Táoyuán hóngchá

Taoyuan Hongcha (Táoyuán hóngchá, 桃源红茶) ndi tiyi wofiira wa m’boma la Taoyuan (桃源县) m’chigawo cha mzinda Changde kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa chigawo cha Hunan. Boma limatchedwa dzina la Kasupe wa Pichesi kuchokera mu “Zolemba za Kasupe wa Pichesi” za Tao Yuanming. Malinga ndi nyuzipepala ya “New Hunan”, tiyi wofiira wa gongfu wa kuno kuyambira m’ma 1850 ankapita ku Ulaya, poyamba pansi pa dzina lachilendo, kenako monga “湖红工夫”. Lero mtunduwo umadalira mtundu wa masamba akuluakulu a m’deralo 桃源大叶, ndipo chikalata choteteza chimatchula mwa zizindikiro za ubwino “mphete yagolide” m’mphepete mwa madzi a tiyi komanso kusanduka kwake kwa mvundikira akazizira. Dzinali limatetezedwa monga chizindikiro cha geographical origin cha zaulimi (AGI01845) komanso monga chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha geographical origin, malinga ndi chilengezo cha CNIPA № 640 cha m’chaka cha 2025.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi

• Mtundu: Tiyi wofiira (红茶, hóngchá), wothira kwathunthu. Gulu limatchulidwa m’dzina lenilenilo. Nyuzipepala imagwirizanitsa ndi mzere wa tiyi wofiira wa gongfu wa “湖红工夫” (húhóng gōngfu).
• Gulu: Tiyi wofiira wa ku Hunan; chizindikiro cha geographical origin cha zaulimi ndi chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha geographical origin.
• Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Hunan (湖南, Húnán), chigawo cha mzinda Changde (常德, Chángdé), boma la Taoyuan (桃源县, Táoyuán Xiàn).
• Malo otetezedwa: Malinga ndi chowonjezera cha chilengezo cha CNIPA № 640, pali matauni ndi mizinda 13: Xi’an (西安), Taipingpu (太平铺), Gunyushan (牯牛山), Cha’anpu (茶庵铺), Yangxiqiao (杨溪桥), Shaping (沙坪), Siping (寺坪), Luhuatan (芦花潭), Zhengjiayi (郑家驿), Xinglongjie (兴隆街), Lingjintan (凌津滩), Taohuayuan (桃花源) ndi Zhangjiang (漳江). Wopemphayo ndi siteshoni ya mbewu za ukadaulo za boma la Taoyuan (桃源县经济作物站). Buku lofufuzira la zizindikiro za geographical origin limatchula malo onse a boma; kusiyana ndi mndandanda wa CNIPA sikunathe kuthetsedwa ndi ine.
• Malo mwa madigiri: 110°51′14,8″–111°31′44,1″ kummawa, 28°24′29,7″–28°56′18,7″ kumpoto, malinga ndi chowonjezera cha CNIPA.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

• Mbiri:
  • 1857, pansi pa dzina lachilendo. Malinga ndi nyuzipepala ya “New Hunan” (2021), m’chaka chachisanu ndi chiwiri cha ulamuliro wa Xianfeng (咸丰) amalonda ochokera ku Fujian ndi Jiangxi anatsegula kugula masamba a tiyi ku Taoyuan, anayesa kupanga tiyi wofiira wa gongfu ndipo anawotumiza ku Ulaya monga 建茶, tiyi wa chigwa cha Jianxi cha ku Fujian. Nyuzipepala imatchula izi ngati chiyambi cha “湖红工夫”. M’nkhani ya nyuzipepala yomweyi ya 2020 amalonda amatchulidwa kuti ndi a ku Jiangxi ndi Guangdong (赣粤茶商).
  • 1865, Shaping. M’chaka chachinayi cha ulamuliro wa Tongzhi (同治) ku Shaping (沙坪) anayamba malonda a tiyi wofiira. Nyuzipepala imati tiyi wa ku Taoyuan wokhala ndi fungo lapamwamba ndi kukoma kolimba umasiyana kwambiri ndi 建茶 ndipo unayamba kutumizidwa kunja pansi pa dzina la “湖红工夫”. Buku lofufuzira la zizindikiro za geographical origin limaganiziranso kuti 1865 ndi chiyambi cha tiyi wofiira wa kuno.
  • Mapeto a Qing. Malinga ndi buku lofufuzira, amalonda ochokera ku Shanghai, Guangdong ndi Hubei anali ndi makampani asanu ndi atatu a tiyi ku Shaping, ndipo kumapeto kwa Qing ndi kumayambiriro kwa Republic kuchuluka kwa tiyi wofiira kunakwera kufika mabokosi 30,000 a kilogalamu 30 lililonse.
  • 1955, fakitale. Malinga ndi buku lomwelo, Unduna wa Zamalonda Zakunja ndi Hunan Tea Company anakhazikitsa fakitale ya tiyi ya Shaping (沙坪茶厂) m’boma, yomwenso ndi fakitale ya tiyi wofiira wosweka (桃源县红碎茶厂); kuyambira 1955 mpaka 1987 kuchokera kuno kunatumizidwa matani 33,400 a tiyi wofiira, mwa iwo matani 22,600 kupita kunja. Nyuzipepala imatchula woyambitsa ngati kampani yachigawo ya malonda akunja ndipo imalemba za tiyi wofiira wa gongfu wotumizidwa kunja, buku lofufuzira limalemba za tiyi wosweka; chikalatacho sindinachiwone.
  • 2016–2019. Malinga ndi “New Hunan” (2020), mu March 2016 Unduna wa Zaulimi unalembetsa tiyi monga chizindikiro cha geographical origin cha zaulimi. Malinga ndi nkhani ya 2021, mu 2019 analandira udindo wa “tiyi khumi odziwika a ku Hunan”, kuyambira 2017 boma limapereka ufulu ku chizindikiro chofanana, ndipo kuyambira 1 January 2019 linaperekanso; pofika 2021 ololedwa analipo 31, makampani 24 ndi mabungwe 7 a mgwirizano.
  • 2025. Mwa chilengezo cha CNIPA № 640 chinavomerezedwa ngati chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha geographical origin; m’chowonjezera muli mzere 937.
• Mkangano wa kuyamba. Anhua ndi Xinhua amayambitsa tiyi wofiira wa ku Hunan kuyambira 1854, mtundu wa Taoyuan umati 1857 ndi 1865. Pano mkangano suthetsedwa.
• Dzina:
  • “Taoyuan” (桃源) ndi “gwero la mapichesi”, dzina la boma.
  • “Hongcha” (红茶, hóngchá) ndi “tiyi wofiira”.
• Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Buku lofufuzira limapereka mzere kuchokera mu “Nyimbo Yotola Tiyi” (采茶歌) wonena za tiyi wa Shuxi (鼠溪), womwe, malinga ndi bukuli, umatchulidwa m’mbiri ya boma ya zaka za Guangxu: «解造红茶价不廉» ndiye kuti “amatha kupanga tiyi wofiira, ndipo mtengo wake si wotsika”. Mzere womwewo umaperekedwa ndi “New Hunan” mu 2020; nkhani ya 2021 imaupereka ndi chilembo china, «解造红茶倾不廉». Lero boma limayendetsa “Taoyuan Hongcha” ngati chizindikiro chofanana ndipo chaka chilichonse limachititsa chikondwerero cha tiyi wofiira.

3. Kufotokoza kwa Zomera ndi Zopangira

• Mtundu wa masamba: Chikalata cha CNIPA chimafuna zopangira kuchokera ku “mitundu ya taoyuan daye yoyenera kupangira tiyi wofiira” (桃源大叶适制良种). Nyuzipepala imatchula mtundu wakomweko wa masamba akuluakulu (Táoyuán dàyè) ngati maziko a chizindikiro. Mtundu womwewu wafotokozedwa m’nkhani ya Taoyuan Daye Cha.
• Masamba: Malinga ndi buku lofufuzira, ndi aakulu komanso ofewa, okhala ndi tsitsi lochuluka (叶片硕大、叶质柔软……茸毛较多).
• Mulingo wa kukolola: Palibe chidziwitso m’magwero opezeka.
• Nthawi yokolola: Malinga ndi chikalata cha CNIPA, kuyambira kumapeto kwa March mpaka kumayambiriro kwa September.

4. Terroir ndi Zochitika za Kulima

• Dera: Nyuzipepala imayika boma pakati pa mapiri a Wulingshan (武陵山) ndi Xuefengshan (雪峰山), pafupi ndi mtsinje wa Yuanshui (沅水).
• Kuyandikana: Taoyuan ili m’chigawo chomwecho cha Changde monga malo a dzina lachigawo 常德红茶, koma siili m’deralo: pamenepo atchulidwa maboma a Shimen, Linli ndi Lixian.
• Dzina la malo a tiyi: M’derali pali tawuni ya Cha’anpu (茶庵铺), kutanthauza kuti “sitolo pafupi ndi kachisi wa tiyi”.
• Kutalika ndi dothi: Malinga ndi chikalata cha CNIPA, 300–800 m pamwamba pa nyanja; dothi lofiira la acidic ndi la chikasu-bulauni (红、黄棕壤) pa zinthu zosweka za miyala ya clay, miyala ya gravel ndi miyala ya mchenga yofiirira, yotakasuka komanso yokhuthala, pH 4,5–6,5. Minda imakhazikitsidwa pa mapiri ndi otsetsereka pafupifupi 25°.
• Kubzala: Malinga ndi chikalata chomwecho, mbande zimabzalidwa mu October kapena February: mzere waukulu 140 cm, wopapatiza 40 cm, mtunda pakati pa mizere 30 cm; kudulira kopanga kumachitika katatu.
• Nyengo: Palibe chidziwitso m’magwero opezeka.

5. Ukadaulo Wopanga

Malinga ndi nyuzipepala, boma linavomereza malamulo ake, “Malamulo a Kukonza Taoyuan Hongcha” (桃源红茶加工技术规程) ndi malamulo a ukadaulo a kupanga Taoyuan Hongcha wa selenium (“wachi chilengedwe”); zolemba zawo sindinaziwone. Mtsogoleri wa bungwe la tiyi la boma anauza nyuzipepala za zinthu zinayi za chizindikiro: 红金芽 (masamba agolide), 红工夫 (gongfu), 红曲螺 (spiral) ndi 红茶砖 (njerwa).

Pansipa pali zofunikira za chikalata cha CNIPA cha 2025, osati ndondomeko yodziwika bwino ya gululi:

1. Kukolola (采摘, cǎizhāi): Kuyambira kumapeto kwa March mpaka kumayambiriro kwa September.
2. Kufota (萎凋, wěidiāo): M’mitsuko yofotera kapena mwachibadwa m’chipinda.
3. Kupotoza (揉捻, róuniǎn): Ndi kukakamiza motsatira ndondomeko ya “pepuka, amphamvu, pepuka” (轻重轻), mpaka masamba atapota kukhala zingwe zolimba ndipo madzi ake atatuluka ndikumamatira pamwamba.
4. Kuthira (发酵, fājiào): Maola 3–4 pa kutentha kwa pafupifupi 28 °C ndi chinyezi cha 95 %.
5. Kuumitsa (烘干, hōnggān): Koyamba pa 90 °C, mpaka kufika pafupifupi 70–80 % ya kuuma; kenako kuumitsanso ndi “moto wathunthu” pa kutentha kotsika, 60–70 °C, pang’onopang’ono mpaka kuuma kwathunthu.

6. Makhalidwe a Kumva

Kufotokozera pamunsiyi kuli malinga ndi chikalata cha CNIPA cha 2025; mawu a buku lofufuzira ndi nyuzipepala alembedwa mosiyana.

• Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Zingwe zolimba zopyapyala zofanana (条索紧细匀整), zakuda komanso zonyezimira ngati mafuta (乌黑油润).
• Fungo la masamba owuma: Silinafotokozedwe mosiyana; palibe chidziwitso m’magwero opezeka.
• Fungo la madzi a tiyi: Okoma, okhuthala komanso osatha (甜香浓郁持久). Nyuzipepala imanena mosiyana kuti ndi “fungo la maluwa ndi uchi” (花蜜香).
• Kukoma: Kokoma, kofewa, kwatsopano komanso kolimbikitsa (甜醇鲜爽). Buku lofufuzira limatchula kukoma ngati kolimba, kwamphamvu komanso kwatsopano (浓、强、鲜), nyuzipepala imati ndi kokoma komanso kwatsopano (甘鲜味).
• Mtundu wa madzi a tiyi: Wofiira, wowala, wokhala ndi “mphete yagolide” m’mphepete mwa kapu (红亮带金圈). Madzi a tiyi akazizira amasanduka mvundikira kwambiri (冷后浑现象明显).
• Pansi pa tiyi (masamba othiridwa): Ofewa, osalala, ofiira mofanana (嫩软红匀).

7. Zomwe Zili M’masamba

Chikalata cha CNIPA cha 2025 chimapereka zizindikiro za zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala m’magawo:

Chizindikiro	Kuchuluka
Zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi	35,56–46,18 %
Theaflavins	0,25–0,70 %
Thearubigins	2,60–4,50 %
Mashuga osungunuka	2,60–3,39 %

Polyphenols, amino acids ndi caffeine sizinayikidwe ndi chikalata. Buku lofufuzira la zizindikiro za geographical origin limapereka manambala amodzi popanda njira ndi chaka (polyphenols mpaka 35 %, amino acids 8,56 %, thearubigins 5,0 %); sizigwirizana nthawi zonse ndi chikalata ndipo sizigwiritsidwa ntchito pano.

8. Kuthira

Njira yodziwika ya gulu la tiyi wofiira. Madzi 90–95 °C, magalamu 3–5 pa 150 ml, gaiwan yoyera ya porcelain kapena teapot. Tenthetsa chida, nyowetsa masamba mwachidule ndi madzi otentha ndikutsanulira; kuthira koyamba kwa masekondi 15–30, tsanulira kwathunthu, kenako kuthira kanayi kapena kasanu ndikuwonjezera masekondi 10–15.

9. Kusunga

Njira yodziwika ya gulu. M’mphasa yotseka bwino, pamalo owuma, ozizira, amdima, opanda fungo lachilendo. Firiji si yofunikira.

10. Mtengo ndi Zachinyengo

Mitengo yamakono palibe m’magwero opezeka. Buku lofufuzira limapereka zakale: kumapeto kwa Qing bokosi la kilogalamu 30 linkagulitsidwa ndi siliva 40, ndipo mu 1985 wogula wa ku Germany anapereka madola 3000 pa tani imodzi ya tiyi wosweka pomwe mtengo wa m’dziko unali pafupifupi 1200.

• Momwe mungapewere zachinyengo:
  • Fufuzani chizindikiro cha geographical origin pa phukusi.
  • Onetsetsani kuti wopanga ndi wa m’boma la Taoyuan ndipo waloledwa ku chizindikiro chofanana.
  • Musasokoneze ndi chigawo cha 常德红茶: Taoyuan sili m’deralo.
  • Masamba ndi zingwe zofiira zopyapyala zofanana, masamba othiridwa ndi ofiira mofanana.

11. Zochititsa Chidwi

• M’derali muli tawuni ya Taohuayuan (桃花源), kutanthauza “Kasupe wa Pichesi”, yomwe inapereka dzina ku boma.
• Chikalata choteteza chimatchula kuti chizindikiro cha ubwino ndi zomwe ambiri angaone ngati cholakwika, kusanduka kwa mvundikira kwa madzi a tiyi ozizira.
• M’buku lachigawo la zizindikiro za geographical origin la 2024 kuchokera ku boma amatchulidwa Taoyuan Daye Cha ndi “桃源野茶王”; Taoyuan Hongcha mwiniyo palibe, chifukwa chitetezo mwa CNIPA analandira mu 2025.

12. Kufanizira ndi tiyi wina wofiira wa ku Hunan

• Taoyuan Daye Cha (桃源大叶茶): Dzina la mtundu wamasamba akuluakulu a m’boma lomwelo, maziko a zopangira za chizindikiro cha tiyi wofiira.
• Changde Hongcha (常德红茶): Tiyi wofiira wa chigawo chomwecho, malo ake sakukhudza Taoyuan.
• Anhua Hongcha (安化红茶): Tiyi wofiira wa boma lomwe limadzionanso ngati chiyambi cha tiyi wofiira wa ku Hunan.
• Xinhua Hongcha (新化红茶): Winanso wofuna kutchulidwa ngati chiyambi cha 湖红.

Pomaliza:

Taoyuan Hongcha ndi tiyi wofiira wokhala ndi mbiri yatsatanitsatane ya malonda: ogula 1857, Shaping yamalonda 1865, fakitale yotumiza kunja 1955–1987 ndi chizindikiro chamakono cha boma chozikidwa pa mtundu wamasamba akuluakulu a m’deralo. Chikalata choteteza chimafotokoza zingwe zakuda zopyapyala, fungo lokoma lokhuthala, kukoma kokoma kwatsopano ndi madzi a tiyi ofiira okhala ndi “mphete yagolide”, omwe amasanduka mvundikira akazizira.

Magwero

Chizindikiro cha malo

• CNIPA 地理标志产品认定 №640

Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero