Chandé Hóngchá (Chángdé hóngchá, 常德红茶) itiye elibomvu lesifunda sasedolobheni iChandé enyakatho-ntshonalanga yesifundazwe saseHunan. Leli yigama lesifunda elihlanganisa izingxenye zezifunda ezintathu — iShimen (石门), iLinli (临澧) neLixian (澧县): izingadi zitholakala ezintabeni zaseWuling, indawo yehlela eningizimu-mpumalanga, ubude busuka ku-100 kuye ku-1500 m. Isifunda esidume kakhulu kwezintathu yiShimen: ngokomlando wesifunda, itiye elibomvu laqala ukwenziwa lapho ngeminyaka yawo-1880, lapho umthengisi wetiye waseGuangdong emema izingcweti ezivela eQimen, futhi itiye lahamba ngeHankou laya phesheya. Izincazelo ezibhaliwe zifinyezela ukubukeka ngendlela ethi “uketshezi olusagolide-olubomvu, iphunga lezimbali noju, ukunambitheka okumnandi nokuthambile”. Kusukela ngo-2020 itiye livikelwe njengophawu lwezolimo lwendawo, kusukela ngo-2025 — njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá), eligaywe ngokuphelele. Isigaba siqanjwe egameni ngokwalo.
- Isigaba: Itiye elibomvu laseHunan; uphawu lwezolimo lwendawo (2020) kanye nomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo (2025).
- Imvelaphi: IChina, isifundazwe saseHunan (湖南, Húnán), isifunda sasedolobheni iChandé (常德, Chángdé), izifunda iShimen (石门县, Shímén Xiàn), iLinli (临澧县, Línlǐ Xiàn) kanye neLixian (澧县, Lǐ Xiàn).
- Indawo evikelwe: Akusona sonke isifunda, kodwa izingxenye zezifunda ezintathu. Ngokwencazelo yophawu lwezolimo — izigodi namadolobhana angama-41, amapulazi ezolimo namahlathi angu-3, izigodi nemiphakathi engu-692. Incazelo ibala wona ngamagama: izigodi namadolobhana iMengquan, iJiashan, iYijiadu, iXinguan, iZaoshi, iWeixin, iTaiping, iMosshi, iHupingshan, iNanbei, iLuopin, iYanchi, iXinpu, iBaiyun, iSansheng, iZiliang, iSuojie, iShishiqiao, iTaifu, iSixingang, iXiumei, iTingxiandu, iXin’an, iHekou, iKemushan, iFenghuo, iGanxitan, iHuolianpo, iMatoupu, iWangjiachang, iJinluo, iYanjing, iDayandang, iMengxi, iFuxingchang, iChengtoushan, iCennan, iRudong, iXiaodukou, iGuanyuan kanye neLinnan, kanye namahlathi aseDatongshan naseBaiyunshan kanye nepulazi likahulumeni laseDongshanfeng. Isimemezelo sika-2025 siqala ngohlu olufanayo; angikwazanga ukuluqhathanisa ngokuphelele nalolu hlu.
- Izixhumanisi zokuma: 110°29′06″–112°05′22″ E, 29°16′22″–29°55′13″ N — ngokwencazelo yophawu lwezolimo.
2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Inganekwane ngeJiashan. Indawo evikelwe ihlanganisa iJiashan (夹山) — intaba, lapho umlando wezindela uhlobanisa khona indlela ethi “chan netiye kuyinto eyodwa” (禅茶一味, chán chá yī wèi). Lokhu kungumongo wendawo, hhayi isici somkhiqizo.
- 1884 noma 1892 — ukuqala kwetiye elibomvu eShimen. Ngokomlando wesifunda, ocashunwa yinhlangano yesifundazwe yezinkampani zabasebenzi, ngo-1884 umthengisi wetiye waseGuangdong wamema izingcweti ezivela eQimen futhi wavula indlu yetiye i-Taihehe (泰和合) edolobhaneni elidala laseYisha (宜沙, manje okuyidolobhana iHupingshan). Itiye elibomvu lalithwalwa ngomkhumbi ngeJinshi laya eHankou futhi lisuka lapho laya eBrithani, eFrance, eRussia naseMelika. Eminye imibhalo, kuhlanganise nemilando yalowo mthengisi, ibeka ukusungulwa kwendlu ngo-1892.
- I-Yihong. IShimen ngokomlando yayiyingxenye yesifunda setiye elibomvu iYihong (宜红, Yíhóng), esasigudla nhlangothi zombili zomngcele weHunan neHubei.
- 1915. Umthombo ofanayo uthi itiye elibomvu laseShimen lakhangiswa embukisweni wasePanama futhi lathola umklomelo ngekhwalithi; umqulu wawo angikawuboni.
- 1951. Ngokomthombo ofanayo — umklomelo wegolide emqhudelwaneni kazwelonke wetiye elibomvu legongfu ohlelweni lokuhweba lwangaphandle.
- 1986. Ngokomthombo ofanayo — umklomelo wekhwalithi ovela kumnyango wezohwebo kanye nesifundazwe saseHunan.
- 2020. UMnyango Wezolimo Nezindaba Zasemakhaya wabhalisa iChandé Hóngchá njengophawu lwezolimo lwendawo, inombolo AGI02963.
- 2023. NgoMeyi, engqungqutheleni kazwelonke yetiye elibomvu, iChina Tea Circulation Association (中国茶叶流通协会) yafaka iShimen kwabayishumi “bezindawo ezibalulekile zetiye elibomvu” ezweni — okuwukuphela kwayo eHunan.
- 2025. Ngesimemezelo esingu-№ 640, i-State Intellectual Property Office (CNIPA) yaqaphela iChandé Hóngchá njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo; kuleso simemezelo kukhona amagama angu-1409.
- Igama:
- “Chandé” (常德) igama lesifunda sasedolobheni.
- “Hóngchá” (红茶, hóngchá) — “itiye elibomvu”.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Igama lesifunda lihlanganisa ngaphansi kophawu olulodwa itiye elibomvu lezifunda ezintathu, okuyisifunda esidume kakhulu kuzo iShimen. Ilungelo lokusebenzisa uphawu, ngokwencazelo, abakhiqizi balithola nge-Changde City Tea Association (常德市茶业协会).
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa
- Izinhlobo / Ama-cultivar: Incazelo yophawu idinga izinhlobo ezifanele itiye elibomvu, futhi ibeka njengesibonelo i-Zhuyeqi (槠叶齐, Zhūyèqí), i-Bixiangzao (碧香早, Bìxiāngzǎo) kanye nezinhlobo zendawo ezinamaqabunga amancane.
- Ukuvuna: Izikhathi azibhalwanga emithonjeni etholakele.
- Izinga lokuvuna: Ngokwencazelo yophawu, izinto zokusetshenziswa zihlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu ngobumnene: kwezinga eliphezulu — okungenani amaphesenti angu-95 amahlumela; kwezinga lokuqala — okungenani amaphesenti angu-90 amahlumela “ihlumela neqabunga”; kwezinga lesibili — okungenani amaphesenti angu-85 amahlumela “ihlumela namaqabunga amabili noma amathathu” kanye namahlumela avulekile alingana nawo ngobumnene (对夹叶).
- Izidingo zezinto zokusetshenziswa: Imvelaphi evela endaweni evikelwe.
4. I-Terroir Nezici Zokutshala
Ngokwencazelo yophawu lwezolimo:
- Isifunda: Izintaba zaseWuling (武陵山); indawo yehlela kusuka enyakatho-ntshonalanga kuya eningizimu-mpumalanga.
- Ubude bokutshala: 100–1500 m.
- Amahlathi: Ubuningi bamahlathi bungaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-70.
- Isimo sezulu: I-subtropical monsoon enomswakama; izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi 16,8 °C, isamba samazinga okushisa asebenzayo cishe 5200 °C, imvula ingaphezu 1300 mm ngonyaka.
- Inhlabathi: Ebomvu, ephuzi kanye nesihlabathi, ene-asidi encane, ejulile, ecebile ngezinto eziphilayo.
- Ubukhulu: Indawo yendawo evikelwe ingamahektha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-14; umkhiqizo wonyaka ngesikhathi sokubhaliswa wawungamathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-10,2, ngokwemininingwane yencazelo efanayo.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Incazelo yophawu lwezolimo ibeka uhlelo: ukubuna → ukusonga → ukuvutshelwa → ukomiswa → ukulungiswa → ukuhlanganisa → itiye elilungile — kanye nezimpawu zokulungela kuzo zonke izinyathelo.
- Ukubuna (萎凋 — wěidiāo): Emikhombeni, endlini ngendlela yemvelo noma ehlanganisiwe. Iqabunga lilahlekelwa ukucwazimula futhi libe mnyama, iphunga lotshani liyancipha, iqabunga liyashwabana futhi lithambe, isiqu siyagoba singaphuki; ukulungela — lapho umswakama ungamaphesenti angu-60–62.
- Ukusonga (揉捻 — róuniǎn): Kuma-roller, imizuzu engu-60–90, ngengcindezi ngohlelo “oluthe xaxa — oluqinile — oluthe xaxa”; okungenani amaphesenti angu-90 amaqabunga asongelwe abe yizintambo eziminyene, kuyaphuma ijusi.
- Ukuvutshelwa (发酵 — fājiào): Emishinini noma emakamelweni okuvutshelwa; ukulungela — lapho amaphesenti angu-70–80 amaqabunga anemibala esuka kokubomvu-osawolintshi kuya kokubomvu-osawolintshi, iphunga lotshani linyamalele futhi kwavela iphunga elihlanzekile noma lezimbali nezithelo.
- Ukomiswa (干燥 — gānzào): Ngezigaba ezimbili: kuqala kuze kufinyelele kumswakama wamaphesenti angu-25–30, bese kuze kufinyelele kumaphesenti angu-5–7.
- Ukulungiswa (整形 — zhěngxíng): Ukususwa kweziqu, ukuhlukaniswa ngombala nangomoya, ukuyekwa — kuze kube nokubukeka okulinganayo.
- Ukuhlanganisa (拼配 — pīnpèi): Ukuhlanganisa amaqoqo ngokwezidingo zesigaba ngasinye.
6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic
Ngokwencazelo yophawu lwezolimo: 条索紧细匀整，色泽乌黑油润，金毫显露，甜香高长，汤色红浓明亮，滋味甘鲜醇厚，叶底嫩匀红亮. Indlela emfushane ebhaliwe ithi — “uketshezi olusagolide-olubomvu, iphunga lezimbali noju, ukunambitheka okumnandi nokuthambile” (金红汤、花蜜香、甘醇味).
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Imigoqo emincane eminyene elinganayo (条索紧细匀整), emnyama futhi enamafutha (乌黑油润), enamahlumela asagolide abonakalayo (金毫显露).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile.
- Iphunga loketshezi: Limnandi, liphakeme futhi lide (甜香高长); indlela emfushane ilibiza ngokuthi elezimbali noju (花蜜香).
- Ukunambitheka: Kumnandi, kusha, kuthambile futhi kugcwele (甘鲜醇厚).
- Umbala woketshezi: Kubomvu kakhulu futhi kukhanya (红浓明亮); indlela emfushane ithi “kusagolide-olubomvu”.
- Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga elidliwayo): Lithambile, lilingana, libomvu futhi likhanya (嫩匀红亮).
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Incazelo yophawu lwezolimo ibeka amazinga ngezigaba:
| Isikhombi | Izinga eliphezulu | Izinga lokuqala | Izinga lesibili |
|---|---|---|---|
| Izinto ezikhiphekayo, okungenani | 35 % | 34 % | 32 % |
Ayikho eminye imininingwane ye-physicochemical etholakalayo emithonjeni etholakele.
8. Ukwenziwa Kwetiye
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye elibomvu.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 90–95 °C.
- Inani letiye: 3–5 g ku-150 ml.
- Izitsha: I-gaiwan emhlophe yobumba noma itiye — kuyo amahlumela asagolide nombala woketshezi kubonakala.
- Inqubo:
- Ukufudumeza izitsha.
- Ukubeka itiye.
- Ukumanzisa kafushane iqabunga ngamanzi ashisayo bese uyakhipha.
- Uketshezi lokuqala — imizuzwana engu-15–30 e-gaiwan.
- Ukuphola ngokuphelele.
- Ukuthela kabusha izikhathi ezine kuya kwezinhlanu ngokwengeza imizuzwana engu-10–15.
9. Ukugcinwa
Umkhuba wesigaba. Emgqonyeni omnyama, endaweni eyomile epholile emnyama, ngaphandle kwephunga langaphandle. Akudingeki ifriji.
10. Intengo Kanye Nokukhohlisa
Ayikho imininingwane ngentengo emithonjeni etholakele; amazinga ngezigaba akhombisa izinyathelo ezintathu zekhwalithi.
- Ukwazi ukugwema ukukhohlisa:
- Bheka uphawu lwendawo emgqonyeni.
- Qinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizi uvela ezifundeni iShimen, iLinli noma iLixian: ezinye izifunda zesifunda aziyona ingxenye yendawo evikelwe.
- Iqabunga — imigoqo emincane emnyama enamaqabunga asagolide.
- Uketshezi — kubomvu kakhulu futhi kukhanya, iphunga — limnandi, ngezwi lezimbali noju.
11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo
- Indawo evikelwe iphakathi kwezifunda: igama lesifunda elilodwa ngaphezu kwezingxenye zezifunda ezintathu.
- Isifunda esingumakhelwane iTaoyuan saleso sifunda asiyona ingxenye yendawo evikelwe: itiye lalo elibomvu livikelwa igama elihlukile — i-Taoyuan Hongcha (桃源红茶).
- Ngokomlando wesifunda, itiye elibomvu eShimen laqalwa yizingcweti ezivela eQimen.
- Indawo evikelwe ihlanganisa intaba iJiashan, lapho inganekwane ihlobanisa khona indlela ethi “chan netiye kuyinto eyodwa”.
- IShimen ukuphela kwesifunda saseHunan kubayishumi “bezindawo ezibalulekile zetiye elibomvu” ngo-2023.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye abomvu
- Qimen Hongcha (祁门红茶): Itiye elibomvu legongfu eliklasikhi laseAnhui; iQimen kwavela kuyo izingcweti ezaqala itiye elibomvu eShimen.
- Lichuan Hong (利川红): Itiye elibomvu legongfu lasentshonalanga yeHubei — kusuka ohlangothini lweHubei lwesifunda esidala iYihong.
- Jietan Hongcha (碣滩红茶): Itiye elibomvu lesifunda saseYuanling entshonalanga yeHunan, elenziwe ngobuchwepheshe begongfu laseHunan.
- Shimen Yinfeng (石门银峰): Akulona elibomvu, kodwa itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda esifanayo saseShimen — elinye igatsha lokutshalwa kwetiye lalapha.
Ekuphetheni:
IChandé Hóngchá itiye elibomvu lesifunda lasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeHunan, eliqoqwe ezingxenyeni zezifunda ezintathu eduze kwezintaba zaseWuling. Isifunda esidume kakhulu kwezintathu, iShimen, ngokomlando wesifunda senza itiye elibomvu kusukela ngo-1884, lapho kufika khona izingcweti ezivela eQimen; eminye imibhalo ibeka u-1892. Incazelo yegama ibonisa imigoqo emnyama emincane enamahlumela asagolide, iphunga elimnandi eliphakeme, uketshezi olubomvu olujulile nolukhanyayo kanye nokunambitheka okumnandi nokusha okugcwele; amazinga ezinto ezikhiphekayo abeka izigaba ezintathu.
Imithombo
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo