya kwemibili, ngesigaba sesibili imizuzu emi-3–4.
4. Ukuvela kwekristalu (析晶, xījīng): iqabunga esikhwameni esimhlophe esihlanzekile ligcinwa ekhabhinethini yokushisa ku-50–60 °C — ehlobo amahora angu-2–2,5, entwasahlobo nasekwindla amahora angu-3–4.
5. Ukulinganisa nokomisa (理条、干燥): ukomisa kokuqala ngongqimba luka-0,5 cm, bese kuba amahora angu-2–4 ku-45 °C nemizuzu eyi-10–15 ku-60–65 °C.

Uphaphe olumhlophe isifunda siluchaza kanje: ngesikhathi sokucubungula amaseli ayaphuka, ama-flavonoid aphumela phezulu futhi akha «isithwathwa esimhlophe» (白霜). Incazelo yangaphambili yomkhiqizo, ngesikhathi sokubhaliswa kwezolimo, yayidinga ukucubungula ngokwezinga le-organic GB/T 19630.2—2005.

Isayithi le tiye lichaza nezindlela zendabuko: ukugazinga ebhodweni nokomisa elangeni (okungcono kakhulu — iqabunga «elimnyama nomhlophe» nophaphe oluningi), ukuthela ngamanzi abilayo (uphaphe oluncane, ubuhlungu), ukuvutshelwa enqwabeni (渥沤) nokumuncu, kanye nokomisa nje elangeni (uphaphe alukho, ukunambitheka akunamuntu).

6. Izici ze-Organoleptic

Izidingo zokuvikela esikhundleni se-organoleptics zinikeza indaba: «umvini wokuphila isikhathi eside» kanye ne-«tiye laphezulu» (长寿藤、神茶), ukunambitheka okwehlukile nokunambitheka okumnandi ngemuva kanye ne-«ungqimba lwesithwathwa semvelo samaprotheni» (蛋白霜).

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Uphaphe olumhlophe; ezintweni ezinhle, ngokwesayithi le tiye, — iqabunga «elimnyama nomhlophe».
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
• Iphunga lotshwala: Embikweni we-«Hunan Ribao» (2019) nge-Zhangjiajie meicha embukisweni wetiye — «iphunga elihlanzekile» (清香).
• Ukunambitheka: Okwehlukile, nokunambitheka okumnandi ngemuva (izidingo zokuvikela); nge-Yongshun meicha lelo phephandaba libhala: kunambitheka ubuhlungu kancane ekuqaleni, nokunambitheka okupholile nokumnandi ngemuva (入口微苦，回味清凉甘甜).
• Umbala wotshwala: Azikho izincazelo zomkhiqizo ovikelwe.
• Izinsalela zetiye (iqabunga elithelwe): Kulo mbiko ofanayo — amahlumela aqhakazile aluhlaza (翠绿明亮).

7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali

Izidingo zokuvikela zika-2025 zibeka izinga: ama-flavonoid aphelele angabi ngaphansi kuka-6 %. Isifunda nabezindaba babhala ngaphezulu: ngokwesifunda, eziqwini ezisencane nasemaqabungeni ngokwesilinganiso kukhona ngaphezu kuka-26 % ama-flavonoid (kwenye indawo ekhasini elifanayo — ngaphezu kuka-30 %), emahlumeleni — kuze kufike ku-43,78 %; i-«Hunan Ribao» ibiza ne-dihydromyricetin (二氢杨梅素), ama-amino acid angu-17 kanye nezinto ezincane eziyi-14. Indlela nesampula akunikwanga emithonjeni; umehluko phezu kwezinga — ngokuphindwe kaningi.

8. Izakhiwo eziwusizo

Ayikho imininingwane eqinisekisiwe ngomphumela walesi siphuzo ngokwaso. Imiphumela yokwelapha ebalwa isifunda nomkhiqizi — amazwi abo, hhayi ubufakazi; ukuvunywa kuka-2013 kuphathelene nezinto zokudla ezingavuthiwe.

9. Ukuthela

Umkhuba wesigaba. Abaphathi besifunda beluleka ukuthela ngamanzi angaphezu kuka-90 °C futhi ngaphandle kokuhlanzwa; embukisweni, ngokombiko we-«Hunan Ribao», yathelwa ngamanzi abilayo enkomishini. Ngezansi — izilinganiso ezijwayelekile zeqabunga elomisiwe, elithelwa njenge tiye.

• Izilinganiso: 95–100 °C, 2–3 g ngo-150–200 ml, ukuthela kokuqala imizuzu emi-2–3, bese kuthelwa kaningana.
• Izitsha: Ingilazi ekhanyelayo noma i-gaiwan.

10. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wesigaba. Emaphaketheni aqinile, endaweni eyomile, ehlanzekile, kude namaphunga nokukhanya.

11. Amanani kanye nemikhiqizo yomgunyathi

Ayikho imininingwane ngamanani emithonjeni etholakele.

• Indlela yokugwema imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
  • Funani uphawu olukhethekile lophawu lwendawo kanye nomkhiqizi ovela ezifundeni ezine zendawo evikelwe.
  • Isitshalo ngokwaso asibonisi imvelaphi: umvini ofanayo uthengiswa njenge-永顺莓茶, 凤凰雪茶, 恩施藤茶 nangamanye amagama.
  • Ungadidanisa amagama amathathu: «茅岩莓茶» — umkhiqizo ovikelwe, «张家界莓茶» — uphawu lwesifunda, «茅岩莓» — uphawu lokuhweba lwenkampani yangasese.
  • Akukho uphaphe olumhlophe — kungenzeka ukomisa nje elangeni.

12. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo

• «Itiye lamajikijolo» aliqanjwa ngamajikijolo: u-莓 ungene esikhundleni segama elifanayo 霉, «isikhunta», ukuze kungaxoshi abathengi ngophaphe olumhlophe.
• Engadini evuthiwe umvini, ngokwezidingo zokuvikela, uvunwa izikhathi ezingama-20–25 ngonyaka.
• Isitshalo sabonwa mhla ziyi-12 Ephreli 1993; ngokwe-«Hunan Ribao», abalimi betiye bagubha lolu suku ngokwekhalenda lenyanga njengosuku lokuzalwa kwemboni.

13. Ukuqhathanisa namatiye aseduze kanye nama-«tiye»

• I-Zhangjiajie Cha (张家界茶): Uphawu lwesifunda lwe tiye langempela, olubhaliswe ndawonye ne-«张家界莓茶».
• I-Yongshun Meicha (永顺莓茶): Umvini ofanayo wesifunda esingumakhelwane i-Yongshun; ngokwe-«Hunan Ribao», livikelwe kusukela ngo-2004, ngaleso sikhathi ngaphansi kwegama 溪州莓茶 (eminye imithombo ibiza unyaka ka-2005).
• I-Laifeng Tengcha (来凤藤茶): Umvini ofanayo ovela esifundazweni sase-Hubei i-Laifeng, umkhiqizo ovikelwe kusukela ngo-2013.
• I-Guanshan Lianqiao Cha (冠山连翘茶): Iqabunga le-forsythia lase-Shanxi, nalo lamukelwa ngesimemezelo No. 640.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Maoyan Meicha — akulona itiye, kodwa iqabunga lomvini ovela esigodini somfula i-Maoyan nophaphe olumhlophe lwe-«sithwathwa» kanye nesigaba esikhethekile se-«kristalu» kubuchwepheshe. Izidingo zokuvikela ziningiliziwe futhi zibonisa ukuthi umkhiqizo usukile emvinini wasendle waya emasimini, kanti izinga lama-flavonoid lika-6 % likude kakhulu nalamashumi amane okukhangisa.

Imithombo

Amazinga

• GB/T 19630.2-2005

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo