Jianghua Kucha (Jiānghuá kǔchá, 江华苦茶) — “itiye elibabayo laseJianghua”: inani elidala lendawo lesihlahla setiye kanye netiye elifanayo laseJianghua-Yao Autonomous County (江华瑶族自治县) esifundeni sedolobha i-Yongzhou eningizimu impela yesifundazwe saseHunan. Igama livikelwa uphawu lwezolimo lwendawo oluqinisekisiwe lwango-2013. Ngaphansi kwalo kukhiqizwa itiye lamazinga ehlukene, kanti isifunda ngokwaso sizibiza ngokuthi “izwe lokuzalwa kwetiye elibomvu lezinyosi laseShayina” (中国蜜香红茶之乡).
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Alikho ikilasi elilodwa. Lolu hlobo lufaneleka etiyeni elibomvu neliluhlaza; incazelo yophawu inikeza izimpawu zetiye eliluhlaza, umshini wokunyathelisa wango-2026 ubhala ngokuyinhloko ngetiye elibomvu, enye yezimboni zesifunda yenza itiye elibomvu, eliluhlaza kanye netiye “lesiYao” (瑶茶).
- Isigaba: Inani lesihlahla setiye kanye nomkhiqizo wesifunda; uphawu lwezolimo lwendawo oluqinisekisiwe (2013).
- Imvelaphi: IShayina, isifundazwe saseHunan (湖南, Húnán), isifunda sedolobha iYongzhou (永州, Yǒngzhōu), iJianghua-Yao Autonomous County. Isifunda esiyinhloko — ukhahlamba iMengzhuling (萌渚岭) ezintabeni zaseNanling, emthonjeni womfula iXiaoshui (潇水), emngceleni weGuangdong neGuangxi.
- Indawo evikelwe: Ngokwencazelo yophawu — amadolobhana amakhulu nezifunda eziyishumi nesikhombisa zesifunda, kuhlanganise nenhloko-dolobha yesifunda iTuojiang, kanye nehlathi likahulumeni.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: Indawo evikelwe — kusukela ku-24°38′35″ kuya ku-25°19′43″ enyakatho kanye nakusukela ku-111°25′25″ kuya ku-112°12′35″ empumalanga.
2. Umlando kanye nokubaluleka kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Kudala — ngokulandisa kabusha. Abezindaba babhala ukuthi eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-2100 edlule itiye lalapha lalethwa embusweni waseChangsha; incazelo yophawu ikhuluma ngomlando weminyaka engu-2500 futhi ikhuluma ngebhokisi “letiye elibabayo” elivela emathuneni aseMawangdui ebukhosini bakwaHan. Izinombolo azivumelani, kanti ukuxhumana kwalokhu okutholakele neJianghua kuncike ekuchazeni (ukubhekisela eMnyuziyamu Wesifundazwe SaseHunan, ukufana kwamabalazwe obukhosi bakwaHan nendawo yalolu hlobo) ngaphandle kwemithombo yokuqala.
- Iminyaka yawo-1970–1980. Ngokombhalo womkhiqizo, isifunda senza ngalolu hlobo itiye elibomvu eligayiwe (红碎茶) lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, kanti ngeminyaka yawo-1980 saba yisizinda sokuthengwa kwetiye lokuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1970, ngokwencazelo yophawu, iqembu elikhethekile leHunan Tea Research Institute lasebenza ngalolu hlobo iminyaka engaba ngamashumi amathathu.
- 1986–1987. Imithombo iyahluka. Umbhalo womkhiqizo: kusukela ngo-1986 itiye iminyaka eminingana lilandelana laqashelwa njengetiye elidumile lesifundazwe, kanti ngo-1987 isifundazwe saliqaphela njengenani eliyigugu lendawo elithembisayo (优良地方群体品种). Abezindaba bango-2026: ngo-1987 itiye langena eshumini lamatiye adumile esifundazwe.
- Ukuphela kwekhulu lama-XX. Ngokombhalo womkhiqizo, ngesikhathi sokushintshela kukonke ukusuka etiyeni elibomvu kuya etiyeni eliluhlaza, izimboni zetiye ezingama-25 zesifunda zavalwa.
- 2013. UMnyango Wezolimo wabhalisa “江华苦茶” njengophawu lwezolimo lwendawo oluqinisekisiwe, isitifiketi AGI01326; umnikazi — inhlangano yetiye iYuehua (粤华) yesifunda saseJianghua.
- 2016. Ngokombhalo womkhiqizo, kwatholakala nophawu lwentengiso oluqinisekisiwe lwendawo; isizindakazi esiyinhloko sibiza inombolo yaso 13858983.
- 2022. IHunan Tea Research Institute yabika ukuthi okokuqala ithole i-theacrine (苦茶碱) ezitshalweni zetiye zasendle zesifundazwe futhi yayikhipha etiyeni laseJianghua.
- Igama: “Jianghua” (江华) — igama lesifunda; “kucha” (苦茶) — “itiye elibabayo”. Umcwaningi weHunan Tea Research Institute wachazela abezindaba ukuthi itiye alibabayo: ngolimi lwesiYao u-”苦” ngokuzwakalayo usho ukuthi “kuhle”. Kodwa incazelo yophawu inconywa itiye ngokubaba okuguqukela ebumnandi, kanti incazelo yohlobo ibiza itiye eliluhlaza elivela kulo ngokuthi libabayo.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: IJianghua iwukuphela kwesifunda esizimele samaYao eHunan. Ngokwesiko, ukhokho wokuqala wamaYao uPanwang (盘王) wazisindisa ngetiye ekudakweni; abantu bendawo balandisa ukuthi amaYao, lapho ethuthela kwenye indawo, ayeziphathela imbewu yetiye futhi ayitshala endaweni entsha.
3. Incazelo yezitshalo kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa
- Uhlobo: iJianghua Kucha, eyaziwa nangokuthi igaotszyao cha (高脚茶, gāojiǎo chá, “itiye elinemilenze emide”) — inani lembewu (有性群体品种), ngokwabezindaba betiye laseHunan — elinye lamahlanu amelela izihlahla zetiye zesifundazwe. Izindawo zokuqala — izifunda zaseLiangchahe, iDaxi, iHaojiang neXiangjiang yesifunda saseJianghua, kanti zikhona nasezifundeni ezingomakhelwane.
- Ukubukeka: Isihlahla esincane esinesiqu esicacile, sihluma amagatsha ku-40–90 cm ukusuka phansi, sikhula sifike ku-3–4 m, ezinye izihlahla — ngaphezu kuka-5 m. Iqabunga likhulu, liyi-elliptic, liluhlaza okuphuzi, lincane futhi licwebezela, linesihloko eside. Siphakathi nendawo ngesikhathi; amahlumela awugqinsi, ahlala ethambile isikhathi eside, ama-buds acishe angabi noboya. Siqhakaza ngo-Okthoba — Novemba, sithela imbewu encane.
- Izihlahla ezindala kanye nezinhlobo ezintsha: Ngokwamazwi omkhiqizi wendawo, esifundeni kunezihlahla zetiye ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane ezineminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Ezitshalweni zasendle zesifunda kwakhiwe futhi kwabhaliswa izinhlobo ezintathu ezisezingeni likahulumeni, zonke zangena ohlwini lweshumi lwezinhlobo eziyinhloko zetiye elibomvu laseHunan; amagama azo awatholakalanga emithonjeni etholakele.
- Ukuvuna: Ngokwabezindaba, ama-buds avuleka cishe ngesikhathi sikaQingming, kanti ukuvuna kwentwasahlobo ezivandeni zenye yezinkampani zesifunda kuthatha cishe izinsuku ezingama-20. Izinga lokuvuna alitholakalanga emithonjeni etholakele.
4. I-terroir kanye nezici zokutshala
- Indawo: Ngokombhalo womkhiqizo, eningizimu, enyakatho nasempumalanga yesifunda ukuphakama kuvame ukuba ngaphezu kuka-600 m, entshonalanga — izigodi namagquma ku-200–400 m.
- Isimo sezulu nomhlabathi: Isimo sezulu esifudumele esinomswakama se-subtropical monsoon. Abezindaba: amahlathi amboze u-78% wesifunda, kunezinkungu eziningi, ilanga elincane eliqondile, izinga lokushisa linosuku olukhulu, umhlabathi ovulekile ocebile nge-selenium.
- Isikali: Ngokwencazelo yophawu — amahektha ayi-1500 namathani ayi-1500 ngonyaka. Ngokwabezindaba bango-2026 — izinkulungwane ezingama-72 ze-mu zezivande, amathani angama-3600 etiye elomile, inani lomkhiqizo liyi-523 million yuan.
5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza
Abukho ubuchwepheshe obufanayo begama: bunqunywa yikilasi.
- Indlela yendabuko yamaYao: Ngokombhalo womkhiqizo, iqabunga lalinakwa isikhashana elangeni, linosiwe embizeni, lisongwa ngezandla libe yizintambo, lomiswa elangeni, lisongwa ngephepha futhi lilengiswa phezu komlilo.
- Itiye eliluhlaza: Kukhona indinganiso yeqembu “江华苦茶 绿茶加工技术规程” yalo; umbhalo wawo awuvulekanga. Incazelo yohlobo ixwayisa ukuthi ngesikhathi sokumisa iqabunga likhipha ujusi omningi futhi lome kanzima.
- Itiye elibomvu: Uhlobo ngokomlando lwalusetshenziselwa itiye elibomvu eligayiwe; namuhla isifunda sikhuthaza itiye elibomvu lezinyosi (蜜香红茶). Imingcele ayitholakalanga emithonjeni etholakele.
6. Izici ze-organoleptic
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Itiye eliluhlaza ngokwencazelo yophawu — lisongwe ngokuqinile, liyindilinga futhi liqondile, liluhlaza okotshani ocwebezela (紧圆挺直，色泽翠绿纯润).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga lomhhafu: Itiye eliluhlaza — elintekenteke, eliphakeme nelide. Elibomvu, ngokunambitha kwabezindaba, — elimnandi lezimbali nezithelo, elihlangene noju.
- Ukunambitheka: Itiye eliluhlaza — lisha futhi ligcwele (鲜爽醇厚), kuqala baba, bese kuba ukubuya okumnandi; incazelo yophawu ibhala ukuthi iphunga lalo liphakeme kunelika-kudin cha (苦丁茶), kanti ukuqina okujulile akukho. Elibomvu — ubaba obuncane ekugcineni kolimi, okushesha kuguqukele ebumnandi.
- Umbala womhhafu: Itiye eliluhlaza — liluhlaza obuthakathaka futhi likhanya. Elibomvu — lisagolide-iwolintshi futhi lisobala.
- Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga eliphisiwe): Eliluhlaza — liluhlaza obuthakathaka futhi lilingana. Ngelibomvu azikho izincazelo.
7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali
| Isinkomba | Inani | Umthombo nento |
|---|---|---|
| I-polyphenols | 39,21 % | Incazelo yohlobo, iqabunga elisha lasehlobo |
| Izinto ezikhishwayo | 48,50 % | Incazelo yohlobo, iqabunga elisha lasehlobo |
| I-polyphenols | 15–30 % | Umbhalo womkhiqizo, itiye |
| Ama-amino acid | 2–4 % | Umbhalo womkhiqizo, itiye |
Ngokwencazelo yohlobo, ama-catechin alula eqabungeni maningi, njengasetiyeni elikhulu lasendle laseMenghai. Azikho izinombolo nge-theacrine emithonjeni etholakele.
8. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wekilasi — imingcele incike ekilasini letiye elisesandleni.
- Itiye eliluhlaza: 80–85 °C, 3 g ku-150 ml, ingilazi yokubheka noma i-gaiwan, umhhafu wokuqala imizuzwana engama-40–60, ukuthelwa kabusha kabili noma kathathu.
- Itiye elibomvu: 90–95 °C, 3 g ku-150 ml, i-gaiwan noma imbiza yobumba, umhhafu wokuqala cishe umzuzu, ukuthululwa okuningana ngokunwetshwa.
9. Ukulondoloza
Umkhuba wekilasi. Itiye eliluhlaza — livalwe kahle, efrijini ku-0–5 °C, liphuzwe phakathi nonyaka. Elibomvu — endaweni eyomile emnyama ekamelweni lokushisa, ephaketheni eliqinile.
10. Intengo kanye nomgunyathi
Ayikho imininingwane ejwayelekile ngezintengo. Abezindaba babhala ukuthi itiye elihle kakhulu lezihlahla ezindala lenye yezinkampani zesifunda libiza ngaphezu kuka-4000 yuan ngekhilogremu.
- Ukuze ugweme umgunyathi:
- Iphakethe, ngokwencazelo yophawu, kufanele libe negama elithi “江华苦茶” kanye nophawu olujwayelekile lwezolimo lwendawo oluqinisekisiwe.
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi uvela endaweni evikelwe; ngokwabezindaba bango-2026 umkhiqizo usetshenziswa yizinkampani eziyi-15.
- Cabanga ngekilasi: ngaphansi kwegama elilodwa kuthengiswa itiye elibomvu, eliluhlaza kanye netiye “lesiYao”.
- Ungakudidi nge-kudin cha (苦丁茶) — lesi esinye isitshalo.
11. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Ngeminyaka yawo-1970, ngokombhalo womkhiqizo, itiye laseJianghua elibomvu eligayiwe ukuphela kwesifundazwe lafinyelela ezingeni likahulumeni lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe lesethi yesibili.
- Umbhalo womkhiqizo ulandisa ukuthi amaYao ayevuna itiye ngokukhuphukela ezihlahleni, futhi ayefundisa ngisho nezinkawu ukwenza lokhu.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa namatiye angomakhelwane nahlobene
- Chengbu Dongcha (城步峒茶) kanye ne-Rucheng Baimao Cha (汝城白毛茶): Kanye neleJianghua — iqembu eliseningizimu lezinhlobo ezinhlanu ezimelela itiye laseHunan.
- Baojing Huangjin Cha (保靖黄金茶): Inani elisenyakatho-ntshonalanga yesifundazwe lisuka kuleyo mihlanu efanayo.
- Kaishan Baimao Cha (开山白毛茶): Itiye eliluhlaza laseGuangxi engumakhelwane, ngale kwentaba yomngcele iMatangding.
Ekuphetheni:
iJianghua Kucha — uhlobo nomkhiqizo ngaphansi kwegama elilodwa: inani lezihlahla ezinde zezintaba zamaYao, elikhiqize itiye elibomvu eligayiwe lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, itiye eliluhlaza okotshani elivela encazelweni yophawu kanye netiye elibomvu lezinyosi lamanje. Izinsuku zasendulo zincike ekulandiseni kabusha, kanti izitshalo zalolu hlobo zichazwe ngokuningiliziwe.