Zhènghé gōngfu · thetea.app

Zhenhe Gongfu (Zhènghé gōngfu, 政和工夫) ndi tiyi wofiira wa m’boma la Zhenhe (政和县) m’chigawo cha Nanping kumpoto kwa chigawo cha Fujian, mmodzi mwa “ma gongfu-hong atatu akulu a Fujian” (闽红三大工夫) pamodzi ndi Tanyang Gongfu (坦洋工夫) ndi Bailin Gongfu (白琳工夫). “Gongfu” amatanthauza “ntchito yosamala”: malinga ndi kalata ya ofesi ya zaulimi ya Fujian, dzinali linaperekedwa chifukwa cha kukonza kwa tiyi kochenjera komanso kovuta. Maziko a tiyiyu ndi mtundu wa tchire wa m’deralo, zhenhe dabaicha (政和大白茶), “chitsamba chachikulu choyera cha Zhenhe”; malinga ndi zolemba, masamba a mtundu uwu amawonjezera pang’ono “tiyi waung’ono” wochokera ku zitsamba za masamba aang’ono kuti amveke bwino kununkhira. Kununkhira kwa Zhenhe Gongfu amafotokoza kuti kuli ngati maluwa a violet.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi

Mtundu: Tiyi wofiira (红茶, hóngchá), wovundikitsidwa kwathunthu; gongfu-hong (工夫红茶) ndi wopangidwa mwaluso kwambiri poyamba ndi kusankhidwa m’masitepe ambiri. Kalata ya ofesi ya zaulimi ya Fujian ya pa December 11, 2007 imati mwachindunji ndi “tiyi wofiira wa ‘政和工夫’”.
Gulu lalikulu: Mmodzi mwa ma gongfu-hong atatu akulu a Fujian; chizindikiro chotsimikizira (证明商标), maphatikizo awiri.
Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Fujian (福建, Fújiàn), chigawo chokhala ndi mzinda wa Nanping (南平, Nánpíng), boma la Zhenhe (政和县, Zhènghé Xiàn). Malo a chizindikiro malinga ndi kalata iyi ndi gawo loyang’anira la boma: midadada ndi maboma asanu ndi anayi, komiti ya mumsewu, ndi mafamu atatu a boma.
Malo ogwirira ntchito: 118°33′–119°17′ E, 27°05′–27°23′ N.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

Mbiri:
- 1874 ndi “Xianyan Gongfu”. Malinga ndi kalata ya ofesi ya zaulimi, m’chaka cha 13 cha nthawi ya Tongzhi, wamalonda wa tiyi wa ku Jiangxi wa dzina la Zhao, amene dzina lake silinadziwike, anayamba kupanga gongfu-hong ku Zhenhe. Malo oyamba anali mudzi wa Suiyingchang (遂应场, lero Jinping, 锦屏), ndipo anagwiritsa ntchito “tiyi waung’ono” (小茶) wa m’mapiri. Zotsatira zake anazitcha “Xianyan Gongfu” (仙岩工夫). Anazitumiza ku Fuzhou, kumene zinkagulitsidwa mtengo wokwera kwambiri; malinga ndi nthano, nyumba za tiyi ku Fuzhou chaka chilichonse zinkadikira kutuluka kwake kuti ziyambe kugulitsa.
- 1879 ndi chitsamba chachikulu choyera. M’chaka cha 5 cha nthawi ya Guangxu, m’bomali anapeza chitsamba chachikulu cha tiyi woyera, chotchedwa Xianyan dabaicha (仙岩大白茶), dzina lakale linali zhenhe dabaicha; mtundu uwu unakhala wabwino ndipo anayamba kuufalitsa kwambiri.
- 1896 ndi Zhenhe Gongfu wa lero. M’chaka cha 22 cha nthawi ya Guangxu, wamalonda wa tiyi wa m’deralo Ye Zhixiang (叶之翔) ndi anzawo anayamba kupanga gongfu kuchokera ku masamba a chitsamba chachikulu choyera. Umenewu ndi Zhenhe Gongfu wa lero: dzinali linabwezeretsa ulemu, ndipo tiyiyu anakhala mmodzi mwa ma gongfu atatu akulu a Fujian. Malinga ndi kalata yomweyi, mu 1933–1936 zokolola zinafika matani zikwi khumi (担) pa chaka; komanso kalatayi imati nthawi imeneyi inali “pakati pa zaka za m’ma 1800,” ndipo masikuwa sagwirizana.
- Pambuyo pa 1949. Malinga ndi kalata ya 2007, tiyi wofiira anakula kwambiri makamaka pambuyo pa kulowa kwa China mu WTO, ndipo zokolola zinafika matani chikwi pa chaka; katundu ankatumizidwa ku mayiko a European Union ndi Russia, ndipo m’dziko muno ku Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, Shenyang ndi Inner Mongolia.
- 2007 ndi pempho la chizindikiro. Ofesi ya boma yofalitsa luso la tiyi (政和县茶叶技术推广总站) inapereka pempho la chizindikiro chotsimikizira cha “tiyi wofiira wa ‘政和工夫’” m’gulu la 30, katundu womwe ndi tiyi; ofesi ya zaulimi ya chigawo inatsimikizira malowa mwa kalata ya December 11, 2007. M’ndandanda wa zizindikiro za chigawo wa June 30, 2026, pali maphatikizo awiri ogwira ntchito a chizindikiro chotsimikizira cha “政和工夫” m’gulu la 30: No. 6495869 ya February 28, 2009 ndi No. 7667931 ya February 21, 2010; mwini wake wa onse awiri ndi ofesi ya chitukuko cha mafakitale a tiyi ya boma la Zhenhe (政和县茶业发展中心).
Dzina:
- “Zhenhe” (政和) ndi mawu a ulamuliro wa mfumu ya Song, Huizong. Malinga ndi nthano, m’chaka chachisanu cha nthawi imeneyi (1115), boma la Guanli (关隶) linapereka tiyi ku nyumba yachifumu, ndipo mfumu inapatsa boma mawu ake ngati dzina latsopano.
- “Gongfu” (工夫, gōngfu) amatanthauza “ntchito yosamala”: tiyi wofiira wopangidwa ndi nthawi yayitali komanso mosamala.
Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Pamodzi ndi Tanyang Gongfu ndi Bailin Gongfu, Zhenhe Gongfu akuimira sukulu ya Fujian ya tiyi wofiira. Kuchokera ku mtundu womwewo, boma limapanganso tiyi woyera, Zhenhe Baicha (政和白茶).

3. Kufotokozera kwa Zomera ndi Zopangira

Mtundu / Cultivar: 政和大白茶 (Zhènghé dàbáichá) ndi mtundu wa tchire wa m’deralo wa chitsamba chachikulu choyera, maziko a “tiyi waukulu” (大茶); “tiyi waung’ono” (小茶) amachokera ku zitsamba za masamba aang’ono.
Kuthyola: Nthawi zake sizinafotokozedwe m’zolemba zomwe tapeza.
Mulingo wa kuthyola: Malinga ndi kalata ya ofesi ya zaulimi, pamene mphukira ikupereka mphukira ndi masamba awiri kapena atatu, amathyola nsonga yaung’ono. Masamba atsopano amasungidwa motsatira lamulo la “magawano atatu” (三分开): kuthyola m’mawa ndi madzulo, masamba ouma ndi onyowa, mitundu yosiyana, zonse mosiyana.
Zofunika pa zopangira: Kuchokera mu boma la Zhenhe.

4. Malo ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima

Dera: Malinga ndi kalata ya 2007, ndi dera la mapiri ndi mapiri a kugombe lakumwera chakum’mawa: mapiri ozungulira, mitsinje yambiri. Malo a chizindikiro ndi maboma ndi midadada ya Dongping (东平镇), Shitun (石屯镇), Xingxi (星溪乡), Tieshan (铁山镇), Lingyao (岭腰乡), Waitun (外屯乡), Zhenqian (镇前镇), Yangyuan (杨源乡), Chengyuan (澄源乡), komiti ya mumsewu ya Xiongshan (熊山街道) ndi mafamu atatu a boma.
Kutalika kwa malo: Palibe deta m’zolemba zomwe tapeza.
Nyengo: Malinga ndi kalata yomweyo, kutentha kwapakati pachaka ndi 14.2–18.5 °C, mvula pafupifupi 1600 mm pa chaka; mpweya ndi wonyowa, chifunga chimachitika kawirikawiri, kuwala kochuluka kumamwazika.
Dothi: Lofiira ndi lachikasu lofiira, wosanjikiza wapakati wokulirapo kuposa mita imodzi, wofewetsa, wa dothi lapakati. Zopangira za organic 3.14 %, nitrogen yonse pafupifupi 0.65 %, phosphorous 0.097 %, potaziyamu 2.74 %; pH 5.4–6.2. Zomera ndi nkhalango zobiriwira nthawi zonse za masamba akuluakulu za m’madera apakati a subtropiki.

5. Tekinoloji ya Kupanga

Malinga ndi kalata ya ofesi ya zaulimi ya Fujian, Zhenhe Gongfu ndi tiyi wofufuzidwa kwathunthu; kukonza kumagawidwa m’gawo loyamba ndi kukonza komaliza.

Kufufuta (萎凋 ndi wěidiāo): Pamene nyengo ili bwino, masamba amayalidwa mopyapyala ndi mosanjikiza kuti ataye chinyezi mofanana.
Kukulunga (揉捻 ndi róuniǎn): Imaswa maselo a masamba, madzi ake amatuluka.
Kuvundikitsa (发酵 ndi fājiào): Kukhudzidwa kwa okosijeni komwe kumapanga mtundu, kununkhira, kukoma ndi maonekedwe.
Kuyanika (干燥 ndi gānzào): Kutentha kwakukulu kumasiya kuvundikitsa; pamapangidwa maocha, chinthu chapakati.
Kukonza komaliza (精制 ndi jīngzhì): Motsatira mfundo ya “mtundu umodzi polowa, ambiri potuluka” (单级付制，多级收回): kusefa (筛分), kupereka mphepo (风选), kusankha (拣剔), kusakaniza ndi kuyanjanitsa (拼配匀堆), kuyanikanso (补火), kulongedza.
Kusakaniza: Malinga ndi zolemba, maziko ndi “tiyi waukulu” wochokera ku zhenhe dabaicha, ndipo amawonjezera pang’ono “tiyi waung’ono” wonunkhira kwambiri.

6. Makhalidwe a Kumva

Malinga ndi kalata ya ofesi ya zaulimi, ndondomeko yonse ya khalidwe ndi “kununkhira kwakukulu, mtundu wowala, kukoma kokwanira” (香高、色艳、味浓):

Maonekedwe a masamba ouma: Zokulunga zokhuthala, zolimba, zofanana (条索肥壮紧结匀齐); mtundu wakuda, wonyezimira ngati mafuta, nsonga za mphukira zagolide (色泽乌润、毫心金黄).
Kununkhira kwa masamba ouma: Palibe kufotokozera kwapadera.
Kununkhira kwa madzi: Kununkhira kwakukulu kwa violet (紫罗兰香浓郁), kumakhala nthawi yayitali.
Kukoma: Koyera, kofewa, kotsekemera komanso kokwanira (纯和甘浓); khalidwe limakhalabe pambuyo pa kuthira kangapo.
Mtundu wa madzi: Wofiira wowala kwambiri (红艳), pambuyo pa kuthira kangapo umakhalabe wowoneka bwino komanso wowala.
Masamba otsala pansi: Ofiira owala kwambiri (红艳).

Malinga ndi zolemba, zida ziwirizi mosiyana zili motere: “tiyi waukulu” ndi zokulunga zokhuthala zozungulira, madzi ofiira kwambiri, kununkhira kwakukulu kwatsopano kotsekemera, kukoma kokwanira, masamba ofiira okhuthala; “tiyi waung’ono” ndi zokulunga zopyapyala zolimba, kununkhira kofanana ndi kwa Qimen, kukoma kofewa, masamba ofiira mofanana.

7. Zopangira za Masamu

Palibe deta ya fizikisi ndi masamu yokhudza Zhenhe Gongfu m’zolemba zomwe tapeza.

8. Kaphikidwe

Mchitidwe wa kalasi. Palibe malangizo apadera; m’munsimu muli magawo wamba a gongfu-hong.

Kutentha kwa madzi: 90–95 °C.
Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3–5 g pa 150 ml.
Zinthu: Gaiwan yoyera ya porcelain kapena tiyipo.
Ndondomeko:
1. Tenthetsa chinthucho.
2. Ikani tiyi.
3. Nyowetsani masamba pang’ono ndi madzi otentha ndikutsanulira.
4. Kuthira koyamba ndi masekondi 15–30 mu gaiwan kapena mphindi 3–4 mu tiyipo yaikulu.
5. Tsanulirani kwathunthu.
6. Kubwereza kuthira ndikuwonjezera nthawi.

9. Kusunga

Mchitidwe wa kalasi. M’paketi yolimba, pamalo owuma, ozizira, amdima, opanda fungo lachilendo. Firiji siyofunikira.

10. Mtengo ndi Zonyenga

Palibe deta ya mitengo m’zolemba zomwe tapeza.

Momwe mungapewere zonyenga:
- Fufuzani chizindikiro chotsimikizira cha “政和工夫”.
- Onetsetsani kuti wopanga ndi wa mu boma la Zhenhe.
- Fananizani maonekedwe ndi kufotokozera kwa kalata: zokulunga zokhuthala zolimba, zakuda ndi nsonga zagolide.
- Madzi ndi ofiira owala kwambiri, kununkhira ndi kwa violet.

11. Zinthu Zosangalatsa

Boma, malinga ndi nthano, linapatsidwa dzina kuchokera ku mawu a ulamuliro wa mfumu Huizong ngati mphotho ya tiyi.
Kuchokera ku mtundu umodzi, 政和大白茶, m’bomali amapanga tiyi wofiira wa gongfu komanso tiyi woyera.
Zonyenga za tiyi uyu ndi vuto lakale: malinga ndi kalata ya 2007, kale m’zaka za m’ma 1800 dzina la “Xianyan Gongfu” linkanyengedwa kotero kuti malonda anatsika.

12. Kuyerekeza ndi Tiyi Ena

Tanyang Gongfu (坦洋工夫): Wina wa ma gongfu atatu akulu a Fujian, wochokera ku Fuan.
Bailin Gongfu (白琳工夫): Wachitatu wa “atatu akulu”, wochokera ku Fuding.
Qimen Hongcha (祁门红茶): Gongfu wa classic wa ku Anhui; kununkhira kwa “tiyi waung’ono” wa Zhenhe zolemba zimafanizira ndi kumeneko.
Zhenhe Baicha (政和白茶): Tiyi woyera wa boma lomwelo ndi mtundu womwewo, gulu lina, nkhani yosiyana.

Pomaliza:

Zhenhe Gongfu ndi tiyi wofiira wa sukulu ya Fujian wokhala ndi mbiri ya zaka 150, kuchokera ku “Xianyan Gongfu” mpaka ku masamba a chitsamba chachikulu choyera. Mu kapu, ndi madzi ofiira owala kwambiri, kukoma kofewa kotsekemera kokwanira komanso kununkhira kokhazikika kwa violet. Pamodzi ndi tiyi woyera wa boma lomwelo, amasonyeza momwe mtundu umodzi ungatengere magulu awiri osiyana.

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