Jiétān Hóngchá

Jiétān Hóngchá yitiye elibomvu lomndeni odumile wamatiye e-Jiétān (碣滩茶), akhiqizwa esifundeni sase-Yuánlíng (沅陵县, Yuánlíng Xiàn) esifundazweni sase-Húnán. I-Jiétān ngokuyinhloko iyitiye eliluhlaza eliyinganekwane, elalinikelwa enkantolo yombuso kusukela ngesikhathi sobukhosi bakwaTang, kodwa ngokuthuthuka kwemboni yetiye yesifunda kwadalwa nohlu olubomvu lwe-“Jiétān Hóng” (碣滩红). Lolu hlu luhlanganisa i-terroir yeminyaka eyinkulungwane yase-Wǔlíng Shān nobuchwepheshe bendabuko base-Húnán be-Hú Hóng gōngfū (湖红工夫) kanye nezinguquko zesimanje, luveze ukunotha kwempahla eluhlaza yasezintabeni ngenye indlela ehluke ngokuphelele — enezimbali nezithelo nobumnandi bezinyosi.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa nomsuka:

• Uhlobo: Itiye elibomvu laseShayina (红茶, hóngchá), eline-oxidized ngokuphelele.
• Isigaba: I-Hú Hóng gōngfū yesifunda sase-Húnán (湖红工夫, Hú Hóng Gōngfū). Iyingxenye yohlu lomkhiqizo we-“Jiétān chá” (碣滩茶), oluvikelwe isibonakaliso sendawo esisemthethweni. I-Jiétān chá wumkhiqizo oyinhlanganisela ehlanganisa amatiye aluhlaza, abomvu namnyama (hēi).
• Umsuka: IShayina, isifundazwe sase-Húnán (湖南省, Húnán Shěng), idolobha lase-Huáihuà (怀化市, Huáihuà Shì), isifunda sase-Yuánlíng (沅陵县). Indawo eyinhloko yokukhiqiza itholakala ezintabeni zase-Wǔlíng (武陵山, Wǔlíng Shān) nase-Xuěfēng (雪峰山, Xuěfēng Shān), nhlangothi zombili zomfula i-Yuánshuǐ (沅水) ne-Yǒushuǐ (酉水). Igama elithi “Jiétān” lisuselwa entabeni i-Jiétānshān (碣滩山) ogwini olusenyakatho lwe-Yuánshuǐ — umnyombo womlando wokukhiqizwa kwetiye. Uhlamvu 碣 (jié) lusho “itshe lesikhumbuzo”, kanti 滩 (tān) lusho “umfula ogubhayo/wumsele ongashoni”: igama lichaza amadwala ami phakathi komfula ogijimayo, njengamatshe esikhumbuzo.
• Izixhumanisi zokuma: cishe 28°27′ N, 110°24′ E (indawo eseduze nentaba i-Jiétānshān); amasimu etiye esifunda atholakala nge-latitude engaba ngu-28° N — endaweni okuthiwa “yibhande legolide” lokukhiqizwa kwetiye lekhwalithi ephezulu eliluhlaza nelibomvu emhlabeni.

2. Umlando nokubaluleka kwamasiko:

• Umlando: Isiko letiye lase-Yuánlíng linomlando obhaliwe owodlula iminyaka engu-1 800. Umbhalo weNtshonalanga Jin othi “Jīngzhōu tǔdì jì” (《荆州土地记》, cishe ngekhulu lesi-3–4) uphawula: “Izifunda eziyisikhombisa zase-Wǔlíng zikhiqiza itiye, futhi yilona elingcono kakhulu” — i-Yuánlíng yayingaphakathi kwalezi zifunda eziyisikhombisa. Umbhali waseMpumalanga Jin u-Péi Yuān (裴渊) encwadini ethi “Kūn yuán lù” (《坤元录》) ukhuluma ngentaba i-Wúshè Shān (无射山, Wúshè Shān) njengendawo “lapho kunezihlahla eziningi zetiye”; le ntaba isendaweni yesifunda sase-Yuánlíng futhi ngowezi-2016 yathola isikhundla “sokuba yintaba yetiye engumlando waseShayina” (中国茶文化历史名山) ku-China Tea Circulation Association. Umfundisi wetiye u-Lù Yǔ (陆羽, Lù Yǔ) encwadini yakhe ethi “Chájīng” (《茶经》, ngawo-760) ubhekisa entabeni efanayo i-Wúshè. Ngokwenganekwane, cishe ngo-710 AD, isancinza senkosi u-Ruìzōng (睿宗, Ruìzōng) u-Hú Fèngjiāo (胡凤娇), ongowokuzalwa e-Yuánlíng, waletha itiye lendawo enkantolo; inkosi yayala ukuthi linikelwe minyaka yonke njenge-gòngchá (贡茶) — “isipho sombuso”. Itiye lase-Jiétān lahlala liyisipho sombuso ngesikhathi samakhosi akwaSong, Yuan, Ming noQing. Ngesikhathi sama-Ming itiye lalibizwa nge-“Chénzhōu Jiétān chá” (辰州碣滩茶). Ngesikhathi seRiphabhulikhi (1930s) isifunda sasingomunye wabakhiqizi betiye abahamba phambili e-Húnán: amasimu angu-3.13 wàn mǔ (cishe amahektha angu-2 100), umkhiqizo ongaphezu kwamathani angu-500 ngonyaka; amatiye abomvu naluhlaza ayethunyelwa emazweni angaphandle ngamachweba oMfula i-Yángzǐ. Izimpi kanye nezinxushunxushu zomphakathi ezalandela kwaholela ekonakaleni; ngawo-1970 amasimu ayecishe alahlwa ngokuphelele. Ngo-1972 uNdunankulu waseJaphan u-Tanaka Kakuei ngesikhathi evakashele eShayina washo engxoxweni no-Zhōu Ēnlái itiye eliyimfihlakalo lase-Jiétān, walibiza nge-“tiye lobungani phakathi kweShayina neJaphan” (中日友好之茶). Lokhu kwavusa intshisekelo yokuvuselela: amasimu avuselelwa, kwathi ngo-1982 ukukhiqizwa kwaqala kabusha. Ngo-2010 embukisweni wamazwe ngamazwe wetiye e-Shànghǎi, itiye lase-Jiétān lathola umklomelo ophakeme — “Indondo Eyisipesheli Yegolide” (特别金奖) phakathi kwamasampuli angu-1 600. Mhla zingama-28 kuNdasa 2011, i-General Administration of Quality Supervision (国家质检总局) yanikeza itiye lase-Jiétān isikhundla somkhiqizo onesibonakaliso sendawo (地理标志产品). Uhlu lwe-“Jiétān Hóng” (碣滩红茶) lwasungulwa kamuva — ngaphakathi kwesu lokwandisa izinhlobo zomkhiqizo, kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bendabuko be-Hú Hóng gōngfū kanye nenqubo ethuthukisiwe yokuvutshelwa. Ngo-2023 indawo yamasimu etiye esifundeni yafinyelela ku-18.3 wàn mǔ (cishe amahektha angu-12 200), umthamo wokukhiqiza wangonyaka — amathani angu-15 000, inani elihlanganisiwe — cishe amabhiliyoni angu-23 wama-yuan; amabhizinisi etiye angaphezu kuka-120.
• Igama: 碣 (jié) — “itshe lesikhumbuzo” (umfanekiso wedwala elimi); 滩 (tān) — “umfula ogubhayo, umsele ongashoni”; sekuhlanganisiwe “Jiétān” ichaza ukuma komhlaba okuyingqayizivele kwe-Yuánshuǐ eduze nentaba i-Jiétānshān — umfula ogijimayo lapho kuphakeme khona amadwala afana namatshe esikhumbuzo. 红茶 (hóngchá) — “itiye elibomvu”. Ngakho-ke, i-“Jiétān Hóngchá” — “itiye elibomvu laseMfuleni Ogunyamazayo Wamatshe”.
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Itiye lase-Jiétān lingelinye lamatiye asendulo kunawo wonke ase-Húnán, elihlala lifakwa ohlwini “lwamatiye adumile aseShayina” (中国名茶). Kuxhunyaniswa ne-Yuánlíng amagama ka-Qū Yuán, Liǔ Yǔxī, Lǐ Bái, Wáng Chānglíng, Wáng Yángmíng no-Shěn Cóngwén — bonke, ngokwezinganekwane, baphuza itiye lendawo. U-Shěn Cóngwén wayibiza i-Yuánlíng ngokuthi “yizwe lakhe lesibili” futhi wabhala ukuthi “ubuhle base-Yuánlíng buwubuhle obufinyeza inhliziyo”. Itiye lase-Jiétān lifakiwe embukisweni we-“Zhōngguó míng chá lù” (《中国名茶录》 — “IRejista Yamatiye Adumile AseShayina”). I-Yuánlíng yanamuhla ikhuthaza umqondo wezokuvakasha kwetiye, ihlanganisa amasimu etiye, inqaba yomlando wezempi i-Chénlóngguān (辰龙关) kanye nomzila wasendulo wezinqola i-Chámǎgǔdào (茶马古道).

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nempahla Eluhlaza:

• Inhlobo / Uhlobo lwembewu: Impahla eluhlaza ye-Jiétān Hóngchá itholakala ezinhlotsheni ezithuthukisiwe (良种, liángzhǒng) zesihlahla setiye Camellia sinensis, eziguqulelwe ezimweni zase-Wǔlíng Shān. Isilinganiso sezinhlobo ezithuthukisiwe esifundeni sidlula ama-80%. Izihlahla zetiye zingaphansi kweqembu letiye lase-Yúnguì (云贵茶叶组系), okunquma ukugcwala okuphezulu kwama-amino acid, i-caffeine namafutha aphunga kamnandi. Kusetshenziswa izinhlobo ezinamaqabunga amancane (var. sinensis) kanye nezamaqabunga aphakathi.
• Ukuvuna: Etiyeni elibomvu ukuvuna okuhle kakhulu — ngaphambi ko-Qīngmíng (清明, ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli) nangesikhathi sasentwasahlobo yokuqala; amaqabunga amancane anamandla nophezulu aqukethe inani eliphezulu lezinto eziphunga kamnandi.
• Izinga lokuvuna: Ihlumela elilodwa + amaqabunga amancane ayi-1–2 (嫩鲜叶, nèn xiānyè); emazingeni aphakeme — amahlumela athambile, afanayo anokuvuleka okuncane kweqabunga.
• Izidingo zempahla eluhlaza: Iqabunga elisanda kuvunwa kumele liphelele, lingenalimaza yomshini; ukulethwa efektri kungenakulibala.

4. I-Terroir Nezici Zokulima:

• Ukuphakama kokutshala: Amasimu amakhulu — 400–600 m, iziza ezithile — zifinyelela ku-800–1 000 m. Ingadi yetiye eyinhloko yomlando entabeni i-Jiétānshān itholakala ekuphakameni okungaba ngu-100–200 m ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, ngqo phezu komfula i-Yuánshuǐ.
• Isimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu se-subtropical monsoon, esinomswakama. Izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi — 16.6 °C; imvula yonyaka ephakathi — 1 441 mm; isikhathi esingenasithwathwa — izinsuku ezingu-272. Ichibi le-Wǔqiángxī (五强溪水库), elakhiwe isiteshi esikhulu sikagesi ngamanzi, lidala isimo sezulu esincane sohlobo lwechibi (库区小气候): umswakama ophakeme, inkungu eningi kanye nokwehluka okuncishisiwe kwezinga lokushisa phakathi nemini nobusuku. Isisho sendawo sithi: “Phakathi nehlobo elishisayo lapha kupholile njengekwindla; amafu nenkungu kugijima njengamagagabi unyaka wonke” (三伏暑天如寒秋，四季云雾泛浪头). Izimo ezinjalo zinomthelela ekuqoqekeni kwama-amino acid, i-caffeine namafutha anephunga emaqabungeni.
• Inhlabathi: Inhlabathi ebomvu (红壤), ephuzi (黄壤) kanye nenhlabathi engavamile enesihlabathi nobumba onsomi (紫色岩土, zǐsè yántǔ) — uhlobo oluyivelakancane eShayina, oluthatha endaweni yase-Yuánlíng indawo engamakhulu ambalwa amakhilomitha-skwele. Ukusabela okune-asidi (pH 4.5–5.5), izinto eziphilayo ≥ 2%, ukujula kongqimba lwenhlabathi ≥ 60 cm. Inhlabathi ensomi inothile ngama-microelements.
• Imvelo: Isilinganiso samahlathi esifundeni — 76.19%. Izintaba zase-Wǔlíng nase-Xuěfēng zihlangana e-Yuánlíng, kwakha izinhlobonhlobo zezimo zezulu ezincane. Imifula i-Yuánshuǐ ne-Yǒushuǐ — imizila yomlando “yomzila wasolwandle wesilika netiye” (海上丝绸茶路) — inqamula isifunda, igcina umswakama womoya usezingeni elifanele izihlahla zetiye. Izingadi zetiye zimsulwa ngokwemvelo: ngenxa yokuqina kwemvelo kwezitshalo, okuqinisekiswa ukunotha kwenhlabathi kanye nokungabikho kongcoliswa yizimboni, izifo zezihlahla zetiye ziyivelakancane, imithi yokubulala izinambuzane nomanyolo wamaminerali akusetshenziswa. I-Yuánlíng iphakathi “kwezifunda eziyishumi ezihamba phambili zokukhiqiza itiye ngokwemvelo eShayina” (全国十大生态产茶县).

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

I-Jiétān Hóngchá ikhiqizwa ngobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe be-Hú Hóng gōngfū (湖红工夫, itiye elibomvu lase-Húnán elicutshungulwe ngobuciko) kugxilwe ekuvutshelweni okunobumnene, okuveza amandla amakha aphakeme empahla eluhlaza yasezintabeni.

• Ukuvuna (采摘 — cǎizhāi): Ihlumela elilodwa + amaqabunga ayi-1–2, ukuvuna ngesandla noma ngomshini ngezikhathi zasekuseni, okungcono uma isimo sezulu somile.
• Ukubuna (萎凋 — wěidiāo): Iqabunga elisha linwetshwa ngongqimba omncane emathreyini oqalo noma emashalofini akhethekile; ubude nokuqina kokubuna kulawulwa kuye ngomswakama nezinga lokushisa. Isilinganiso: iqabunga lilahlekelwa umfutho, lithambe futhi linwebe kalula; umswakama uyehla.
• Ukusonga (揉捻 — róuniǎn): Ukusonga ngomshini noma ngesandla ukuze kuphulwe izindonga zamangqamuzana bese kukhishwa ijusi ngaphezulu. Kwakheka ukusonga okuqinile, okuncane (条索紧细, tiáosuǒ jǐnxì).
• I-oxidation / ukuvutshelwa (发酵 — fājiào): Isigaba esiyinhloko esinquma isimo se-“Jiétān Hóng”. Iqabunga elisongiwe lifakwa ezimeni ezilawulwayo (izinga lokushisa 22–28 °C, umswakama 90–95%) amahora angu-4–6. Ubungqayizivele benqubo busebangeni elikhethwe ngokucophelela le-oxidation, evumela ukugcinwa kokuphola kwezimbali okuyisici sempahla eluhlaza yase-Yuánlíng yasezintabeni. Isilinganiso: iqabunga lithola umbala obomvu-ngokhokho, kwavela iphunga elimnandi lezithelo.
• Ukomiswa / ukufudumeza (烘焙 — hōngbèi): Izigaba ezimbili: ukwesekwa kokuqala (烘焙) kumisa i-oxidation, bese ukwesekwa kwesibili (复干, fùgān) ezingeni lokushisa elipholile kuzinzisa amakha futhi kwehlisa umswakama ufinyelele ezingeni eliphephile ukugcina.
• Ukuhlela (分级 — fēnjí): Ukulinganisa ngokosayizi wengxenye, ukususa iziqu eziqinile kanye namaqabunga angalingani.

6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic:

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Ukusonga okuncane, okuqinile (条索紧细); umbala — umnyama, kunokucwebezela okunamafutha (色泽乌润, sèzé wūrùn); ukufana kuphezulu.
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Iphunga elisha lezimbali nezithelo elinamathoni ezinyosi kanye nephunga elincane lesinkwa; uhlanzeko “nokungafihli” kwephunga kuyisici — ngaphandle kwamathoni asindayo noma agcizelelayo.
• Iphunga lenhlanganisela: Eliqhakazile, elinezendlalelo eziningi: amathoni ezimbali (i-orchid, umkhokhasi), ezithelo (ipentshisi, ibhilikosi eyomisiwe), ezinyosi; iphunga lichazwa ngokuthi “芬芳鲜爽” (fēnfāng xiānshuǎng — “elinephunga elimnandi nelisha”). Ukuqina kwephunga — kuphezulu: iphunga lizwakala ngokusobala nakude nenkomishi.
• Ukunambitheka: Okugcwele emlonyeni (醇厚, chúnhòu), okumnandi (甘甜, gāntián), nokunotheka okuthambile kwezithelo kanye nokukrakra okuncane. Ukunambitheka kwamuva — okude, “nokubuya okumnandi” kwezinyosi (回甘). Ukungabibikho kokubaba nokufinyeza kuyisici esihlukile, esibangelwa ukugcwala okuphezulu kwama-amino acid empahleni eluhlaza.
• Umbala wenhlanganisela: Obomvu ngokugqamile, ohlanzekile, nokungafihli okuhle (汤色红亮, tāngsè hóngliàng); emazingeni aphakeme — unomphela wegolide ogqamile.
• Iphansi letiye (iqabunga elidaliwe): Lithambile, libomvu-ngokhokho, linombala ofanayo (叶底细嫩红亮, yèdǐ xìnèn hóngliàng); amaqabunga aphelele, avuleke kahle.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

• Ama-Polyphenol: Ingqikithi yama-polyphenol — iphakathi nendawo (iphansi kunaleyo yamatiye abomvu asezindaweni eziphansi), kugxilwe kuma-theaflavin (TF) nama-thearubigin (TR), aqinisekisa umbala obomvu ohlanzekile nokuthambile kokuthungwa. Isilinganiso esiphezulu se-TF/TR sinquma “uphila” nokungafihli kwenhlanganisela.
• Ama-Amino Acid: Ukugcwala okuphakeme kwe-L-theanine (ngenxa yesimo sezulu esinenkungu yasezintabeni kanye nenhlabathi ensomi). I-Theanine iyona eqinisekisa ubumnandi obuyisici se-Jiétān Hóng ngaphandle kobumnandi obufana noshukela kanye nesimo esithambile “esinomndeni” sokunambitheka.
• Ama-Alkaloid: I-Caffeine (2–4% wesisindo esomile), i-theobromine, i-theophylline. Ukusebenzisana ne-L-theanine kunikeza umphumela omuhle wokuvuselela.
• Amavithamini: Ivithamini C (igcinwa kancane ngesikhathi sokumiswa okunobumnene ngezigaba ezimbili), amavithamini eqembu B, ivithamini K.
• Amaminerali: I-Zinc, i-manganese, i-selenium, i-potassium, i-iron — akhombisa ukunotha kwamaminerali enhlabathini ensomi.
• Amafutha aphunga kamnandi nezinhlanganisela eziguquguqukayo: I-Linalool, i-geraniol, i-nerolidol, i-β-ionone — zakha iphunga eliqhakazile lezimbali nezithelo. Isici esikhethekile sempahla eluhlaza yase-Jiétān — ukugcwala okungavamile okuphezulu kwamafutha anephunga, okunikeza itiye “iphunga elikude” (远香): isici lapho iphunga lizwakala ligqamile lapho usesikhaleni esikude nenkomishi.

8. Izinzuzo Zasempilweni:

• Kuvuselela ngobumnene, kuthuthukisa ukugxila nokusebenza kwengqondo ngokusebenzisana kwe-caffeine ne-L-theanine.
• Kunomthelela we-antioxidant: ama-theaflavin nama-catechin asalayo ahlanganisa ama-radical akhululekile.
• Kuyafudumeza futhi kusekela ukugaya okunethezekile; itiye elibomvu linomthelela omuhle olweluswini olumboza isisu (暖胃).
• Kusiza impilo yohlelo lwenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi: ama-polyphenol etiye elibomvu anikela ekuqineni kwemithambo.
• Kusekela amasosha omzimba ngenxa yamavithamini namaminerali (ikakhulukazi i-zinc ne-selenium).
• Kusiza ekususeni ukukhathala nasekuvuseleleni ngemuva kwengcindezi yengqondo.
• Kunomthelela omuhle wokuphumula — iphunga elicebile lezimbali ne-L-theanine kunomthelela ekwehliseni ukukhathazeka.
• Kuqukethe i-fluoride nama-polyphenol, awusizo empilweni yomlomo: ukuqinisa koqweqwe lwamazinyo nokucindezela izilwanyane ezibangela ukubola kwamazinyo.
• Ukugcwala okuphezulu kwe-manganese kusiza ekusebenzeni okuvamile kwezicubu zamathambo futhi kuhlanganyele ekusetshenzisweni kwe-carbohydrate.

9. Ukwenza Itiye:

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 90–95 °C ezinhlotsheni ezijwayelekile; 85–90 °C emazingeni athambile amahlumela.
• Inani letiye: 4–5 g ku-100–120 ml (gōngfū); 2–3 g ku-200–250 ml (ukugxilisa enkomishini).
• Izitsha: I-gàiwǎn yobumba olumhlophe (盖碗) engu-100–120 ml — ukukhetha okuhle kakhulu kokuveza iphunga lezimbali; itiyela lobumba; itiyela lengilazi (ukuze ujabulele umbala wenhlanganisela ngokubuka).
• Inqubo:
  1. Fudumeza i-gàiwǎn noma itiyela ngamanzi abilayo.
  2. Faka itiye, umboze ngesembozo imizuzwana engu-3–5 — uphefumulele “iphunga elomile”.
  3. Ukugeza (uma uthanda): thela amanzi ngokushesha imizuzwana eyi-1–2, uwachithe.
  4. Ukuthela kokuqala: imizuzwana engu-5–8; jabulela ukuvela okuqhakazile kwezimbali.
  5. Ukuthela kwesibili nokulandelayo: engeza isikhathi ngemizuzwana engu-3–5.
  6. Inani lokuthela: 6–8 (izinhlobo zasezintabeni eziphakeme — zifinyelela ku-10). Kunconywa ukunaka ukuguquka kwephunga: kusukela kwelimbali kuye kwelesithelo bese kuba ngelesinyosi. Uma wenza ngendlela yaseYurophu — 3–4 g ku-300 ml, ukugxilisa imizuzu engu-3–4; le ndlela iveza kahle ingxenye yezithelo.

10. Ukugcinwa:

Gcina esitsheni esivalekile esingabonisi ukukhanya, endaweni epholile eyomile (10–25 °C), kude nelanga eliqondile namaphunga angaphandle. Isikhathi esihle sokusetshenziswa — izinyanga ezingu-12–18 ezinhlotsheni zasentwasahlobo ezithambile kanye nezinyanga ezingafinyelela kwezingu-24 kulezo ezisindayo. Ukugcina esiqandisini akudingeki. Ngokungafani ne-Jiétān chá eluhlaza, uhlobo olubomvu luzinzile kakhulu ekugcinweni, kodwa alwenzelwe ukuguga isikhathi eside.

11. Intengo Nokukhwabanisa:

I-Jiétān Hóngchá isesigabeni samanani aphakathi phakathi kwamatiye abomvu ase-Húnán. Izindleko zincike ezingeni (okuqukethwe amahlumela), ekuphakameni kokutshalwa kwempahla eluhlaza, enkathini yokuvuna (eyasentwasahlobo yokuqala — iyabiza kakhulu) kanye nasekubeni khona kwesitifiketi se-“Jiétān chá” esinesibonakaliso sendawo. Umkhiqizo uthengiswa ngokusebenzisa inethiwekhi yezitolo ezingaphezu kuka-300 ezikhethekile kulo lonke elaseShayina, kanye nangama-inthanethi.

• Ungakugwema kanjani ukukhwabanisa:
  1. Thenga imikhiqizo enophawu “碣滩茶” kanye nophawu lwesibonakaliso sendawo (地理标志产品), olukhishwe yi-General Administration of Quality (国家质检总局).
  2. Naka ukubukeka: i-Jiétān Hóngchá yangempela ingafaniswa ngokusonga okuncane okuqinile, ukucwebezela okunamafutha nokufana kwengxenye.
  3. Iphunga kumele lihlanzekile, libe lezimbali nezithelo, ngaphandle kwamathoni amakhemikhali noma “ashile”.
  4. Inhlanganisela — engagqanyazwa, ebomvu ngokugqamile; inhlanganisela enodaka noma emnyama-ngokusabumnyama ifakazela ukwephulwa kobuchwepheshe noma ukumiselela.
  5. Intengo ephansi ngokusolisayo yomkhiqizo onophawu lwe-GI — yisizathu sokungabaza ubuqiniso.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

• Itiye lase-Jiétān — “itiye lobungani phakathi kweShayina neJaphan”: yileli igama elanikezwa nguNdunankulu waseJaphan u-Tanaka Kakuei ngo-1972. Umlando waleli gama uxhumene nokuthi ngesikhathi sika-Tang ubuchwepheshe bokwenza itiye lase-Jiétān badluliselwa eJaphan naseNdiya ngeziteshi zokuxhumana.
• Ngokwenganekwane enhle yase-Húnán, isancinza senkosi u-Ruìzōng u-Hú Fèngjiāo (胡凤娇) lalingowokuzalwa e-Yuánlíng. Lapho ebuyela enkantolo, wama entabeni i-Jiétān, wazama itiye lendawo — futhi wahlabeka umxhwele kangangokuba waliletha enhlokodolobha. Inkosi yayala ukuthi leli tiye lihanjiswe enkantolo minyaka yonke. Namuhla igama lika-Fèngjiāo liqanjwe enye yezindawo ezinkulu zokulima itiye esifundeni (凤娇碣滩茶场).
• Umfundisi wefilosofi u-Wáng Yángmíng (王阳明, 1472–1529) wafundisa esigodlweni sezindela sase-Yuánlíng i-Lóngxīng (龙兴讲寺) futhi, ngokwemibhalo yendawo, wenza itiye alinikezwa abafundi bakhe — kwakuyi-Jiétān chá ngempela.
• Isici esiyingqayizivele semakha etiyeni lase-Jiétān — umkhuba “wephunga elikude” (远香): umuntu ohlezi eduze kwenkomishi uzwa iphunga ngamandla amancane kunalowo osesikhaleni esingamanyathelo ambalwa. Lesi sici sichazwa ngefomula ethi: “oseduze — udakwe futhi akalizwa iphunga; okude — omile futhi ulithola liphindwe kabili” (近者因醉而不闻其香，远者因渴倒倍觉芬芳).
• Ngo-2016 intaba i-Wúshè Shān (无射山, Wúshè Shān) e-Yuánlíng — leyo okukhulunywa ngayo e-“Chájīng” ka-Lù Yǔ — yathola isikhundla “sokuba yintaba yetiye engumlando waseShayina” ku-China Tea Circulation Association kanye ne-International Tea Culture Research Society.
• I-Yuánlíng yisifunda esikhulu kunazo zonke e-Húnán ngokwendawo. Ubukhulu bayo buqhathaniseka nezwe elincane laseYurophu, kanti inani labantu abasebenza embonini yetiye lidlula ku-120 000 — lokhu cishe “kuyiriphabhulikhi yetiye” ngaphakathi kwesifundazwe.
• Ngo-1991 eMkhosini Wamazwe Ngamazwe Wamasiko Etiye e-Hángzhōu, itiye lase-Jiétān lahlonishwa nge-“International Cultural Famous Tea” (国际文化名茶) futhi laklonyeliswa ngendondo yegolide. Eminyakeni eyalandela, lawina izindondo zegolide eMqhudelwaneni Wesibili Nesesithathu Wamazwe Ngamazwe Wamatiye Adumile (2001, 2002).

13. Ukuqhathanisa Namanye Amatiye Abomvu:

• Hú Hóng Gōngfū (湖红工夫, Húhóng Gōngfū): Igama elijwayelekile lamatiye abomvu e-gōngfū ase-Húnán, ngokomlando ayekhiqizwa ezindaweni ezifana ne-Anhuà, Táoyuán, Línxiāng nezinye. I-Jiétān Hóng iwuhlobo lwesifunda lwe-Hú Hóng Gōngfū, oluhluke ngephunga lezimbali eliqhakazile kanye nesimo esithambile, “esingenantuthu kangako”, okubangelwa i-terroir eyingqayizivele (inhlabathi ensomi, isimo sezulu esincane sechibi).
• Jūnshān Yín Zhēn Hóngchá (君山银针红茶): Uhlobo olubomvu lwetiye elidume kakhulu eliphuzi lase-Dòngtíng. Linobumnandi “obugqamile” bezihloko ezimhlophe kanye nezinyosi, kanti i-Jiétān Hóng — igcwele emlonyeni kakhudlwana, inephrofayili egqamile yezimbali.
• Qí Mén Hóngchá (祁门红茶, Qímén Hóngchá): Isilinganiso se-Ānhuī se-gōngfū hóngchá esinephunga eliyisici “lase-Qímén” (祁门香) — ithoni eyinkimbinkimbi ye-orchid nezithelo ezomisiwe. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Qí Mén, i-Jiétān Hóng inephunga elisha, “elivulekile” elinokugqama kwezithelo kanye nethoni encane yezithelo ezomisiwe.
• Jiétān Lǜchá (碣滩绿茶, Jiétān Lǜchá): Uhlobo oluluhlaza lomkhiqizo ofanayo — itiye eliluhlaza eligoqekile elinephunga eliyisici le-castnut kanye nokunambitheka okumnandi. Womabili amatiye asebenzisa impahla eluhlaza efanayo yase-Wǔlíng Shān, kodwa ubuchwepheshe be-oxidation ephelele buguqula ngokuphelele iphrofayili: uhlobo oluluhlaza — olusha, olucwengekile, olunamakhambi ne-castnut; olubomvu — olufudumele, olunezinyosi nezimbali, olunomndeni.

Ukuphetha:

I-Jiétān Hóngchá — itiye elazalwa lapho kuhlangana khona izintaba ezimbili ezinkulu nemifula emibili, endaweni enenhlabathi ensomi nenkungu engapheli. Lithwala ifa leminyaka eyinkulungwane letiye lase-Yuánlíng, kodwa licatshangelwe kabusha ngesibuko sesiko letiye elibomvu lase-Húnán. Ukuqhakaza kwalo kwezimbali, ubumnandi bezinyosi kanye nokuthungwa okunomndeni kwenza libe nomdla kulabo abazisa amatiye e-gōngfū hóngchá akudala, kanye nakubathandi bamatiye abomvu alula, anephunga elimnandi. Zama i-Jiétān Hóng eduze “nomfowabo” oluhlaza — futhi uzobona ukuthi impahla eluhlaza efanayo yasezintabeni ingaziveza kanjani ngezindlela ezimbili ezihluke ngokuphelele, kodwa ezinhle ngokufanayo. Futhi uma uzithola use-Yuánlíng — ungaphuthelwa ukuvakashela isiqhingi setiye eMfuleni i-Yuánshuǐ, lapho ungahamba mathupha ngendlela kusukela eqabungeni elisha kuya enkomishini eselungile futhi uqonde ukuthi kungani leli tiye okungenani amakhulu eminyaka ayishumi nane lingazange lisuke ematafuleni etiye eShayina.

the teas described here are available from teamotea