I-Kungkeng Cha (Kǒngkēng chá, 孔坑茶) — itiye eliluhlaza lasesifundeni sase-Ninghua (宁化县) esifundeni sikaMasipala sase-Sanming entshonalanga yesifundazwe sase-Fujian. Igama linikezwe ingadi yasendulo yasezintabeni i-Kungkeng (孔坑), eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Xiyuan (西园, «ingadi yasentshonalanga»), entshonalanga yedolobhana lase-Yanxiang (延祥村) elokishini lase-Quanshang (泉上镇); igama lendawo laleli tiye — «itiye lesipho lase-Yanxiang» (延祥贡茶). Ngokomlando wedolobhana, phakathi neminyaka ye-Zhengde yobukhosi bakwa-Ming, indoda yendawo yahambisa leli tiye enhloko-dolobha. Kusukela ngo-2017 igama livikelwa njengophawu lwezolimo lwendawo, kusukela ngo-2025 — njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo. Incazelo yophawu ichaza itiye eliluhlaza elinephunga le-castnut, kodwa eminye imithombo yendawo neyabavakashi ichaza ngaphansi kwegama elifanayo i-oolong; umehluko uchazwe ngezansi.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nendabuko
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Incazelo yophawu ibala ukulungiswa kokushisa, ukusonteka, ukwakheka kanye nokomisa futhi ichaza iqabunga elimpunga-luhlaza kanye noketshezi oluphuzi-luhlaza; umnyango wezolimo wesifundazwe ubiza umkhiqizo ngokuthi «孔坑绿» — «okuluhlaza kwase-Kungkeng».
- Umehluko ne-oolong: Izincwadi zabavakashi zichaza ubuchwepheshe be-oolong ngokunyakazisa amaqabunga (做青, zuòqīng) futhi zibeka uphawu lwe-«oolong» etiyeni, kanti incazelo yomnyango wezolimo wase-Sanming (2025) inikeza iqabunga eliluhlaza-nsundu kanye noketshezi olusawolintshi-luphuzi, okuphambene nencazelo yophawu. Isigaba lapha sinikezwe ngokombhalo wokuvikela; ngaphansi kwamagama asondelene emakethe kungase kuvele ne-oolong.
- Isigaba: Uphawu lwezolimo lwendawo (2017), umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo (2025).
- Indabuko: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Fujian (福建, Fújiàn), isifunda sikamasipala sase-Sanming (三明, Sānmíng), isifunda sase-Ninghua (宁化, Nínghuà).
- Indawo evikelwe: Imithombo iyaphikisana. Isimemezelo soMnyango Wezolimo sango-2017 sibala izifunda namalokishi ayisishiyagalombili — i-Cuijiang, i-Chengjiao, i-Hucun, i-Quanshang, i-Zhongsha, i-Helung, i-Shuiqian ne-Anyuan, amadolobhana ayi-100 esewonke; ukuphrintwa kabusha kwencazelo yophawu kwengeza indawo ephelele engu-1300.18 km², kuyo engaphansi kokukhiqiza engu-1333.33 ha, umkhiqizo ongu-1600 t ngonyaka; izindawo eziqhele kakhulu — idolobhana lase-Yanxiang empumalanga, i-Shexia (社下村) entshonalanga, i-Liqi (李七村) eningizimu kanye ne-Jingkeng (井坑村) enyakatho. Isifinyezo serejista ngokubhalwa kwango-2025 sikhomba yonke indawo yamanje yesifunda sase-Ninghua. Ukuthi imuphi umngcele osebenzayo manje, akunakutholakala emithonjeni etholakele.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: Ngokwesimemezelo sango-2017 — 116°33′–117°02′ empumalanga, 26°10′–26°40′ enyakatho.
2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Iminyaka ye-Zhengde (1506–1521). Ngokwe-«Umlando Wedolobhana lase-Yanxiang» (《延祥村史志》), ocashunwe kusizindalwazi samagugu angaphatheki sesifunda, indoda yasuka kuleli dolobhana eneziqu ze-bagong (拔贡, bágòng) yasebenza esifundeni sase-Jinhua esifundazweni sase-Zhejiang, yayivame ukuya enhloko-dolobha futhi yayihambisa itiye lase-Kungkeng lapho; itiye lathandwa enkantolo, futhi igama elithi «isipho» (贡茶, gòngchá) lanamathela kulo. Igama lesikhulu libhalwa njengo-杨得安 no-杨德安, isikhundla — 经历 kanye no-经略. Umnyango wase-Sanming ubeka isimo setiye lesipho enkathini ye-Qing; imibhalo yokuqala ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.
- Septhemba 1947. Ngokwemininingwane egciniwe, ecashunwe yileso sizindalwazi, e-Taiwan ngokwesikhumbuzo sesibili se-«guangfu» (光复) — ukuphela kokubusa kwase-Japan — kwaba nombukiso wemikhiqizo yendawo; ephasishi lase-Fujian kwakhethwa itiye le-Xiyuan lase-Kungkeng.
- 1955 no-1956. Itiye lathunyelwa embukisweni wezolimo kazwelonke e-Beijing, lapho lahlonishwa kakhulu; lanikezwa futhi u-Mao Zedong yizakhamuzi zesifunda.
- Ngawo-1980. Ngokwesizindalwazi samagugu angaphatheki, i-Yanxiang yaqala ukwandisa ukutshala; okwamanje endaweni yayo evikelwe kukhona cishe ama-300 mu ezingadi.
- 2010. Inani lasendle le-Xiyuan lafakwa ku-«indawo yesifundazwe yokuvikela izinsiza ezibalulekile zofuzo zesitshalo setiye sase-Fujian».
- Januwari 2017. UMnyango Wezolimo ngesimemezelo No. 2486 sango-10 Januwari wabhalisa uphawu lwezolimo lwendawo (isitifiketi AGI02021); umfakisicelo — Inhlangano Yezolimo yesifunda sase-Ninghua (宁化县农学会).
- 2016–2018. Ngo-2016 kwasungulwa inhlangano yokubambisana yetiye yase-Yanxiang; ngo-Septhemba 2018 «ubuchwepheshe bokwenza itiye lesipho lase-Yanxiang lase-Kungkeng» lwafakwa ohlwini lwesibili lwesifunda lwamagugu angaphatheki.
- 2025. Ihhovisi likahulumeni lempahla yobuhlakani ngesimemezelo No. 640 laqaphela itiye lase-Kungkeng njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
- Igama: «Kung» (孔) — «imbobo, umgodi», «keng» (坑) — «isigodi, umhosha»; leli yigama lendawo yasezintabeni.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Isizindalwazi sikahulumeni wesifunda sifaka itiye lase-Kungkeng ku-«amamilo amabili namacha amabili» (两米两茶) — imikhiqizo emine yesifunda enokuvikelwa kukahulumeni: irayisi lesipho lase-Helung, i-coix yase-Ninghua, amafutha e-camellia ase-Huaitu kanye netiye lase-Kungkeng.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe
- Uhlobo / I-cultivar: Uhlobo olubhalisiwe alukho emithonjeni. Umnyango wezolimo wase-Sanming uchaza isitshalo sokuqala njengetiye lasendle lendawo lesifunda: isihlahla esincane esinesiqu, amaqabunga aphakathi, isikhathi esimaphakathi; amahlumela amade-elliptic, aphuzi-luhlaza, iqabunga lithambile.
- Izinto ezingavuthiwe: Incazelo yophawu ikhuluma ngeqabunga elisha lezihlahla zetiye zesifunda, ezitshalwa ezimeni zayo ezikhethekile.
- Isikhathi sokuvuna: Ngokomnyango wesifundazwe, kuvunwa kanye ngonyaka, ngezinsuku ezicacile ngemva kwenkathi ye-Guyu kuze kube se-Lixia (谷雨 — 立夏), okungukuthi cishe ngasekupheleni kuka-Apreli — ekuqaleni kukaMeyi.
- Izinga lokuvuna: Alikho emithonjeni etholakele.
4. I-Terroir Nezici Zokutshala
- Ingadi yomlando: Ngokoshicilelo lomnyango wesifundazwe (2025) — ukuphakama cishe kwama-700 m, inkungu yasekuseni, inhlabathi ejulile evundile, imithambeka ebheke empumalanga.
- Enye incazelo: Umnyango wase-Sanming ubhala ukuthi itiye likhula eduze kwesiqongo se-Lianhuazhang (莲花掌), emafini nasenkungwini, enhlabathini ecebile nge-selenium nezinto eziphilayo. Ukuthi le ndawo iyafana ne-Xiyuan, imithombo ayikucacisi.
- Isikali: Ngokwemininingwane yomnyango wase-Sanming, ngo-2023 izingadi zetiye zesifunda sonke sase-Ninghua zazithatha ama-38.6 thousand mu, umkhiqizo — 7154 t, imali engenayo — 226 million yuan; umnyombo wetiye lesipho lase-Kungkeng — ngaphezu kwama-1500 mu, nxazonke kukhona amanye angaphezu kwama-2000 mu ezingadi ezijwayelekile.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Incazelo yophawu ibala imisebenzi emine: ukulungiswa kokushisa (杀青, shāqīng), ukusonteka (揉捻, róuniǎn), ukwakheka (做形, zuòxíng) kanye nokomisa (烘干, hōnggān). Umnyango wesifundazwe ubhala ngomsebenzi wezandla ngendlela yendabuko: ukuvutshelwa, ukulungiswa kokushisa, ukusonteka, ukomisa. Amapharamitha — amazinga okushisa, isikhathi, umswakama — awukho umthombo owaveza.
Izincwadi zabavakashi zichaza okuhlukile — ubuchwepheshe ngokunyakazisa amaqabunga (做青), okungukuthi ubuchwepheshe be-oolong. Le ndlela ayihambisani nencazelo yombhalo wokuvikela.
6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic
Isilinganiso — incazelo yophawu esifinyezweni serejista.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Imisonto emincane eminyene ephothiwe, impunga-luhlaza ecwebezelayo (条索细紧卷曲，色泽灰绿润).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Incazelo ehlukile ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga loketshezi: Licebile, linethoni ecacile ye-castnut (香气浓郁、栗香显).
- Ukunambitheka: Kuthambile, kugcwele, kumnandi-kuqabulekile (滋味醇厚甘爽).
- Umbala woketshezi: Ophuzi-luhlaza (汤色黄绿).
- Izansi letiye (iqabunga eliphekiwe): Lithambile ngokwanele futhi liyalingana (叶底尚嫩匀).
Umnyango wesifundazwe uqinisekisa okubalulekile: iqabunga eliphothiwe elimpunga-luhlaza, iphunga le-castnut, ukunambitheka okuthambile. Incazelo yomnyango wase-Sanming yehlukile — iqabunga eliluhlaza-nsundu kanye noketshezi olusawolintshi-luphuzi.
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Imininingwane ye-physicochemical eqinisekiswe nomthombo wokuqala ayikho emithonjeni etholakele. Ukuchazwa kabusha kwe-encyclopedia kwencazelo yophawu kuveza izibalo, kodwa ama-amino acid kuwo anikezwe ngenombolo engathembekile etiyeni, efana n nephutha lokudlulisa, ngakho lonke ibhulokhi alisetshenziswanga lapha.
8. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
- Inani letiye: 3 g ku-150 ml.
- Isitsha: Ingilazi yeglasi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
- Inqubo: Shisisa isitsha, thela amanzi ngasodongeni, uketshezi lokuqala — ngemva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60, bese kuba nokuthelwa kabili-ntathu okuphindiwe, kushiywe ingxenye yoketshezi.
9. Ukugcina
Umkhuba wesigaba. Ephasheni elivalekile, efrijini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga; kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.
10. Intengo Nokomgunyathi
Imininingwane ngezintengo ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.
- Ungakugwema kanjani ukukhwabanisa:
- Funa uphawu lwendawo futhi uhlole ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowesifunda sase-Ninghua.
- Qhathanisa ukubukeka nencazelo yophawu: imisonto emincane ephothiwe empunga-luhlaza, uketshezi oluphuzi-luhlaza, iphunga le-castnut. Itiye elimnyama elishisiwe elinephunga le-oolong ngaphansi kwegama elithi «孔坑贡茶» alihambisani nencazelo yophawu.
- Ungadidanisi ne-Jiukeng Cha (鸠坑茶) yase-Zhejiang enegama elifanayo.
11. Amaqiniso Athokozisayo
- Ingadi yomlando yase-Kungkeng, ngokwesizindalwazi samagugu angaphatheki, ingamashumi ambalwa kuphela ama-mu.
- Ngo-1947 itiye lengadi yasedolobhaneni lalimela i-Fujian embukisweni e-Taiwan.
- Ku-«amacha amabili» esifunda anokuvikelwa kukahulumeni, itiye linye kuphela: elesibili elithi «cha» — amafutha e-camellia.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Amatiye
- I-Jiukeng Cha (鸠坑茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda sase-Chun’an e-Zhejiang; uhlamvu olufanayo 坑 — ukuqondana nje kwamagama ezindawo.
- I-Qijing Cha (七境茶): Itiye eliluhlaza elosiwe lesifunda sase-Luoyuan ogwini lwase-Fujian, nalo elinethoni ye-castnut futhi elaqashelwa njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo ngo-2025.
- I-Wuping Lvcha (武平绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda sase-Wuping entshonalanga ye-Fujian.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Kungkeng Cha — itiye eliluhlaza lasezintabeni entshonalanga ye-Fujian, elikhule engadini eyodwa endala eduze kwedolobhana lase-Yanxiang: imisonto emincane ephothiwe empunga-luhlaza, uketshezi oluphuzi-luhlaza, iphunga le-castnut. Umlando usekelwe emlandweni wedolobhana nasemininingwaneni egciniwe yowe-1947 neye-1950s, ukuvikelwa — ekubhalisweni kuka-2017 no-2025. Ngaphansi kwegama elifanayo kuyavela ne-oolong, kanti itiye eliluhlaza lenziwa umbhalo wokuvikela.
Imithombo
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo