Píngnán xiǎozhǒng

Pingnan Xiaozhong (Píngnán xiǎozhǒng, 屏南小种) ndi tiyi wofiira wamapiri wa mtundu wa xiaozhong wochokera ku chigawo cha Pingnan (屏南县) m’boma la Ningde, m’chigawo cha Fujian. Pingnan, malinga ndi zolemba za boma, ndi chigawo chachitali kwambiri ku Fujian pafupifupi pafupifupi 830 m, ndipo zolemba zakomweko zimatsindika za “chikhalidwe cha mapiri” (高山韵) cha tiyi uyu. Dzinali limatetezedwa ndi chizindikiro cha geographical certification kuyambira 2018; mwini chizindikiro ndi bungwe la tiyi la chigawo, ndipo lomwelo mu 2024 linatulutsa muyezo wa gulu, pomwe “屏南小种” imatchulidwa mwachindunji kuti red tea xiaozhong.

1. Classification ndi Origin

Mtundu: Tiyi wofiira (红茶, hóngchá), xiaozhong (小种, xiǎozhǒng). Mu chizindikiro chenichenicho, gulu silinalembedwe: katundu akulembedwa kungoti “茶”. Gulu limaperekedwa ndi muyezo wa gulu T/PNCX 0002—2024 “屏南小种红茶”: malinga ndi matanthauzidwe ake, monga momwe portal ya nkhani inanenera, ndi “小种红茶” pansi pa chizindikiro cha certification “屏南小种”. Poyamba, gulu linkatsimikiziridwa kokha ndi mafotokozedwe a ogulitsa.
Gulu: Tiyi wofiira wamapiri xiaozhong wa kum’mawa kwa Fujian; chizindikiro cha geographical certification (2018).
Origin: China, chigawo cha Fujian (福建, Fújiàn), boma la Ningde (宁德, Níngdé), chigawo cha Pingnan (屏南, Píngnán).
Zone: Mndandanda wa zizindikiro za chigawo umatchula chigawo cha Pingnan monga dera la mwini chizindikiro — si malire alamulo a zone. Portal ya zolemba za geographical indications imalemba zone ngati dera la kayendetsedwe ka chigawo; malamulo a chizindikiro omwe angakhazikitse zone, sindinawaone.
Njira ya chitetezo: Geographical certification mark (证明商标) № 23702418, gulu 30, katundu — tiyi. Malinga ndi mndandanda wa chigawo pa 30 June 2026: adalembetsa pa 28 October 2018, mwini — bungwe la tiyi la chigawo cha Pingnan (屏南县茶业协会), kulembetsa kuli kogwira ntchito.
Geographical coordinates: Palibe deta yomwe idapezeka m’magwero.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

Mbiri:
- Chigawo. Malinga ndi portal, kuyambira Tang mpaka koyambirira kwa Qing, madera a Pingnan anali mbali ya chigawo cha Gutian cha dera la Fuzhou; chigawo chosiyana cha Pingnan chinakhazikitsidwa mu 1735.
- 1740. Malinga ndi nkhani ya 2024, “Mbiri ya Chigawo cha Pingnan” yoyamba inalemba za tiyi motere: «茶之属，各山皆有，或似武彝，或似松萝，惟产于岩头云雾中者佳» — tiyi amapezeka pamapiri onse, ena amafanana ndi a Wuyishan, ena ndi a Songluo, koma wabwino kwambiri amamera pamiyala pakati pa mitambo ndi nkhungu.
- Qing ndi koyambirira kwa Republic. Portal imanena kuti kupanga tiyi wofiira wa Pingnan kudayamba koyambirira kwa Qing, ndipo kukula kwake kudafika kumapeto kwa Qing ndi zaka zoyambirira za Republic, pamene anali, malinga ndi portal, katundu wamkulu wa chigawo. Zolemba zomwezo zimalemba kuti koyambirira kwa Qing, tiyi wofiira wakomweko ankatchedwa “外山小种” — “xiaozhong wa mapiri akunja”, ndipo kuti pakati pa zisindikizo za sitolo ya tiyi “六合春” ya banja la Zhou la ku Shuangxi, kumapeto kwa Qing ndi koyambirira kwa Republic, pali zisindikizo za “新山小种”.
- Kubwezeretsa. Malinga ndi mafotokozedwe a wogulitsa, xiaozhong wa Pingnan adabwezeretsedwa ndi ofesi ya chigawo yochitira tiyi pamodzi ndi akatswiri am’deralo.
- Cholowa. Tekinoloje yopanga tiyi wofiira wa Pingnan xiaozhong idalembedwa pamndandanda wa cholowa cha chikhalidwe chosagwirika cha mzinda (nkhani ya 2024); chaka cholembedwera sindinapeze.
- 2018. Kulembetsa certification mark № 23702418.
- 2024. Pa 13 March, bungwe la tiyi la chigawo linafalitsa miyezo itatu ya gulu nthawi imodzi: “凤茶” (T/PNCX 0001—2024), “屏南小种红茶” (T/PNCX 0002—2024) ndi “鹫峰乌龙茶” (T/PNCX 0003—2024). Malinga ndi nkhani, bungwe la tiyi la chigawo linafalitsa miyezo ya mitundu itatu ya tiyi nthawi imodzi koyamba.
Dzina: “Pingnan” ndi dzina la chigawo; “xiaozhong” (小种) — “mtundu wochepa”, dzina lachikhalidwe la tiyi wofiira wa ku Fujian wa mtundu uwu.
Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Malinga ndi nkhani, ku Pingnan ndi mwambo kuphika tiyi ndi dzira (蛋茶, dànchá), ndipo pafupifupi banja lililonse linkadziwa kupanga tiyi. Ogulitsa amalemba za “zaka mazana anayi za mbiri”; chiwerengerochi sichikutsimikiziridwa ndi chikalata.

3. Kufotokozera kwa Botanical ndi Zopangira

Mtundu: Muyeso wa gulu umalankhula za “mitundu yoyenera tiyi wofiira wamapiri wa Pingnan xiaozhong”, osatchula m’malemba. Portal imatchula monga maziko a mbiri “菜茶” (càichá) wam’deralo wamaluwa ang’onoang’ono — population ya mbewu.
Minda: Malinga ndi nkhani, m’chigawo muli madera akulu a 菜茶 am’deralo opitirira zaka 30, opitirira ma 10,000 mu m’mawerengedwe osakwanira; kuchokera ku zopangira izi amapanga tiyi wofiira xiaozhong, wobiriwira ndi woyera. Pafupi m’zaka zaposachedwa adabzala pafupifupi ma 10,000 mu a mitundu ya Rougui (肉桂), Shuixian (水仙), Jinguanyin (金观音) ndi Jinmudan (金牡丹).
Muyeso ndi nthawi yotola: Palibe deta yomwe idapezeka m’magwero.

4. Terroir ndi Zinthu Zina za Kulima

Dera: Kum’mawa kwa Fujian, mapiri a boma la Ningde; malinga ndi nkhani, chigawo chili “pakati pa madera angapo otchuka a tiyi”.
Kutalika: Pafupifupi pafupifupi kutalika kwa chigawo ndi 830 m, chachikulu kwambiri pakati pa zigawo za Fujian (nkhani kuchokera ku center ya chitukuko cha mafakitale a tiyi ya chigawo). Kutalika kwa minda yokha sikulipo m’magwero.
Nyengo: Mwambi wakomweko “一山有四季，十里不同天” — “paphiri limodzi pali nyengo zinayi, patadutsa ma li khumi nyengo ndi yosiyana” — umafotokoza kusiyanasiyana kwa mikroklima ya mapiri. Center ya chigawo imagwirizanitsa ndi kukoma kwatsopano ndi kotsekemera kwa tiyi wakomweko.
Dothi: Palibe deta yomwe idapezeka m’magwero.

5. Tekinoloje ya Kupanga

Muyeso wa gulu wa 2024, monga momwe portal ya nkhani ikufotokozera, umapereka ndondomeko yotsatirayi — awa ndi mafotokozedwe a xiaozhong wa Pingnan omwe:

Kukonza koyambirira: kutola, kufota (萎凋, wěidiāo), kupotoza (揉捻, róuniǎn), oxidation (发酵, fājiào), “kudutsa mu mbiya yofiira” (过红锅, guò hóngguō), kukazinga-kutenthetsa (熏焙, xūnbèi), kuumitsa.
Kumaliza: kusanja, kulimbikitsa fungo, kulongedza.
Maonekedwe: tiyi wosakanizidwa kapena woponderezedwa.

Masitepe awa “过红锅” ndi “熏焙” amakhala ndi mayina omwewo ngati a Wuyishan zhengshan xiaozhong. Parameters — kutentha, nthawi, nkhuni zofukiza — palibe m’malemba, ndipo ngati fungo la utsi lilipo, zolemba zomwe zapezeka sizikunena.

Portal imafotokoza tekinoloje ya mbiri mwachidule: kufota, kupotoza (kapena kudula), oxidation ndi kuumitsa — popanda kufukiza. Momwe izi zikugwirizana ndi muyeso, m’malemba omwe apezeka sizikumveka.

6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic

Mafotokozedwe kuchokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana amasiyana, makamaka pamtundu wa madzi; muyeso wokhala ndi zofunika za maonekedwe sindinauone.

Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Zopota zolimba zolemera, zakuda ndi zonyezimira (条索紧结肥壮，色泽乌润) — malinga ndi portal.
Fungo la tsamba louma: Palibe deta yomwe idapezeka m’magwero.
Fungo la tiyi: Wapamwamba, watsopano ndi wotsekemera (香气高而鲜甜) — malinga ndi portal; wogulitsa amalemba za kamvekedwe ka maluwa ndi zipatso.
Kukoma: Portal: «耐泡而不浓烈、厚重而不煞口、馨香而不生腻» — amalimbikira ma infusions ambiri, koma osakhala okhwima, wandiweyani, koma osaluma, wonunkhira, koma osanyanya; watsopano, wotsekemera ndi wosalala.
Mtundu wa madzi: Apa magwero amasiyana. Portal imalemba “红浓” — wofiira wandiweyani; wogulitsa — wagolide-lalanje.
Tsamba pansi (tsamba lophikidwa): Lolemera, lofiira pang’ono (叶底肥壮尚红) — malinga ndi portal.

7. Kapangidwe ka Chemical

Palibe deta ya physicochemical yomwe idapezeka m’magwero.

8. Kuphika

Prakisi ya gulu.

Kutentha kwa madzi: 90–95 °C.
Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3–5 g pa 150 ml.
Zida: Gaiwan kapena teapot ya porcelain.
Njira:
1. Kutenthetsa zida.
2. Kutsanulira tiyi ndi madzi.
3. Ma infusions oyambirira — masekondi 10–20.
4. Kutsanulira madzi onse.
5. Kubwereza, ndikuwonjezera pang’ono nthawi ya infusion.

9. Kusunga

Prakisi ya gulu. Pamalo ouma amdima pa kutentha kwa chipinda, m’matumba olimba, kutali ndi fungo.

10. Mtengo ndi Zonama

Palibe deta yamitengo m’magwero omwe apezeka.

Momwe mungapewere zonama:
- Kufunafuna certification mark “屏南小种” № 23702418.
- Kutsimikizira kuti wopanga ndi wochokera ku chigawo cha Pingnan.
- Kukumbukira kuti muyeso wa gulu ndi chikalata chodzifunira cha bungwe, osati muyezo wa boma.

11. Zinthu Zosangalatsa

Dzina lakale “外山小种” — “xiaozhong wa mapiri akunja” — limayimirira motsutsana ndi “正山小种”, “xiaozhong wa mapiri enieni” a Wuyishan.
Tsiku limodzi la 2024 linapereka chigawo miyezo ya magulu atatu nthawi imodzi: red xiaozhong, oolong “鹫峰乌龙茶” ndi “凤茶” — tiyi wachikasu wokhala ndi steam fixation ndi kutenthetsa.
Pakati pa miyambo yakomweko — tiyi wophikidwa ndi dzira.

12. Kufanizira ndi xiaozhong ena ndi tiyi wofiira wa Fujian

Zheng Shan Xiao Zhong (正山小种): Tiyi wofiira wofukizidwa wa Tongmu m’mapiri a Wuyishan; mayina omwewo a masitepe “过红锅” ndi “熏焙”.
Gankeng Xiaozhong Hongcha (干坑小种红茶): Xiaozhong wapafupi ndi Tongmu wa chigawo cha Guangze, nayenso ali ndi dzina lotetezedwa.
Tanyang Gong Fu (坦洋工夫): Tiyi wofiira wa gongfu wa boma lomwelo la Ningde.
Tianshan Lü Cha (天山绿茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wa mapiri a Tianshan, omwe zone yake imakhudzanso chigawo cha Pingnan.

Pomaliza:

Pingnan Xiaozhong ndi tiyi wofiira wamapiri wa chigawo chachitali kwambiri cha Fujian. Chizindikiro cha 2018 chimateteza dzina, ndipo muyeso wa 2024 umakhazikitsa gulu ndi tekinoloje yokhala ndi “red wok” ndi kufukiza-kutenthetsa. Maonekedwe m’magwero amafotokozedwa mosiyanasiyana, makamaka mtundu wa madzi, kotero za kapu ndi bwino kuweruza malinga ndi batch yeniyeni.