Zhútǒng chá

I-Zhutong Cha (Zhútǒng chá, 竹筒茶) “itiye oqalweni”, ngokunembile “itiye embhobhweni woqalo”. Akulona uhlobo noma isigaba setiye, kodwa yindlela yokwenza kanye nesimo: iqabunga letiye elilungisiwe, elithosiwe, elimiswe ngokushisa noma elithanjiswe ngomusi, lifakwa liqine esiqeshini sesiqu soqalo, bese umbhobho ufudunyezwa ngasemlilweni, kuthi ukuze kukhishwe isilinda setiye esiqinile, umbhobho uqhekezwe. Lenziwa kanjalo yizizwe zaseningizimu yesifundazwe saseYunnan, ngokwemithombo esemthethweni neyesayensi amaDai, amaBulang namaHani; ubuciko bamaDai ngo-2023 bafakwa ohlwini lwamagugu angaphatheki amasiko esifunda esizibusayo saseXishuangbanna. Okuzotholakala ngaphakathi embhobhweni kunqunywa yizinto ezingavuthiwe nokucubungula: uma kuqhathaniswa izincazelo nokuhlukaniswa kwetiye kukazwelonke, eqabungeni elisha elithoswe ebhodweni noma elimiswe ngokushisa kuvela itiye eliseduze netiye eliluhlaza ngokuhleleka kwezinyathelo, kanti ku-maocha eyomiswe elangeni eseyiphelile kuvela itiye elicindezelwe. Ngokwezincazelo zabathandi betiye zamaphakathi neminyaka yama-2000, ohwebweni lwetiye olukhuluma isiRashiya itiye elinjalo lalithengiswa “njenge-pu’er oqalweni”. Igama lesiShayina elithi 竹筒茶 libiza nezinye izinto, itiye elimuncu elivubela oqalweni, kanye nelunga loqalo njengesitsha, ngakho incazelo yegama kufanele icaciswe ngaso sonke isikhathi.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

• Uhlobo: Alukho uhlobo olulodwa, kuncike ezintweni ezingavuthiwe nasekucutshungulweni. Ukuhlukaniswa kwetiye kukazwelonke GB/T 30766-2014 kuhlukanisa itiye kuqala ngobuchwepheshe nangezici zomkhiqizo, kucatshangelwa uhlobo lwesitshalo, izinto ezingavuthiwe nesifunda. Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá) kulo ngumkhiqizo ovela eqabungeni elisha, odlule ekumisweni ngokushisa, ekugoqweni nasekomisweni. Itiye elicindezelwe (紧压茶, jǐnyāchá) ngumkhiqizo ovela etiyeni eseliphelile: liyahlungwa, lixutshwe, lifakwe umusi, licindezelwe bese lomiswa, futhi lingena emathiyeni acutshungulwe kabusha (再加工茶, zàijiāgōngchá). Izinhlobo zetiye oqalweni ezichazwe emithonjeni ziwela ezindaweni ezahlukene zalolu hlelo: izinhlobo ezivela eqabungeni elisha ngokuhleleka kwezinyathelo ziseduze netiye eliluhlaza, uhlobo oluvela ku-maocha eyomiswe elangeni eseyiphelile luseduze netiye elicindezelwe. Awukho umbhalo osemthethweni ofundiwe obeka itiye oqalweni esigabeni esithile; ukuqhathanisa nezincazelo zezinga kungukufunda kwabahleli, hhayi ukuhlukaniswa.
• Ukuhlolwa okuvela embikweni ngeLaos: Isazi sezizwe saseJapane u-Matsushita Satoru (松下智) e-athikilini yango-1996 ucaphuna umbiko ngesifundazwe saseLuang Namtha enyakatho yeLaos. Iqabunga elisha elifakwe umusi, elifakwe liqine oqalweni lomiswa, umbhali wombiko ulithatha njengento efanayo netiye oqalweni elitholakala eYunnan, futhi ulibiza ngokuyisisekelo ngetiye eliluhlaza elicindezelwe, okungenabudlelwano nama-microorganism. Lokhu kungukuhlola kombhali wombiko ngamasampula aseLaos, hhayi ukuhlukaniswa kwetiye laseYunnan.
• Isigaba: Isimo kanye nendlela yokwenza. Akulona uhlobo lwesitshalo, akulona uphawu lokuhweba, futhi akusona isifunda.
• I-pu’er noma cha: Ngokwezinga GB/T 22111-2008 i-pu’er (普洱茶, pǔ’ěrchá) yitiye elenziwe ngetiye laseYunnan lamaqabunga amakhulu elomiswe elangeni (晒青茶, shàiqīngchá) ngaphakathi kwendawo yokukhomba indawo futhi licutshungulwe khona ngobuchwepheshe obukhethekile. I-pu’er ecindezelwe, i-sheng ne-shu, ngokwalelo zinga ikhiqizwa njengekhekhe eliyindilinga, isitsha, isikwele, insika nangezinye izimo (圆饼形、碗臼形、方形、柱形等). Izinga alibizi umbhobho woqalo futhi alisho ukuthi isilinda esivela oqalweni singena yini “ensikeni” (柱形, zhùxíng). Kulokhu kuvela isiphetho sabahleli: itiye oqalweni liyi-pu’er kuphela lapho izinto ezingavuthiwe nokucubungula kuhambisana nencazelo yezinga. Ezincazelweni zezinhlobo ezivela eqabungeni elisha akukho ukomiswa elangeni.
• Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseYunnan (云南, Yúnnán). Imithombo ibiza:
  • IXishuangbanna (西双版纳, Xīshuāngbǎnnà), isifunda saseMenghai (勐海, Měnghǎi). Ubuciko bamaDai obusohlwini lwamagugu lwesifunda esizibusayo; umgcini wabo yisikhungo samasiko sesifunda saseMenghai. Ngetiye oqalweni kumaHani aseMenghai naseJinghong (景洪, Jǐnghóng) kubhala u-Matsushita (1996).
  • IWenshan (文山, Wénshān), isifunda saseGuangnan (广南, Guǎngnán), indawo yaseDixu (底圩, Dǐxū). Kuvela lapha izinto ezingavuthiwe zamasampula e-athikili yesayensi ka-2025. Nge-”tiye lamantombazane” loqalo lendawo, bona i-athikili ethi “I-Dixu Cha”.
  • AmaBulang (布朗族, Bùlǎngzú). Umkhuba wawo uchazwa yikhasi lezinkomba leKhomishini Kahulumeni Yezindaba Zezizwe yase-PRC kanye nocwaningo lwesiShayina lwango-1982 esicashunweni sika-Matsushita; isifunda asibizwa kule mibhalo.
  • Ingxenye yokubuyekeza ye-athikili ka-2025 ibiza izifunda zaseMenghai naseGuangnan njengezindawo zokukhiqiza, ixubanisa izifunda ezizibusayo: iMenghai ingeyaseXishuangbanna, iGuangnan ingeyaseWenshan.
• Ngaphandle kweChina: Ngokombiko ocashunwe ngu-Matsushita, esifundazweni saseLuang Namtha enyakatho yeLaos kwakutholakala izinhlobo ezimbili “zetiye oqalweni”: iqabunga elifakwe umusi lacindezelwa oqalweni, kanye nento efana netiye elimuncu lamaBulang, “itiye elivutshelwe lokudla”.
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: Alikho iphuzu elilodwa: lesi simo saziwa ezifundeni eziningana zaseningizimu yeYunnan, kanti imithombo ayinikezi izixhumanisi.
• Izinga: Izinga likazwelonke (GB) nelendawo (DB) ngaphansi kwamagama 竹筒茶 kanye 竹筒香茶 azitholakalanga lapho kuseshwa kuzigcinamazwi zikahulumeni ngo-Okthoba 2026; lokhu akukhiphi umbhalo ongaphansi kwelinye igama. Isigcinamazwi sezinga leqembu asikwazanga ukuhlolwa.
• Amagugu: Ubuciko “傣族传统竹筒茶制作技艺” (Dǎizú chuántǒng zhútǒngchá zhìzuò jìyì), ubuchwepheshe bendabuko bamaDai bokwenza itiye oqalweni, bafakwa eqenjini lesikhombisa lohlu lwamagugu angaphatheki amasiko esifunda esizibusayo saseXishuangbanna ngesinqumo sikahulumeni wesifunda 西政发〔2023〕13号 sango-21 Novemba 2023. Isizwe esiphethe ubuciko ngamaDai (傣族, Dǎizú), inhlangano evikelayo yisikhungo samasiko sesifunda saseMenghai (勐海县文化馆, Měnghǎi xiàn wénhuàguǎn). Isinqumo asiqukethe incazelo yobuchwepheshe uqobo.
• Ukukhomba indawo: Emithonjeni efundiwe akushiwo ngaphansi kwaleli gama.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

• Umlando:
  • 1980. Ngokomcwaningi waseJapane u-Nakamura Yoichiro (中村羊一郎, i-athikili yango-1995), incwadi yesiShayina ethi “Izizwe Ezincane ZaseYunnan” (1980) ibiza “itiye lokudla” elivubelisiwe ngamagama 竹筒茶 kanye 酸茶. U-Nakamura uphawula ukuthi lawa ngamagama achazayo ngokwendlela yokwenza, kanti ukuthi abakhiqizi uqobo balibiza kanjani itiye elinjalo, incwadi ayikusho.
  • 1982. Ucwaningo lwesiShayina ngomphakathi wamaBulang, olucashunwe ngu-Matsushita, lubiza izindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko zokucubungula itiye kuwo: itiye elikhululekile (散茶, sǎnchá), itiye oqalweni kanye netiye elimuncu. Itiye oqalweni, ngokocwaningo, lenziwa ngenyanga yesithupha kuya kweyesikhombisa ngekhalenda lamaDai: izihloko ezithambile ezikhiwe ziyathoswa, zifakwe zishisa embhobhweni woqalo bese zifudunyezwa eziko kuze kube yilapho ikhasi lombhobho lishile, bese umbhobho ugawulwa, itiye selilungele ukusetshenziswa. Ucwaningo uqobo lwaziwa lapha ngalesi sicaphuno kuphela.
  • 1996. U-Matsushita ubhala ukuthi kumaHani (哈尼族, Hānízú) aseMenghai naseJinghong esikweni lokwenza itiye kukhona itiye elifakwa emibhobhweni yoqalo, kanti umkhuba wokuphuza itiye emibhobhweni yoqalo nasezitsheni zobumba zokuthosa itiye usagcinwe ngokwengxenye. Ngemibhobho yoqalo nezitsha ezinjalo ezizweni zesiTibeto-Burman zaseningizimu yeYunnan ngokujwayelekile uphawula ukuthi ngokuthuthukiswa kwempilo nangokwenziwa isiShayina ziyanyamalala usuku nosuku, futhi imibhobho yoqalo isisetshenziselwa cishe izivakashi kuphela.
  • Maphakathi neminyaka yama-2000. Ngokwemibhalo yabathandi betiye yaleyo minyaka, emphakathini wetiye okhuluma isiRashiya itiye oqalweni lithengiswa liphuzwe “njenge-pu’er oqalweni”. Ohlwini lwamatiye lomcimbi wabathandi betiye wango-2004 lichazwa “njenge-pu’er ecindezelwe esiqeshini sesiqu soqalo”; encazelweni yomthandi wetiye yawo lowo nyaka, isampula elathengwa esitolo sasePetersburg, ngaphakathi kombhobho oqhekeziwe lavela “liyisoseji yetiye” eqinile. Imvelaphi, umkhiqizi nesigaba setiye akubizwa kule mibhalo.
  • 2023. Ubuciko bamaDai betiye oqalweni bufakwa ohlwini lwamagugu angaphatheki esifunda esizibusayo saseXishuangbanna.
  • 2025. Kushicilelwa i-athikili yesayensi ngezinhlanganisela ezinephunga eziphephukayo zezinhlobo ezine zetiye zendawo yaseDixu, elimhlophe, elibomvu, eliluhlaza netiye oqalweni.
• Igama:
  • 竹筒茶 (zhútǒngchá): 竹 uqalo, 筒 umbhobho, 茶 itiye; ngokwezwi nezwi “itiye embhobhweni woqalo”. Kubhalwa kanjalo yisinqumo sikahulumeni waseXishuangbanna sango-2023, ikhasi lezinkomba leKhomishini Kahulumeni Yezindaba Zezizwe kanye nama-athikili ezazi zezizwe aseJapane.
  • Izinhlamvu zesiLatini. Umthombo wesayensi wesiNgisi owodwa otholakele, i-athikili ka-2025, ubhala “zhutong tea” ngaphandle kwamathoni futhi ngokuchaza “bamboo tube tea”. Ukufundwa ngamathoni zhútǒng chá kungukufundwa okujwayelekile kwezinhlamvu.
  • 竹筒香茶 (zhútǒng xiāngchá), “itiye elinephunga elimnandi embhobhweni woqalo”, yisimo esivela esiqondisweni sabasebenzisi esidumile; emibhalweni esemthethweni neyesayensi ekwazeke ukufundwa asikho.
  • “Itiye lamantombazane”. I-athikili ka-2025 ibhala ukuthi eChina leli tiye libizwa “ngegirl tea” nange-”Wazana”, kodwa ayinikezi izinhlamvu zesiShayina. Isiqondiso esidumile sibhala “itiye lamantombazane” njenge-姑娘茶 (gūniang chá). Izincazelo zegama ziyehluka: isiqondiso silixhumanisa nobuthambile bezinto ezingavuthiwe, i-athikili ka-2025 nokuvuthwa kwazo. Amagama endawo ngezilimi zamaDai namaLahu anikezwa yisiqondiso awaqinisekiswanga yimithombo eyinhloko futhi awaphindwa lapha.
  • Amagama afanayo “etiye lamantombazane”. Igama 姑娘茶 ku-encyclopedia liphathwa nangamabhola etiye esikhathi sakwaQing 女儿茶 (bona “I-Yunnan Xiaguan Tuocha”), kanti “itiye lamantombazane” lesiRashiya libiza ne-坡柳娘娘茶 yaseGuizhou (bona “I-Polu Niangniang Cha”). Lawa ngamanye amatiye.
  • “I-pu’er oqalweni”, “i-pu’er yoqalo”. Amagama okuhweba esiRashiya amaphakathi neminyaka yama-2000, aziwa ngemibhalo yabathandi betiye. Ezingxoxweni zango-2005 “i-pu’er yoqalo” kwakubizwa ngayo ne-pu’er esongwe ngamaqabunga oqalo, izinqwaba zamakhekhe noma amakhekhe amancane asongwe kanjalo. Lokhu akuhlobene netiye elisembhobhweni woqalo.
  • Ku-encyclopedia. Ngaphambili lesi simo sasishiwo ngokudlula kuma-athikili athi “I-Yunnan Lücha” (njenge-Zhutong Xiang Cha), “I-Naka”, “I-Paka Cha” kanye “I-Dixu Cha”; i-athikili ezimele yayingekho.
• Izincazelo ezintathu ze-竹筒茶:
  • Itiye elicindezelwe lafudunyezwa oqalweni yisihloko sale athikili.
  • Itiye elimuncu elivubela oqalweni. AmaBulang, ngokwekhasi lezinkomba leKhomishini, abilisa iqabunga elisha, aliyeke libe muncu, alifake embhobhweni bese alimbela emhlabathini. Ngegama 竹筒茶 itiye elinjalo libizwa yiminye imithombo: ngokuka-Nakamura, incwadi yesiShayina yango-1980 ibiza “itiye lokudla” elivubelisiwe ngokuthi 竹筒茶 nangokuthi 酸茶, kanti embikweni ngeLaos ocashunwe ngu-Matsushita, into efana netiye elimuncu lamaBulang ibizwa ngenye yezinhlobo ezimbili ze-竹筒茶.
  • Ilunga loqalo njengesitsha. U-Matsushita (1996) usebenzisa 竹筒茶 nangomqondo wezitsha: ingxenye ephakathi kwamalunga oqalo isetshenziselwa ukugcina iqabunga letiye nokubilisa amanzi esikhundleni sebhodwe nethiphothi. Ucabanga ukuthi umkhuba wathathwa kumaDai, ayekade ephethe amandla eningizimu yeYunnan njengababusi bendawo abazuza ngefa (土司, tǔsī). Esinye sezithombe ze-athikili yakhe sibhalwe “竹筒茶 etholakala kumaLahu”; umbhalo awuchazi ubuchwepheshe.
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko:
  • Ubuciko njengamagugu. Ohlwini lwesifunda esizibusayo akufakwanga umkhiqizo noma uphawu, kodwa ubuciko, ubuchwepheshe bendabuko. Kulolo hlu njengezinto ezizimele kumi ubuciko be-pu’er, i-shu pu’er (普洱茶制作技艺（熟茶）) kanye nezinye izinto ezintathu “普洱茶制作技艺（…）”: 金瓜贡茶, 易武同兴号 kanye 易武元宝茶, kanye nobuciko betiye laseMenghai elomiswe elangeni (勐海晒青茶制作技艺). Uhlu alubizi itiye lamaDai oqalweni ngohlobo lobuciko be-pu’er; nokho, ukwakheka kohlu akukona ukuhlukaniswa kwetiye.
  • Esiqeshini ngamagugu e-UNESCO. Isizindalwazi sesikhungo sikazwelonke sokuvikela amagugu angaphatheki esiqeshini sango-21 Novemba 2023 ngengxenye yaseYunnan yento ye-UNESCO “Ubuchwepheshe bendabuko bokwenza itiye eChina kanye nemikhuba ehlobene nabo” (中国传统制茶技艺及其相关习俗) sibala izinto eziyisithupha zikazwelonke zeYunnan: ubuciko obubili be-pu’er, i-gongcha netiye le-”Dayi” (2008), i-tuocha yaseXiaguan (2011), i-dianhong nomkhuba “wamatiye amathathu” wesizwe samaBai (2014), itiye elimuncu lamaDe’ang (2021). Itiye oqalweni alikho phakathi kwazo.
  • Itiye lamaHani. Ngokuka-Matsushita, ukuthi eMenghai naseJinghong amaHani angesinye sezizwe eziyinhloko ezikhiqiza itiye kukhonjiswa yisihlahla setiye esikhulu sentaba iNannuoshan (南糯山, Nánnuòshān), kanti itiye oqalweni liyingxenye yesiko lawo lokwenza itiye.
  • AmaLahu. I-athikili ethi “I-Naka” ibhala ngesiko letiye oqalweni kumaLahu edolobhana laseNaka; incazelo eyinhloko yaleli siko ayitholakalanga, kanti ku-Matsushita amaLahu ashiwo kuphela embhalweni wesithombe sesitsha soqalo.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe

• Uhlobo / i-cultivar: Alubizwa emithonjeni. Ingxenye yokubuyekeza ye-athikili ka-2025 ibhala ngezinto ezingavuthiwe zamaqabunga amakhulu, ikhasi lezinkomba leKhomishini ngezihloko ezithambile zamahlumela (嫩毛尖, nèn máojiān). Ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lwesitshalo setiye olwangena embhobhweni, ayikho incazelo ekucacisayo.
• Izinto ezingavuthiwe: Ngokwezincazelo, kungaba iqabunga elisha (amaBulang, amasampula ka-2025) noma i-maocha eyomiswe elangeni eseyiphelile (晒青毛茶, shàiqīng máochá), owenziwe kanjalo umkhiqizo owodwa ochaziwe. Emasampuleni ocwaningo luka-2025 kwathathwa iqabunga elisha ledolobhana elilodwa lesifunda saseGuangnan (e-athikilini libizwa ngezinhlamvu zesiLatini, Diyi), elitshalwe ezimweni ezifanayo futhi ngaphandle kwezinambuzane nezifo.
• Uqalo: Uhlobo loqalo alubizwa emithonjeni esemthethweni neyesayensi. Ikhasi lezinkomba leKhomishini libhala ngemibhobho yoqalo enezivalo. Umthengisi womkhiqizo owodwa ukhuluma ngezigaba zoqalo “olunephunga elimnandi” lohlobo olukhethekile, olukhula, ngokwamazwi akhe, esifundeni saseMenghai kuphela; lesi yisitatimende somthengisi.
• Ukukhiwa: Ngokwekhasi lezinkomba leKhomishini, inyanga yesine kuya kweyesihlanu; ngokocwaningo lwango-1982, inyanga yesithupha kuya kweyesikhombisa ngekhalenda lamaDai. Ikhasi lezinkomba alicacisi ikhalenda, kanti imithombo ayinikezi ukuguqulwa kwekhalenda elilodwa libe elinye, ngakho izikhathi azihlanganiswa lapha. Umkhiqizo ovela ku-maocha, ngokwencazelo yomthengisi, wenziwe ngetiye lentwasahlobo.
• Izinga lokukhiwa: Izihloko ezithambile zamahlumela, ngokwazo zombili izincazelo zetiye lamaBulang; ukuthi kuthathwa amaqabunga amangaki, imithombo eyinhloko ayikucacisi.
• Izidingo zezinto ezingavuthiwe: Izinga letiye oqalweni alitholakalanga, ngakho azikho izidingo ezisemthethweni. Uma itiye lithengiswa njenge-pu’er, izinto ezingavuthiwe kufanele zihambisane nezinga le-pu’er: itiye laseYunnan lamaqabunga amakhulu elomiswe elangeni elivela endaweni yokukhomba indawo.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala

• Izifunda: IXishuangbanna (isifunda saseMenghai), iWenshan (isifunda saseGuangnan, indawo yaseDixu) kanye nezindawo lapho kuhlala khona amaBulang namaHani, eningizimu yeYunnan. Itiye oqalweni liyindlela yokucubungula, hhayi umkhiqizo we-terroir eyodwa: izinhlobo ezichaziwe zenziwe ngeqabunga lezifunda ezahlukene.
• Ukuma komhlaba nesimo sezulu: Izincazelo zokuma komhlaba nesimo sezulu ngqo zetiye oqalweni azikho emithonjeni ehloliwe.
• Ukuphakama kokukhula: Ayikho idatha.
• Inhlabathi: Ayikho idatha.
• Ukuhlolwa kuka-2025: Ababhali be-athikili yesayensi benza zonke izinhlobo ezine zetiye, elimhlophe, elibomvu, eliluhlaza netiye oqalweni, ngeqabunga ledolobhana elilodwa, elitshalwe ezimweni ezifanayo, futhi inothi lokhuni letiye oqalweni balixhumanisa nezici zokucubungula: ngokuhlelwa kokuhlolwa, indawo yokukhula yamasampula iyodwa, kanti umehluko phakathi kwawo wenziwa ukucubungula.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Okufanayo ezincazelweni zaseYunnan kunye: iqabunga elilungisiwe lifakwa liqine embhobhweni woqalo bese umbhobho ufudunyezwa ngasemlilweni noma phezu kwamalahle. Okunye, izinto ezingavuthiwe, ukulungiswa kokuqala kweqabunga, ubude bokufudumeza, ukuphathwa kombhobho ngemva kokufudumeza, kuyehluka. Alikho izinga, futhi imithombo ayinikezi ubuchwepheshe obubodwa; ngezansi kukhona ukulandelana okujwayelekile kanye nezinhlobo ezichaziwe, kubonisiwe ukuthi ngubani ozichazayo.

1. Ukukhiwa (采摘, cǎizhāi): Izihloko ezithambile zamahlumela (amaBulang) noma iqabunga elisha (amasampula ka-2025); emkhiqizweni ovela ku-maocha, iqabunga lentwasahlobo.
2. Ukulungiswa kokuqala kweqabunga: Ukuthoswa kuze kome ebhodweni (炒干, chǎogān) kumaBulang; ukumiswa ngokushisa (杀青, shāqīng) nokugoqwa (揉捻, róuniǎn) emasampuleni ka-2025; emkhiqizweni, ukwenziwa kwe-maocha eyomiswe elangeni bese ithanjiswa ngomusi.
3. Ukufakwa embhobhweni (装入竹筒, zhuāngrù zhútǒng): Iqabunga elilungisiwe lifakwa liqine embhobhweni woqalo: kumaBulang lishisa, futhi ngokwekhasi lezinkomba leKhomishini nasembhobhweni onesivalo; emkhiqizweni ovela ku-maocha, lithanjiswe ngomusi, licindezelwa.
4. Ukufudunyezwa ngasemlilweni (烘烤, hōngkǎo): Umbhobho ubekwa eziko (火塘, huǒtáng) noma phezu kwamalahle. KumaBulang kufudunyezwa kuze kube yilapho ikhasi loqalo lishile; amasampula ka-2025 ashiswa phezu kwamalahle okhuni amahora angu-18.
5. Ukomiswa okwengeziwe: Emasampuleni ka-2025 ngemva kokushiswa kukhona ukomiswa okuzimele. Ezinye izincazelo azikubizi.
6. Ukuvulwa kombhobho (砍破竹筒, kǎnpò zhútǒng): Ngokocwaningo lwango-1982, umbhobho uyagawulwa, itiye selilungele ukusetshenziswa. Emkhiqizweni ovela ku-maocha, ngokwamazwi omthengisi, itiye lishiywa embhobhweni ukuze ligcinwe futhi livuthwe.

Izinhlobo ezichaziwe:

1. AmaBulang. Ikhasi lezinkomba leKhomishini Kahulumeni Yezindaba Zezizwe: minyaka yonke ngenyanga yesine kuya kweyesihlanu abesifazane bamaBulang bathosa izihloko ezithambile zamahlumela ezikhiwe ebhodweni zize zome, bazifake zishisa emibhobhweni yoqalo enezivalo bese bezifudumeza eziko kuze kube yilapho ikhasi loqalo lishile, kuvela kanjalo itiye elinephunga elimnandi oqalweni. Ucwaningo lwango-1982 luchaza okufanayo, lubiza inyanga yesithupha kuya kweyesikhombisa ngekhalenda lamaDai, futhi lwengeza ukuthi umbhobho ube usugawulwa.
2. Amasampula endawo yaseDixu (i-athikili ka-2025). Iqabunga elisha liyamiswa ngokushisa, ligoqwe, lifakwe emibhobhweni yoqalo bese lishiswa amahora angu-18 phezu kwamalahle okhuni, ngemva kwalokho lomiswe ngokwengeziwe. Lolu uhlelo lokwenza amasampula ocwaningo olulodwa, hhayi izinga.
3. Ku-maocha eseyiphelile (umkhiqizo owodwa). Umthengisi uchaza umkhiqizo wakhe (ikhadi lango-2020) kanje: itiye lentwasahlobo lango-2019 lasedolobhaneni laseMengsong lenziwa kuqala laba yi-maocha eyomiswe elangeni, lase lithanjiswa ngomusi, licindezelwa ezigabeni zoqalo olunephunga elimnandi bese lishiswa eziko. Ingxenye yangaphandle yoqalo eseyimnyama iyasikwa futhi igudlwe kancane ukuze ingangcolisi ngomsizi; esigabeni ngasinye kukhona itiye elingaba ngu-200 g (kunoma kususwe 25 g). Lena yincazelo yomkhiqizo owodwa, umkhiqizi akabizwa kuyo.
4. Iqabunga elifakwe umusi (iLaos). Ngokombiko ocashunwe ngu-Matsushita, iqabunga elisha lifakwa umusi, lifakwe liqine oqalweni bese lomiswa; umbhali wombiko uthatha itiye elinjalo njengento efanayo netiye laseYunnan oqalweni.

Isiqondiso sabasebenzisi esidumile sichaza nezindlela ezinerayisi elinamathelayo (糯米, nuòmǐ): iqabunga noma i-maocha eseyiphelile ithanjiswa ngomusi phezu kwerayisi elibilayo, kube yilapho ifakwa oqalweni; e-athikilini ethi “I-Dixu Cha”, ngokokushicilelwa kwendawo, umbhobho osufakiwe ufakwa umusi phezu kwerayisi. Ukuqinisekiswa okuyinhloko kwalezi zincazelo akutholakalanga, kanti isiqondiso uqobo sibala izindlela ngokungalandelani.

Lapho izincazelo zehluka khona:

• Izinto ezingavuthiwe. Iqabunga elisha (amaBulang, amasampula ka-2025) noma i-maocha eyomiswe elangeni eseyiphelile (umkhiqizo). Kuncike kulokhu ukuthi itiye eseliphelile liseduze nasiphi isigaba (isigaba 1).
• Ukuthosa, ukumisa ngokushisa noma umusi. Ibhodwe kumaBulang, ukumiswa ngokushisa nokugoqwa emasampuleni ka-2025, umusi emkhiqizweni ovela ku-maocha nasembikweni ngeLaos.
• Ukuvubela. Izincazelo zesayensi nezisemthethweni zetiye elithosiwe noma elimiswe ngokushisa oqalweni azisho ukuthi iqabunga embhobhweni liyavubela noma livubeliswe; uhlobo olufakwe umusi embikweni ngeLaos lubizwa ngqo ngetiye okungenabudlelwano nama-microorganism. Itiye elivubela ngempela oqalweni yitiye elimuncu (isigaba 13), lowo ngomunye umkhiqizo.
• Uqalo njengesimo noma ukupakishwa. Umbhobho usebenza njengesimo: isilinda esicindezelwe kuwo sikhishwa ngokuqhekeza uqalo. Izinga likazwelonke lokupakishwa ngokweqile kwemikhiqizo yokudla GB 23350-2021 alithathi njengesendlalelo sokupakisha into ethinta umkhiqizo ngqo futhi eyisici sawo esingehlukaniswe, kanti phakathi kwezibonelo libiza imibhobho yoqalo (竹筒, zhútǒng). Itiye alibizwa kulesi sigaba; ukusetshenziswa kwalo mthetho etiyeni oqalweni kungukufunda kwabahleli. Umthengisi womkhiqizo ovela ku-maocha ushiya itiye embhobhweni nokuba ligcinwe (isigaba 10).
• Izimo zokusebenza. Imithombo ayinikezi amazinga okushisa nomswakama. Ubude obubodwa kuphela amahora angu-18 okushiswa kwamasampula ka-2025, isisindo esisodwa kuphela cishe u-200 g womkhiqizo owodwa.

6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic

Incazelo ejwayelekile ye-organoleptic yetiye oqalweni ayikho emithonjeni ehloliwe. Ngezansi kukhona okuncane okwaziwayo, kubonisiwe ukuthi ngubani okushoyo.

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Isilinda esiqinile esisimo somgodi wombhobho woqalo. Encazelweni yomthandi wetiye yango-2004, ngaphakathi kombhobho oqhekezwe ngobude kwakukhona “isoseji yetiye” eqinile, okwakuphuka kalula kuyo izicucu zetiye elicindezelwe. Ubukhulu besilinda obunikezwa yisiqondiso esidumile abuqinisekiswanga yimithombo eyinhloko.
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni ehloliwe.
• Iphunga lesiphuzo: Incazelo eyodwa ehlelekile yephunga ngucwaningo luka-2025 lwamasampula endawo yaseDixu, kanti ukubekwa kwalo kuyehluka. Isifinyezo se-athikili sibhala ukuthi etiyeni elibomvu, eliluhlaza nasetiyeni oqalweni iphunga lihambisana namanothi ezithelo. Emiphumeleni yokuhlaziywa kwezinzwa emasampuleni etiye oqalweni kukhethwe iphunga lokhuni elinamandla, kanti engxoxweni amanothi okhuni acacile, ababhali abawaxhumanisa nezici zokucubungula; iphunga elinamandla kakhulu elinenothi lezithelo elicacile labonakala etiyeni elibomvu. Ukuthi abanambithi bawahlola kanjani amasampula, omile noma aphisiwe, i-athikili ayikucacisi. Lezi yizici zamasampula ocwaningo olulodwa, hhayi zesimo sonke.
• Ukunambitheka: Izincazelo zokunambitheka azikho emithonjeni yesayensi nesemthethweni. Izimvo ezizodwa zabathengisi nabathandi betiye ziphathelene namasampula athile futhi ziyehluka, ngakho ukunambitheka okujwayelekile kwetiye oqalweni akunakubizwa: okuningi kunqunywa yizinto ezingavuthiwe nokucubungula.
• Umbala wesiphuzo: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni ehloliwe.
• Amaqabunga aphisiwe: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni ehloliwe.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

• Izinhlanganisela eziphephukayo. I-athikili ka-2025 kujenali i-Metabolites yaqhathanisa izinhlanganisela ezinephunga eziphephukayo zetiye elimhlophe, elibomvu, eliluhlaza netiye oqalweni zendawo yaseDixu ngendlela ye-headspace solid-phase microextraction ne-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) nangenani lokusebenza kwephunga. Isiphetho esiyinhloko ngetiye oqalweni ngamanothi okhuni acacile, axhunywe nokucubungula.
• Umsebenzi wangaphambili. Yona leyo athikili ikhomba ucwaningo luka-Zheng Lin nababhali abakanye naye: ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali etiye oqalweni kwacwaningwa ngokuhlanzwa ngomusi wamanzi nangokukhishwa nge-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (ijenali i-Yunnan Chemical Industry, 2021). Umbhalo walo msebenzi awuvuliwe, idatha yawo ayilandiswa lapha.
• Izinhlanganisela ezingaphephuki. Ama-polyphenol, ama-amino acid, i-caffeine, amavithamini namaminerali etiye oqalweni awakalwanga emithonjeni ehloliwe.

Umthetho ojwayelekile, hhayi idatha ngaleli tiye: njengakumatiye amaningi, ukwakheka kunqunywa yizinto ezingavuthiwe nokucubungula, ngakho ohlotsheni oluvela eqabungeni elisha nasohlotsheni oluvela ku-maocha eyomiswe elangeni kungehluka kakhulu. Ukuthi ukufudunyezwa kwamahora amaningi oqalweni kukuthinta kanjani ukwakheka, akwaziwa.

8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo

Ayikho idatha eqinisekisiwe ngokusebenza kwetiye oqalweni ngqo. Isiqondiso esidumile silinika umphumela wokwelapha, kodwa ucwaningo olungakuqinisekisa lokho alukho emithonjeni ehloliwe, ngakho izitatimende ezinjalo aziphindwa lapha. Njenganoma yisiphi isiphuzo esivela eqabungeni lesitshalo setiye, itiye oqalweni liqukethe i-caffeine; ingakanani, akukalwanga.

9. Ukuphisa

Amapharamitha okuphisa awekho emithonjeni. Ngokwezincazelo, umbhobho uyaqhekezwa noma ugawulwe bese kwephulwa izicucu esilindeni. Njengoba isigaba setiye oqalweni sincike ezintweni ezingavuthiwe, isiqondiso singaba umkhuba waleso sigaba isampula eseduze naso: ohlotsheni oluvela eqabungeni elisha, njengakumatiye amaningi aluhlaza, ohlotsheni oluvela ku-maocha eyomiswe elangeni, njengakumatiye amaningi acindezelwe ezinto ezingavuthiwe ze-pu’er (i-sheng). Etiyeni oqalweni uqobo lo mkhuba awuhloliwe.

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C, njengakumatiye amaningi aluhlaza; 90–95 °C, njengakuma-sheng pu’er amaningi.
• Inani letiye: Cishe 3 g ku-150 ml ohlotsheni oluluhlaza; 5–7 g ku-100–150 ml kolucindezelwe.
• Izitsha: I-gaiwan (盖碗, gàiwǎn) ilungele zombili izinhlobo; koluluhlaza nengilazi, kolucindezelwe ithiphothi yobumba. Ngokuka-Matsushita, kumaHani umkhuba wokuphuza itiye emibhobhweni yoqalo nasezitsheni zobumba zokuthosa itiye usagcinwe ngokwengxenye.
• Inqubo:
  1. Qhekeza umbhobho ngobude, uma itiye lisekuwo, bese wehlukanisa esilindeni ucezu lwesisindo esidingekayo, uzama ukungaliphuli iqabunga libe yimvuthuluka.
  2. Fudumeza izitsha ngamanzi ashisayo.
  3. Faka itiye.
  4. Uhlobo oluvela ku-maocha, njengamatiye amaningi acindezelwe, luhlanze kafushane bese uthulula amanzi; uhlobo oluluhlaza ngokujwayelekile aluhlanzwa.
  5. Isiphuzo sokuqala, imizuzwana engu-40–60 ohlotsheni oluluhlaza nemizuzwana engu-10–20 kolucindezelwe, njengakumatiye amaningi alezi zigaba; thulula isiphuzo sonke.
  6. Phinda ukuphisa, wandise kancane kancane isikhathi sokucwilisa. Ukuthi itiye oqalweni limelana nokuphiswa okungaki, imithombo ayikusho.

10. Ukugcinwa

Izimo zokugcinwa imithombo eyinhloko ayizichazi. Umthengisi womkhiqizo ovela ku-maocha ushiya itiye embhobhweni: isiphetho esivuliwe sesigaba, ngokwamazwi akhe, sivalwa ngephepha nangentambo ukuze ligcinwe futhi livuthwe. Lona ngumkhuba womthengisi oyedwa.

Umkhuba ojwayelekile, hhayi idatha ngaleli tiye. Uhlobo oluvela ku-maocha eyomiswe elangeni, njengamatiye amaningi acindezelwe, lugcinwa endaweni eyomile, ehlanzekile, enomoya, ngaphandle kwelanga eliqondile namaphunga angaphandle. Uhlobo oluvela eqabungeni elisha, njengamatiye amaningi aluhlaza, kungcono lugcinwe endaweni epholile futhi, uma itiye likhishiwe embhobhweni, ekupakishweni okuvalwe kuqine. Ukuthi itiye oqalweni liyashintsha yini ekuvuthweni nokuthi kanjani, akwaziwa.

11. Intengo kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi

Izinkomba zentengo ezilungele i-encyclopedia azikho emithonjeni ehloliwe. Izinga letiye oqalweni alitholakalanga, ngokukhomba indawo imithombo efundiwe ayibiki, ngakho alinakuhlolwa ngophawu noma ngomthetho; ukufakwa kobuciko ohlwini lwamagugu kuphathelene nobuchwepheshe, hhayi umkhiqizo othile, futhi akusebenzi njengophawu lwekhwalithi.

• Ungakugwema kanjani ukudideka nomgunyathi:
  • Uqalo alusho isigaba. Ngaphakathi kungaba yitiye elivela eqabungeni elisha, eliseduze neliluhlaza ngokucubungula, noma i-maocha eyomiswe elangeni ecindezelwe. Izinto ezingavuthiwe nendlela yokucubungula kufanele kucaciswe nomthengisi.
  • “I-pu’er” ngokwezinga kuphela. Itiye oqalweni liyi-pu’er kuphela uma izinto ezingavuthiwe nokucubungula kuhambisana nezinga le-pu’er: itiye laseYunnan lamaqabunga amakhulu elomiswe elangeni elivela endaweni yokukhomba indawo.
  • “I-pu’er yoqalo” akuwona njalo umbhobho. Ohwebweni lwesiRashiya lwamaphakathi neminyaka yama-2000 kwakubizwa kanjalo ne-pu’er esongwe ngamaqabunga oqalo.
  • Igama 竹筒茶 linezincazelo eziningi. Ngaphansi kwalo kungafihleka itiye elimuncu elivubela oqalweni, umkhiqizo onobuchwepheshe obunye nokunambitheka okunye.
  • Izitatimende zabathengisi. Amazwi ngoqalo olukhethekile okuthiwa lukhula esifundeni esisodwa kuphela, noma ngobudala besiko, ahlala engamazwi omthengisi kuze kube yilapho eqinisekiswa ngumthombo ozimele.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

• Ohlwini lwamagugu lwesifunda esizibusayo saseXishuangbanna akufakwanga umkhiqizo, kodwa ubuciko, ubuchwepheshe bendabuko bamaDai betiye oqalweni, futhi bugcinwa yisikhungo samasiko sesifunda saseMenghai.
• Igama elilodwa lesiShayina 竹筒茶 lisho izinto ezintathu ezahlukene: itiye elifudunyezwe oqalweni, itiye elimuncu elivubela oqalweni, kanye nelunga loqalo njengesitsha sokugcina iqabunga nokubilisa amanzi.
• Izinga likazwelonke lokupakishwa ngokweqile alithathi umbhobho woqalo njengesendlalelo sokupakisha: emgqeni owodwa namaqabunga e-zongzi (粽叶, zòngyè) ubalwa njengento eyisici somkhiqizo uqobo.
• Ucwaningo lwesiShayina lwango-1982 lubiza itiye oqalweni ngenye yezindlela ezintathu zokucubungula itiye kumaBulang, kanye netiye elikhululekile netiye elimuncu.
• Ngo-2004 umbhali wencazelo yomthandi wetiye, eqhekeze ngobude umbhobho “we-pu’er oqalweni” awuthenge ePetersburg, wathola ngaphakathi “isoseji yetiye” eqinile, okwakuphuka kalula kuyo izicucu.

13. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Amatiye

• Itiye elimuncu oqalweni (酸茶, suānchá): KumaBulang iqabunga elisha liyabiliswa, liyekwe libe muncu, lifakwe embhobhweni woqalo, uvalwe uqine, umbhobho usongwe ngeqabunga lamahlumela oqalo bese umbelwa emhlabathini, izinyanga ezintathu kuya kwezine ngokwekhasi lezinkomba leKhomishini noma inyanga eyodwa ngokocwaningo lwango-1982, olubeka ukwenziwa enyangeni yesikhombisa kuya kweyesishiyagalombili. Itiye elimuncu lesizwe samaDe’ang (德昂族酸茶, Dé’ángzú suānchá), ngokwesizindalwazi sesikhungo sikazwelonke sokuvikela amagugu, ngokujwayelekile lenziwa entwasahlobo nasehlobo ngeqabunga elisha letiye laseYunnan lamaqabunga amakhulu: ukumiswa ngokushisa, ukugoqwa, ukuvubela ngaphandle komoya-mpilo, ukugqula, ukubunjwa nokomiswa; ngokokushicilelwa kabusha kuso leso sizindalwazi, iqabunga livubela livaliwe embhobhweni woqalo. Ubuciko betiye elimuncu lamaDe’ang bafakwa ohlwini lukazwelonke lwamagugu angaphatheki ngo-2021. Lena yimikhiqizo evubelisiwe, hhayi itiye elithosiwe noma elicindezelwe oqalweni.
• I-Paka Cha (帕卡茶, Pàkǎ chá): Itiye lesifunda saseJiangcheng nalo elicindezelwa embhobhweni woqalo, kodwa, ngokwezincazelo, isilinda somiswa sesingaphandle kombhobho. Okwengeziwe e-athikilini ethi “I-Paka Cha”.
• I-pu’er emaqabungeni oqalo: Ezingxoxweni zabathandi betiye zamaphakathi neminyaka yama-2000 kuchazwe inqwaba yamakhekhe e-pu’er noma amakhekhe amancane asongwe ngeqabunga lamahlumela oqalo; lapha uqalo luyisisongo, kanti isimo setiye uqobo sehlukile. I-pu’er enjalo ohwebweni lwesiRashiya lwaleyo minyaka nayo yayibizwa “ngeyoqalo”.
• Uqalo njengesitsha: Ukugcina iqabunga nokubilisa amanzi elungeni loqalo kuyincazelo yesibili ye-竹筒茶 ku-Matsushita. Lapha uqalo luyisitsha, hhayi isimo setiye.
• I-pu’er eyinsika (柱形, zhùxíng): Izinga le-pu’er libiza insika phakathi kwezimo ze-pu’er ecindezelwe. Ukuthi isilinda esivela embhobhweni woqalo singena kuyo yini, izinga alikusho; isilinda esinjalo sizoba yi-pu’er kuphela uma izinto ezingavuthiwe nokucubungula kuhambisana nezinga.

Ekuphetheni:

Itiye oqalweni liyisimo, hhayi isigaba. Embhobhweni woqalo kufakwa liqine iqabunga elithosiwe, elimiswe ngokushisa noma elithanjiswe ngomusi bese ufudunyezwa ngasemlilweni, kumaBulang kuze kube yilapho ikhasi loqalo lishile, kanti ubuciko bamaDai kusukela ngo-2023 busohlwini lwamagugu angaphatheki lwesifunda esizibusayo saseXishuangbanna. Okuzotholakala ngaphakathi embhobhweni, itiye eliseduze neliluhlaza ngokucubungula, noma i-maocha eyomiswe elangeni ecindezelwe, kunqunywa yizinto ezingavuthiwe nokucubungula, hhayi uqalo.

Okuningi ngetiye oqalweni kusalokhu kungaziwa: ukunambitheka okujwayelekile nombala wesiphuzo, uhlobo lwesihlahlana, uhlobo loqalo, izimo zokufudumeza ngaphandle kocwaningo olulodwa. Kulabo abanentshisekelo etiyeni njengengxenye yempilo yendawo, libonisa ukuthi iqabunga noqalo kuba kanjani into eyodwa, kanti umthengi limkhumbuza ukuthi ngetiye akukhulumi isisongo, kodwa lokho elenziwe ngakho nokuthi kanjani.

Imithombo

Amazinga

• GB 23350-2021
• GB/T 22111-2008
• GB/T 30766-2014

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo