Píngnán xiǎozhǒng

I-Pingnan Xiaozhong (Píngnán xiǎozhǒng, 屏南小种) itiye elibomvu lasentabeni lohlobo lwe-xiaozhong lwesifunda sase-Pingnan (屏南县) ngaphansi kukamasipala wase-Ningde, esifundazweni sase-Fujian. IPingnan, ngokwemininingwane yesifunda, iyisifunda esiphakeme kunawo wonke e-Fujian ngokwesilinganiso sokuphakama, esingamamitha angu-830, futhi imibhalo yendawo igcizelela “umlingiswa wasentabeni” (高山韵) waleli tiye. Igama livikelwe wuphawu lwesitifiketi sejografi kusukela ngo-2018; umnikazi wophawu yinhlangano yetiye yesifunda, futhi yona ngo-2024 yakhipha izinga leqembu, lapho “屏南小种” libizwa ngokuqondile ngetiye elibomvu le-xiaozhong.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Itiye elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá), i-xiaozhong (小种, xiǎozhǒng). Ophawini ngokwalo ikilasi alibhaliwe: umkhiqizo ubalwa nje ngokuthi “itiye” (茶). Ikilasi lichazwa yizinga leqembu T/PNCX 0002—2024 «屏南小种红茶»: ngokwencazelo yalo, ngokulandisa kwesango lezindaba, “itiye elibomvu le-xiaozhong” ngaphansi kophawu lwesitifiketi «屏南小种». Ngaphambilini ikilasi laliqinisekiswa izincazelo zabathengisi kuphela.
Isigaba: Itiye elibomvu lasentabeni le-xiaozhong lasempumalanga ye-Fujian; uphawu lwesitifiketi sejografi (2018).
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Fujian (福建, Fújiàn), umasipala wase-Ningde (宁德, Níngdé), isifunda sase-Pingnan (屏南, Píngnán).
Indawo: Uhlu lwesifundazwe lwezimpawu lubiza isifunda sase-Pingnan njengobunikazi bomnikazi wophawu — lokhu akusona isiqinisekiso somthetho somngcele wendawo. Isango lezinkomba lezindawo ezikhethiwe libhala indawo njengendawo yokuphatha yesifunda esebenzayo; imithetho yophawu lapho indawo ibekwe khona angizange ngiyibone.
Uhlelo lokuvikela: Uphawu lwesitifiketi sejografi (证明商标) № 23702418, ikilasi 30, umkhiqizo — itiye. Ngokohlu lwesifundazwe lwangomhla zingama-30 kuNhlangulana 2026: lubhaliswe zingama-28 kuMfumfu 2018, umnikazi — inhlangano yetiye yesifunda sase-Pingnan (屏南县茶业协会), ukubhaliswa kusasebenza.
Izixhumanisi zejografi: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- Isifunda. Ngokwesithenjwa sesango, kusukela eTang kuze kube sekuqaleni kweQing izindawo zase-Pingnan zazingaphansi kwesifunda sase-Gutian endaweni yase-Fuzhou; isifunda esizimele sase-Pingnan sasungulwa ngo-1735.
- 1740. Ngokoshicilelo lwezindaba lwango-2024, “Umlando Wesifunda sase-Pingnan” wokuqala ubhala ngetiye kanje: «茶之属，各山皆有，或似武彝，或似松萝，惟产于岩头云雾中者佳» — itiye likhona kuzo zonke izintaba, ezinye zifana nesase-Wuyishan, ezinye zifana nesase-Songluo, kodwa elingcono kakhulu likhula emadwaleni phakathi kwamafu nenkungu.
- I-Qing nokuqala kweRiphabhuliki. Isithenjwa sesango sibeka ukuqala kokukhiqizwa kwetiye elibomvu lase-Pingnan ekuqaleni kwe-Qing, kanti ukuchuma kwaso kwaba sekupheleni kwe-Qing naseminyakeni yokuqala yeRiphabhuliki, lapho lalingumkhiqizo oyinhloko wesifunda, ngokwesithenjwa. Umbhalo ofanayo uthi ekuqaleni kwe-Qing itiye elibomvu lendawo lalibizwa nge-«外山小种» — “i-xiaozhong yezintaba ezingaphandle”, nokuthi phakathi kwezimpawu zesitolo setiye «六合春» somndeni wakwaZhou wase-Shuangxi, wasekupheleni kwe-Qing nasekuqaleni kweRiphabhuliki, kukhona uphawu «新山小种».
- Ukuvuselelwa. Ngokwencazelo yomthengisi, i-xiaozhong yase-Pingnan yavuselelwa ihhovisi lesifunda lezindaba zetiye kanye nongcweti bendawo.
- Amagugu. Ubuchwepheshe bokwenza itiye elibomvu le-xiaozhong lase-Pingnan bufakwe ohlwini lwamagugu amasiko angaphatheki ezingeni ledolobha (ushicilelo lwezindaba, 2024); unyaka wokufakwa angiwutholanga.
- 2018. Ukubhaliswa kophawu lwesitifiketi № 23702418.
- 2024. Mhla ziyi-13 kuNdasa inhlangano yetiye yesifunda yashicilela amazinga amathathu eqembu kanyekanye: «凤茶» (T/PNCX 0001—2024), «屏南小种红茶» (T/PNCX 0002—2024) kanye ne-«鹫峰乌龙茶» (T/PNCX 0003—2024). Ngokoshicilelo lwezindaba, inhlangano yetiye yesifunda okokuqala yakhipha amazinga ezinhlobo ezintathu zetiye ngasikhathi sinye.
Igama: «Pingnan» — igama lesifunda; «xiaozhong» (小种) — “uhlobo oluncane”, igama lendabuko lamatiye abomvu ase-Fujian alolu hlobo.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ngokoshicilelo lwezindaba, e-Pingnan kuyinkambiso ukupheka itiye neqanda (蛋茶, dànchá), futhi cishe yonke imindeni yayikwazi ukwenza itiye. Abathengisi babhala “ngomlando weminyaka engamakhulu amane”; lesi sibalo asiqinisekiswanga ngumbhalo.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe

Uhlobo lwesityalo: Izinga leqembu likhuluma “ngezinhlobo ezifanele i-xiaozhong ebomvu yasentabeni yase-Pingnan”, ngaphandle kokuzibiza ekulandiseni. Isithenjwa sesango sibiza isisekelo somlando ngokuthi uhlobo lwendawo olunamaqabunga amancane «菜茶» (càichá) — inani lembewu.
Amasimu: Ngokoshicilelo lwezindaba, esifundeni kusekhona izindawo ezinkulu ze-菜茶 yendawo endala iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30, ngaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyi-10 ze-mu ngokubalwa okungaphelele; kulezi zinto ezingavuthiwe kwenziwa itiye elibomvu le-xiaozhong, itiye eliluhlaza netiye elimhlophe. Eduze kwazo eminyakeni yamuva kutshalwe cishe izinkulungwane eziyi-10 ze-mu zezinhlobo u-Rougui (肉桂), Shuixian (水仙), Jinguanyin (金观音) ne-Jinmudan (金牡丹).
Izinga nesikhathi sokuvuna: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.

4. Indawo Yokutshala kanye Nezici Zokutshala

Isifunda: IMpumalanga ye-Fujian, izintaba zesifunda sase-Ningde; ngokoshicilelo lwezindaba, isifunda siphakathi “nendawo emaphakathi kwezindawo eziningana ezidumile zetiye”.
Ukuphakama: Isilinganiso sokuphakama kwesifunda singamamitha angu-830, esikhulu kunazo zonke ezifundeni zase-Fujian (ushicilelo lwezindaba ngokwamazwi esikhungo sesifunda sokuthuthukisa imboni yetiye). Ukuphakama kwamasimu ngokwawo akukho emithonjeni etholakele.
Isimo sezulu: Isisho sendawo esithi «一山有四季，十里不同天» — “entabeni eyodwa kunezinkathi ezine zonyaka, emakhilomitheni ayishumi isimo sezulu sesihlukile” — sichaza izimo zezulu ezihlukahlukene zezintaba. Isikhungo sesifunda sixhuma nalokhu ukusha nobumnandi bokunambitheka kwetiye lendawo.
Inhlabathi: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Izinga leqembu lango-2024, ngokulandisa koshicelelo lwezindaba, libeka ukulandelana okulandelayo — lena incazelo ye-xiaozhong yase-Pingnan ngokuqondile:

Ukucubungula kokuqala: ukuvuna, ukubunisa (萎凋, wěidiāo), ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn), ukufakwa komoya (发酵, fājiào), “ukudlula ebhodweni elibomvu” (过红锅, guò hóngguō), ukubhema nokushisisa (熏焙, xūnbèi), ukomisa.
Ukuqedela: ukuhlunga, ukuqinisa iphunga, ukupakisha.
Isimo: itiye elixegayo noma elicindezelwe.

Izigaba «过红锅» kanye ne-«熏焙» zinamagama afanayo nawase-Wuyishan zhengshan xiaozhong. Amapharamitha — izinga lokushisa, ubude besikhathi, uphethiloli wokubhema — awekho ekulandiseni, futhi ukuthi iphunga linentuthu yini, imibhalo etholakele ayikusho.

Isithenjwa sesango sichaza ubuchwepheshe bomlando kafushane: ukubunisa, ukusonga (noma ukusika), ukufakwa komoya nokomisa — ngaphandle kokubhema. Ukuthi lokhu kuhlobana kanjani nezinga, ngemibhalo etholakele akucaci.

6. Izici Zokunambitha Nokubukeka

Izincazelo ezivela emithonjeni ehlukene ziyaphikisana, ikakhulukazi embala woketshezi; izinga elinezimfuneko zokubukeka angizange ngilibone.

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Izisongo eziminyene nezigcwele, ezimnyama ezicwebezelayo (条索紧结肥壮，色泽乌润) — ngokwesithenjwa sesango.
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
Iphunga loketshezi: Eliphezulu, elisha futhi elimnandi (香气高而鲜甜) — ngokwesithenjwa sesango; umthengisi ubhala ngethoni lezimbali nezithelo.
Ukunambitha: Isithenjwa sesango: «耐泡而不浓烈、厚重而不煞口、馨香而不生腻» — simelana nokuthelwa kaningi kodwa asibuhlungu, sinzima kodwa asibambeki, sinephunga elimnandi kodwa asidini; sisha, simnandi futhi bushelelezi.
Umbala woketshezi: Lapha imithombo iyaphikisana. Isithenjwa sesango sibhala «红浓» — obomvu okuminyene; umthengisi — osagolide-osawolintshi.
Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga elisetshenzisiwe): Eligcwele, elibomvu kancane (叶底肥壮尚红) — ngokwesithenjwa sesango.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Ayikho imininingwane yamakhemikhali emithonjeni etholakele.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wekilasi.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 90–95 °C.
Inani letiye: 3–5 g nge-150 ml.
Isitsha: I-gaiwan noma i-teapot ye-porcelain.
Inqubo:
1. Shisisa isitsha.
2. Thela itiye ngamanzi.
3. Ukuphisa kokuqala — imizuzwana engu-10–20.
4. Khipha uketshezi ngokuphelele.
5. Phinda, unwebe kancane isikhathi sokuphisa.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wekilasi. Endaweni eyomile emnyama ezingeni lokushisa legumbi, epakishweni eliqinile, kude namaphunga.

10. Intengo kanye Nemikhiqizo Yokweba

Ayikho imininingwane yamanani emithonjeni etholakele.

Ungakugwema kanjani ukukhwabanisa:
- Funa uphawu lwesitifiketi «屏南小种» № 23702418.
- Qinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowesifunda sase-Pingnan.
- Khumbula ukuthi izinga leqembu liwumbhalo wokuzithandela wenhlangano, hhayi umthetho kahulumeni.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

Igama elidala elithi «外山小种» — “i-xiaozhong yezintaba ezingaphandle” — lime ngakwelinye ne-«正山小种», “i-xiaozhong yezintaba zangempela” zase-Wuyishan.
Usuku olulodwa lwango-2024 lwanikeza isifunda amazinga amathathu ezinhlobo ngesikhathi sinye: i-xiaozhong ebomvu, i-oolong «鹫峰乌龙茶» kanye ne-«凤茶» — itiye eliphuzi elifakwa umusi futhi licwiliswe.
Phakathi kwemikhuba yendawo kukhona itiye eliphekwe neqanda.

12. Ukuqhathanisa namanye ama-xiaozhong namatiye abomvu ase-Fujian

I-Zheng Shan Xiao Zhong (正山小种): Itiye elibomvu elibhemayo lase-Tongmu ezintabeni zase-Wuyishan; amagama afanayo ezigaba «过红锅» kanye ne-«熏焙».
I-Gankeng Xiaozhong Hongcha (干坑小种红茶): I-xiaozhong engumakhelwane we-Tongmu yesifunda sase-Guangze, nayo inegama layo elivikelwe.
I-Tanyang Gong Fu (坦洋工夫): Itiye elibomvu le-gongfu lomasipala ofanayo wase-Ningde.
I-Tianshan Lü Cha (天山绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lezintaba zase-Tianshan, indawo yalo ehlanganisa nesifunda sase-Pingnan.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Pingnan Xiaozhong itiye elibomvu lasentabeni lesifunda esiphakeme kunawo wonke e-Fujian. Uphawu lwango-2018 luvikela igama, kanti izinga lango-2024 liqinisekisa ikilasi nobuchwepheshe “ngebhodwe elibomvu” nokubhema nokushisisa. Ukubukeka emithonjeni kuchazwe ngokuhlukile, ikakhulukazi umbala woketshezi, ngakho ngenkomishi kungcono ukwahlulela ngeqoqo elithile.