Fúdǐng lǜchá

UFuding Lücha (Fúdǐng lǜchá, 福鼎绿茶) itiye eliluhlaza lasedolobheni laseFuding (福鼎市) emkhakheni wedolobha iNingde ogwini olusenyakatho-mpumalanga yesifundazwe saseFujian, endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi “amasango asenyakatho” esifundazwe. IFuding idume ngetiye elimhlophe, kanti eliluhlaza lahlala emthunzini walo, nakuba lavikelwa ngaphambilini: ngokohlu lwesifundazwe, igama elithi «福鼎绿茶» lavikelwa ngesimemezelo seGeneral Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) sango-2004 No. 14, iminyaka emihlanu ngaphambi kwegama elithi «福鼎白茶». Umbhalo wesimemezelo angizange ngiwubone, futhi izincazelo ezivulekile zetiye ngokwalo, izinhlobo, ubuchwepheshe, nokubukeka angizange ngizithole: leli yigama elivikelwe, lapho imibhalo ikhuluma kakhulu ngamaphepha kunangeqabunga.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi

• Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá) ngokwegama. Umbhalo onobuchwepheshe angizange ngiwubone.
• Isigaba: Umkhiqizo onokuvikelwa kwemvelaphi (2004); ohlwini lwesifundazwe irekhodi linophawu oluthi “umkhiqizo wemvelaphi” (原产地产品).
• Imvelaphi: IChina, isifundazwe saseFujian (福建, Fújiàn), umkhakha wedolobha iNingde (宁德, Níngdé), idolobhana laseFuding (福鼎, Fúdǐng).
• Indawo evikelwe: Ohlwini irekhodi libhekiswe eFuding, kukholamu yomfakisicelo kubhalwe ihhovisi lezobunini bengqondo laseFuding (福鼎市知识产权局). Umngcele osemthethweni wendawo angizange ngiwubone.
• Indlela yokuvikela: Isimemezelo se-AQSIQ sango-2004 No. 14; usuku ohlwini lungu-4 February 2004. Uphawu olukhethekile alukho kuleli rekhodi. Ngomhla ka-30 June 2026, irekhodi lisohlwini lwesifundazwe lwemikhiqizo evikelwe enegama lendawo. Uphawu lwesitifiketi lwe-«福鼎绿茶» ohlwini lwezimpawu lwesifundazwe ngalolu suku alukho.
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: IFuding ingu-26°52′–27°26′ enyakatho kanye no-119°55′–120°43′ empumalanga (ngokombhalo ngedolobha).

2. Umlando kanye nokubaluleka kwamasiko

• Umlando:
  • Itiye laseFuding jikelele. IHhovisi letiye laseFuding (2022) libhala ukuthi kulesi sifunda kudala kwenziwa itiye elibomvu, eliluhlaza, eliphuzi, lezimbali nelimhlophe. Umlando obhaliwe wetiye eliluhlaza ngokukhethekile emithonjeni etholakele awukho: imibhalo emidala ecashunwa yihhovisi ikhuluma ngetiye elimhlophe nangentaba iTaimushan.
  • 2004. Ngomhla ka-4 February, ngokohlu, ngesimemezelo esisodwa se-AQSIQ No. 14 kwavikelwa amagama athi «福鼎绿茶», «太姥山绿雪芽茶» kanye ne-pomelo yaseFuding «福鼎四季柚»; ngenombolo efanayo ohlwini kuphawulwa ne-bonsai yomkhiwane waseZhangpu «沙西榕树盆景».
  • 2005. Ngesimemezelo se-AQSIQ No. 8 ohlwini kwafakwa amanye amagama amane etiye laseFuding: «福鼎白毫银针», «福鼎白琳工夫», «福鼎大白茶» kanye no-«福鼎太姥绿雪芽».
  • 2009. Ngesimemezelo No. 32 kwavikelwa igama elithi «福鼎白茶», linophawu olukhethekile, olungekho kurekhodi lika-2004.
  • Namuhla. Ngokwedatha yehhovisi letiye laseFuding, ngo-2020 isifunda savuna amathani angu-32.4 ettii, kuwo angu-25.3 amhlophe. I-«Nongmin Ribao» (2024) iletha izibalo zika-2023: izingadi zetiye zingu-362 thousand mu, kuzo ezithelayo zingu-305 thousand mu, itiye lingu-32 thousand t, kulo elimhlophe lingu-23 thousand t. Ukuthi kungakanani okuluhlaza kokusele, imithombo ayikusho.
• Igama: «Fuding» (福鼎) yigama ledolobhana; ngokombhalo ngedolobha, linikezwe ngeNtutho iFudingfeng (覆鼎峰) yentaba iTaimushan. «Lücha» (绿茶) kusho «itiye eliluhlaza».
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ngokombhalo wehhovisi letiye, iFuding iyona kuphela isifunda lapho umnyango kazwelonke wanikeza khona isiqu esithi «中国白茶之乡», okusho «izwe letiye elimhlophe laseChina». Itiye eliluhlaza kulesi sithombe lingomunye wemigqa emihlanu, futhi emibhalweni etholakele yesifunda cishe akukho lutho olushiwoyo ngalo.

3. Incazelo yezitshalo kanye nezinto ezingavuthiwe

• Izinhlobo / amacultivar: Ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ezivunyelwe ukuvikelwa kwango-2004, imithombo etholakele ayikusho. Izinhlobo zasendaweni ezidumile, ngokwehhovisi letiye laseFuding, yilezi UFuding Dabai Cha (Fúdǐng dàbáichá, «华茶1号») kanye noFuding Dahao Cha (Fúdǐng dàháochá, «华茶2号»): amahlumela womabili ambozwe kakhulu ngoboya, womabili aba izinhlobo zikahulumeni ezingcono futhi asabalala ezweni lonke. Ihhovisi libabiza ngokuthi izinto ezingcono kakhulu zetiye elimhlophe; ngetiye eliluhlaza alibhali ngokuhlukile.
• Izinto ezingavuthiwe: Ngokombhalo wehhovisi, kuzo zonke izigaba ezinhlanu zetiye kulesi sifunda kuthathwa amahlumela athambile namaqabunga amasha. Izinga lokuqoqa itiye eliluhlaza emithonjeni etholakele alikho.
• Isikhathi sokuvuna: Imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele ayikho.

4. Indawo kanye nezici zokutshala

• Isifunda: Ugu olusenyakatho-mpumalanga yeFujian. Ngokombhalo ngedolobha, ubukhulu beFuding bungu-1526.3 km², izintaba namagquma kuthatha u-88.1 % womhlaba, indawo ephakeme kunazo zonke iNtaba iQinglongshan (青龙山), engu-1141 m. Isifunda sizungezwe izintaba ezinhlangothini ezintathu futhi ohlangothini olulodwa sibheke olwandle.
• Isimo sezulu: Ngokwehhovisi letiye, siyisimo sezulu se-subtropical esimaphakathi sasolwandle se-monsoon: ubusika abunamakhaza aqine, ihlobo alinakushisa okukhulu.
• Umhlabathi: Ngokombhalo ofanayo, kubhalwa umhlabathi obomvu, ophuzi, onsomi kanye ne-alluvial (潮土), okhululekile futhi ovundile, ocebe ngezinto eziphilayo namaminerali.
• Ukuphakama kwezingadi: Imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele ayikho.

5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza

Ubuchwepheshe betiye eliluhlaza laseFuding abukho emithonjeni etholakele, njengoba nemibhalo enezidingo ingekho. Ngezansi kunohlelo olujwayelekile lwetiye eliluhlaza, hhayi incazelo yaleli tiye:

1. Ukunaba kweqabunga elisha (摊放, tānfàng): Iqabunga linabekwa ngongqimba oluncane ukuze likhiphe ingxenye yomswakama.
2. Ukuqinisa (杀青, shāqīng): Ukushisa kumisa i-oxidation futhi kulondoloze umbala oluhlaza.
3. Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn).
4. Ukumisa (干燥, gānzào): Ngomoya oshisayo noma ebhodweni.

6. Izici ze-organoleptic

Umbhalo onezidingo zokubukeka angizange ngiwubone.

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele azikho.
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele azikho.
• Iphunga lotshwala obusebenzayo: Izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele azikho.
• Ukunambitheka: Izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele azikho.
• Umbala wotshwala obusebenzayo: Izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele azikho.
• Isizinda setiye (iqabunga eliphisiwe): Izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele azikho.

7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali

Imininingwane yefiziksi namakhemikhali emithonjeni etholakele ayikho.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza.

• Ukushisa kwamanzi: 80–85 °C.
• Inani letiye: 3 g nge-150 ml.
• Izitsha: Ingilazi yeglasi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
• Inqubo:
  1. Shisisa izitsha.
  2. Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi ngasodongeni.
  3. Ukuncela kokuqala ngemva kwemizuzwana engu-40–60.
  4. Phuza, ushiye ingxenye yotshwala obusebenzayo.
  5. Thela amanzi futhi.
  6. Ukuthela kabili noma kathathu okuphindwayo.

9. Ukugcina

Umkhuba wesigaba. Ephaketheni elivalekile, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga. Kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.

10. Intengo kanye nokukhwabanisa

Imininingwane ngentengo emithonjeni etholakele ayikho.

• Indlela yokugwema ukukhwabanisa:
  • Hlola igama ephaketheni: ohlwini lwaseFujian eduze kukhona u-«福鼎绿茶» (2004), «太姥山绿雪芽茶» (2004) kanye no-«福鼎太姥绿雪芽» (2005), lawa amarekhodi ahlukene.
  • Qiniseka ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowaseFuding.
  • Khumbula ukuthi u-«福鼎大白茶» futhi uyigama lohlobo oluthile, okuthi ngokwehhovisi letiye laseFuding, lutshalwa ezweni lonke: uhlobo ephaketheni alubonisi ubufakazi bemvelaphi yaseFuding.
  • Iphawu elikhethekile kurekhodi le-«福鼎绿茶» ohlwini alikho, kanti uphawu lwesitifiketi olunaleli gama ohlwini lwezimpawu alukho; uphawu ephaketheni lumele luqhathaniswe nohlu, hhayi ukwamukelwa ngamehlo avaliwe.

11. Amaqiniso athokozisayo

• Ukuvikelwa kwegama elithi «福鼎绿茶» (2004) kudala ngeminyaka emihlanu kunokuvikelwa kwegama elithi «福鼎白茶» (2009); itiye elimhlophe elithi «福鼎白毫银针» lavikelwa ngo-2005.
• Ngesimemezelo esisodwa nalo kwavikelwa hhayi kuphela itiye le-lüxueya, kodwa ne-pomelo yaseFuding.
• U-«福鼎大白茶» ohlwini lwaseFujian kanye kanye uyigama lomkhiqizo ovikelwe (2005) kanye negama lohlobo oluthile, osekunesikhathi eside lusabalele kwezinye izifundazwe.
• Ngo-2023 itiye elimhlophe lanikeza cishe amathani angu-23 kwangu-32 thousand t etiye lesifunda.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye aseFuding nakomakhelwane

• UFuding Bai Cha (福鼎白茶): Itiye eliyinhloko lesifunda, elimhlophe, elivikelwe kusukela ngo-2009.
• UTaimushan Lüxueya Cha (太姥山绿雪芽茶): Igama lentaba iTaimushan, elavikelwa ngesimemezelo esifanayo sango-2004; isigaba salo imithombo iyaphikisana, ukuthi liluhlaza noma limhlophe.
• UFuan Lücha (福安绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza ledolobhana elingumakhelwane iFuan emkhakheni ofanayo weNingde, elinophawu lwango-2021.
• UTianshan Lü Cha (天山绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lomlando lasempumalanga yeFujian, elomiswa ngomoya oshisayo.
• UWuping Lücha (武平绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza laseningizimu-ntshonalanga yesifundazwe, ukuze kuqhathaniswe ngaphakathi kweFujian.

Ekuphetheni:

UFuding Lücha igama elivikelwe letiye eliluhlaza esifundeni, lapho umhlaba wonke wazi khona itiye elimhlophe. Ukuvikelwa kwango-2004 kuqinisekiswa uhlu lwesifundazwe futhi kudala kunokuvikelwa kwegama elithi «福鼎白茶», kodwa umbhalo wesimemezelo, izidingo zeqabunga, izinhlobo kanye nokubukeka emithonjeni evulekile akutholakalanga. Okwamanje kuncane okungashiwoyo ngawo: leli yitiye eliluhlaza lesifunda esinezintaba esisogwini, izwe lezinhlobo zetiye 福鼎大白茶 kanye ne-福鼎大毫茶; ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ezidingwa ukuvikelwa nokuthi iqabunga kufanele libe njani, kusalindwe umbhalo.