Téngchōng wūlóngchá

Tengchong Wulongcha (Téngchōng wūlóngchá, 腾冲乌龙茶) ndi ulong wa m’boma la mzinda wa Tengchong (腾冲市) m’chigawo cha mzinda wa Baoshan kumadzulo kwa chigawo cha Yunnan, kufupi ndi malire a Myanmar. Yunnan imadziwika kwambiri chifukwa cha pu-erh ndi tiyi wofiira; ulong wa ku Tengchong, malinga ndi zolemba zodziwika, amapangidwa m’minda yakumapiri kuchokera ku mtundu wa ku Taiwan, pa dothi la mapiri ophulika. Dzinali ndi limodzi mwa zizindikiro zisanu za malo zomwe Tengchong, malinga ndi zomwe akuluakulu a boma adanena, adalembetsa mu 2016 nthawi imodzi m’magulu asanu a tiyi. Chidule cha chizindikirocho chimalongosola mitundu iwiri ya ulong uyu: “清香型” yokhala ndi fungo lopepuka ndi “浓香型” yokhala ndi fungo lambiri.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi

Mtundu: Ulung (乌龙茶, wūlóngchá; dzina lina la gululi ndi 青茶, qīngchá), tiyi wothira pang’ono oxidized. Gulu lake lili m’dzinali, ndipo kufotokoza kwa chizindikirocho kumanena za “砂绿” — mtundu wa “mchenga wobiriwira” wa masamba owuma, womwe umadziwika ndi maulung opindika.
Gulu: Ulong wamapiri wa ku Yunnan; chizindikiro cha malo kuchokera m’gulu la “腾冲茶”.
Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Yunnan (云南, Yúnnán), chigawo cha mzinda wa Baoshan (保山, Bǎoshān), boma la mzinda wa Tengchong (腾冲, Téngchōng).
Dera la chizindikiro: Buku lachidziwitso la zizindikiro za malo limapereka mawu akuti “腾冲县腾越镇、固东镇、滇滩镇等乡镇” — matauni a Tengyue, Gudong, Diantan “ndi ena” mkati mwa Tengchong. Sindinawone mndandanda wathunthu. M’mawuwa Tengchong amatchulidwabe ngati boma (县), osati boma la mzinda (市).
Zogwirizana za malo: Pafupifupi 25.0° kumpoto ndi 98.5° kum’mawa.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

Mbiri:
- Chiyambi cha ulong ku Tengchong. Malinga ndi zolemba zodziwika za mu 2021, mtundu wa Qingxin Wulong (青心乌龙, “软枝”) unabweletsedwa kuchokera ku Taiwan mu 2004 ndikudzalidwa m’mapiri a tauni ya Mingguang (明光镇), ndipo kuyambira 2005 unayamba kufalikira. Gwero lake ndi lotsatsa, ndipo ndimaona kuti masiku amenewa ndi osatsimikizirika.
- 2016 — zizindikiro zisanu nthawi imodzi. Malinga ndi uthenga wa boma la Tengchong (tsamba lake silikutseguka panopa), mu 2016 boma lidzilembetsa zizindikiro zisanu: 腾冲绿茶, 腾冲红茶, 腾冲乌龙茶, 腾冲黑茶 ndi 腾冲白茶. Buku lachidziwitso limatchula nambala ya chizindikiro cha “腾冲乌龙茶” kuti 17259261; sindinapeze mwini wake wa chizindikirocho.
- 2019. Chizindikirocho chinalowetsedwa m’ndandanda wa zizindikiro za malonda amalo a ku Yunnan, wokonzedwa ndi Ofesi ya Chidziwitso cha Katundu wa chigawocho pa 28 December 2019 (mzere 65, pafupi ndi zizindikiro zina zinayi za gululo). Mndandandawu umatchula chigawo cha mzinda ndi boma lokha.
Dzina: 腾冲 (Téngchōng) ndi dzina la boma la mzinda; 乌龙茶 (wūlóngchá) ndi ulong.
Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Boma limakulitsa “腾冲茶” monga limodzi mwa magulu ake asanu ndi limodzi a mafakitale. Munda wa ulong pafupi ndi mzinda wakhalanso malo ochezera alendo: malinga ndi kufotokoza kwa boma la Tengchong (2025), “极边高山乌龙茶景区” ndi malo okongola a gulu la boma la 2A; zolemba za mu 2018 zinanena kuti mu 2015 anapatsidwa gulu la AAA. Kusiyana kumeneku sindinathe kukonza.

3. Kufotokoza kwa Zomera ndi Zopangira

Mtundu / Cultivar: Sindinawone zofuna za chizindikiro pa mtundu. Zolemba zodziwika za mu 2021 zimatchedwa mtundu wa ku Taiwan Qingxin Wulong (青心乌龙), womwenso umatchedwa “软枝乌龙” — “ulong wa nthambi zofewa”; sindinapeze umboni m’mabuku ovomerezeka.
Zopangira: Masamba ochokera m’minda ya Tengchong. Sindinawone zofuna pa zopangira; kufotokoza kwa buku kumatchedwa “肥壮” — “wonenepa, wolimba” — tiyi wouma kale.
Mulingo ndi nthawi yotuta: Palibe deta m’mabuku omwe ndapeza.

4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima

Dera: Kumadzulo kwa chigawo cha mzinda wa Baoshan. Malinga ndi deta ya boma la Tengchong, bomalo limalire kum’mawa ndi chigawo cha Longyang, kumwera ndi maboma a Longling ndi Lianghe, kumadzulo ndi boma la Yingjiang ndi Myanmar; dera lake ndi 5845 km², malire a boma ndi 150 km.
Minda: Malinga ndi kufotokoza kwa boma la Tengchong (2025), malo okongola a ulong ali 14 km kuchokera ku mzinda, pafupi ndi malo okongola a boma a mapiri ophulika ndi otentha; mkati mwake muli minda yopitirira 3000 mu ya mosalekeza (1 mu ndi pafupifupi 667 m²), mwa iyo yopitirira 800 mu ndi yobala zipatso zonse, ndipo pamalo ena a tsamba lomwelo akunena za minda 3500 mu. Zolemba za mu 2018 zimaika mundawo m’mudzi wa Xinghua wa wadi ya Mazhan (马站乡兴华村) ndipo zimanenanso zopitirira 3500 mu.
Kubzala mosakaniza: Pakati pa mitengo ya tiyi pali camellia yamafuta (红花油茶), sakura ndi mitengo ina; zolemba za mu 2018 zimatchula njira zinayi za kubzala, kuphatikizapo ndi ginkgo.
Kutalika kwa kulima: Zolemba zodziwika za mu 2021 zimatchula 1900–2500 m kwa minda ya m’mawadi a Wuhe, Mazhan ndi tawuni ya Mingguang; sindinapeze umboni wovomerezeka wa chiwerengerochi.
Dothi: Zolemba za mu 2018 ndi 2021 zimalankhula za dothi la phulusa la mapiri ophulika, lolemera ndi organic matter. Izi ndi zofotokoza kuchokera m’zolemba, osati zofuna za chizindikiro.
Nyengo: Malinga ndi zolemba za mu 2018, minda ndi yapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zina kumagwa chipale chofewa m’nyengo yozizira. Palibe deta yeniyeni m’mabuku omwe ndapeza.

5. Ukadaulo wa Kupanga

Sindinawone zofuna za chizindikiro pa ukadaulo. Zolemba za mu 2018 za munda wa ulong wa ku Tengchong zimalongosola masitepe: kututa, kufota pang’ono, kuzizira, kugwedeza, kuyika, kukulunga kukhala mpira ndi kuumitsa — ndipo zimatchedwa “kupanga zobiriwira” (做青) monga sitepe yayikulu yomwe imakhudza fungo ndi kukoma kwa ulong. Palibe magawo.

Ndondomeko yodziwika ya ulong wopindika — osati kufotokoza kwa ukadaulo wa Tengchong Wulongcha:

Kututa (采青, cǎiqīng).
Kufota pang’ono (晾青, liàngqīng): Masamba amataya chinyezi.
Kugwedeza (摇青, yáoqīng): Mphepete mwa masamba amavulazidwa ndiku oxidized pang’ono; pamodzi ndi kupumula ndi “kupanga zobiriwira” (做青, zuòqīng).
Kuyika (炒青, chǎoqīng): Kutentha kumayimitsa oxidation.
Kukulunga kukhala mpira (包揉, bāoróu): Masamba amakulungidwa mu nsalu kukhala mipira yothina.
Kuumitsa (烘干, hōnggān).

6. Makhalidwe a Kununkhira ndi Kukoma

Chidule cha buku chimafotokoza mitundu iwiri. Kufotokoza kwa “浓香型” mmenemo kumanena za fungo la “清香” ndi moto wopepuka — momwe zilili m’gwero.

Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: “清香型” — wonenepa, wolimba, wokulungidwa mwamphamvu kukhala mpira, wolemera, wobiriwira wa emerald wowala, wokhala ndi mtundu womveka wa “mchenga wobiriwira”, wofanana ndi woyera. “浓香型” — wokulungidwa mwamphamvu, wolemera, wa mchenga wobiriwira, wa emerald wowala, wofanana ndi woyera.
Fungo la masamba owuma: Palibe zofotokoza m’mabuku omwe ndapeza.
Fungo la madzi: “清香型” — lalitali, latsopano ndi lolimbikira. “浓香型” — loyera, lopepuka.
Kukoma: “清香型” — kwatsopano, kofewa ndi “kwapamwamba” (鲜醇、高爽). “浓香型” — koyera, kofewa, kotsekemera ndi kotsitsimula, kokhala ndi kukoma kopepuka kwa moto (清醇甘爽、火候轻微).
Mtundu wa madzi: “清香型” — wobiriwira wachikasu, wowala ndi wowonekera. “浓香型” — wagolide wachikasu, wowonekera ndi wowala.
Pansi pa tiyi (masamba otiwa): “清香型” — wonenepa, wowala, wofanana, wokhala ndi fungo lotsalira lalitali. “浓香型” — wokhuthala, wofewa, wowala ndi wofanana.

7. Zomwe Zili M’makemikolo

Palibe deta m’mabuku omwe ndapeza.

8. Kutiwa

Mchitidwe wa gulu la ulong wopindika.

Kutentha kwa madzi: 95–100 °C; kwa “清香型” wopepuka mutha 90–95 °C.
Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 5–7 g pa 100–110 ml.
Chotengera: Gaiwan kapena mtsuko wawung’ono wadothi.
Ndondomeko:
1. Tenthetsa chotengeracho.
2. Ikani tiyi.
3. Samba masamba mwachangu ndi madzi otentha ndikuwathira.
4. Kutira koyamba — masekondi 20–30.
5. Thirani zonse.
6. Kutira 6–8, kumawonjezera nthawi pa chilichonse.

9. Kusunga

Mchitidwe wa gulu. Motsekedwa bwino, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo. Ulung wobiriwira wopepuka nthawi zambiri umasungidwa mufiriji ndikumwa mkati mwa chaka; ulung wokhala ndi moto wowoneka umatha kusungidwa pamalo owuma ozizira pa kutentha kwa chipinda.

10. Mtengo ndi Zonama

Palibe deta ya mitengo m’mabuku omwe ndapeza.

Momwe mungapewere zakuba:
- Fufuzani chizindikiro cha “腾冲乌龙茶”.
- Onetsetsani kuti wopanga ndi wochokera ku Tengchong.
- Musasokoneze chizindikirocho ndi zizindikiro zina zinayi za gulu lomwelo: gulu lirilonse lili ndi chizindikiro chake.
- Kumbukirani kuti ulong wopindika amapangidwa m’madera ambiri: chiyambi chimatsimikiziridwa ndi chizindikiro ndi wopanga, osati maonekedwe a masamba.

11. Mfundo Zosangalatsa

Tengchong inalembetsa zizindikiro zisanu za tiyi nthawi imodzi — chimodzi pa gulu, ndipo m’ndandanda wa chigawo zakhala motsatana, mizere 63–67.
Munda wa ulong pafupi ndi Tengchong ndi nthawi yomweyo malo okongola okhala ndi makilomita asanu ndi limodzi a njira zoyendamo ndi mabwalo asanu.
Pakati pa mitengo ya tiyi pali camellia yamafuta, yomwe m’ndandanda womwewo wa chigawo ili ndi chizindikiro chake — “腾冲红花油茶”.

12. Kufanizira ndi maulung ena

Dong Ding Wulong (冻顶乌龙): Ulong wopindika wa ku Taiwan wochokera ku mtundu wa Qingxin Wulong — mtundu womwewo womwe umatchulidwa ku Tengchong.
Yunnan Jingmai Wulong (云南景迈乌龙): Ulong wina wa ku Yunnan, wopangidwa mwa ukadaulo wa ku Taiwan m’minda ya phiri la Jingmai.
Yunnan Yancha (云南岩茶): Dzina la ku Yunnan lokhala ndi mawu “岩茶”, lopanda ubale ndi ulong: motero ankafuna kutcha tiyi wa wadi ya Bangdong, womwe zolemba zimaufotokoza monga pu-erh.
Tengchong Baicha (腾冲白茶): Tiyi woyera wochokera m’gulu lomwelo la zizindikiro zisanu za ku Tengchong.

Pomaliza:

Tengchong Wulongcha ndi ulong wochokera kumadzulo kwa Yunnan, kudera la mapiri ophulika pafupi ndi malire a Myanmar. Chizindikirocho chinalembetsedwa pamodzi ndi zina zinayi mwa magulu a tiyi, ndipo kufotokoza kwa buku kumadziwa mitundu yake iwiri — “清香型” wobiriwira wachikasu wopepuka ndi “浓香型” wagolide. Mtundu, kutalika ndi mbiri ya chiyambi zikadali zochokera m’zolemba zodziwika, ndipo mpaka chikalata cha chizindikiro chitabwera, ziyenera kuonedwa ngati chitsogozo, osati mfundo.