Igama elithi “impushana yetiye” esitolo lingasho izinto ezintathu ezihluke ngokuphelele, ezehluka ngezinto zokusetshenziswa, ubuchwepheshe nokuziphatha emanzini. Ngezansi umzamo wokuhlukanisa i-mǒchá (抹茶), ugodo olugayiwe lwe-green (绿茶粉) kanye netiye elincibilikayo (速溶茶), kuncike ezimpawini ezingaqinisekiswa, hhayi kwezentengiso.
Kungani lokhu kuyizinto ezintathu ezehluke ngokuphelele
Umehluko omkhulu kulula ukuwubona engilazini. I-Mǒchá kanye nogodo olugayiwe lwe-green kuyinhlanganisela yamaqabunga aphelele agayiwe: uphuza iqabunga uqobo, izinhlayiya ziwela phansi, isiphuzo sinodaka futhi asibonisi. Itiye elincibilikayo liwuketshezi olukhishwe: iqabunga ligxishiwe, lihlukanisiwe, ingxubevange eyomisiwe; emanzini lincibilika ngokuphelele, lingashiyi insalela phansi. Lapha kuvela yonke eminye imehluko — ngombala, ukunambitheka, intengo kanye nokuziphatha kokupheka.
Kuyasiza ukususa ngokushesha ukudideka kwamagama. Ngokomlando, ngesikhathi sobukhosi baseTang futhi ikakhulukazi iSong, eChina babephuza itiye eligaywe laba yimpushana — i-mòchá (末茶, “itiye-uthuli”), elalihlohlwa libe igwebu; lesi siko letiye eliyimpushana elihlohliwe kamuva samukelwa futhi senziwa umthetho eJapan. Igama lesimanje lesiShayina elithi 抹茶 (mǒchá) lempushana yomkhosi etshalwe emthunzini — ngezinga elikhulu liwukubolekwa okuphindele emuva okuvela eJapan. Ngakho-ke “i-matcha yeqiniso yaseShayina” — kungumqondo onemibandela: kukhulunywa ngobuchwepheshe, hhayi ngobuzwe.
I-Matcha 抹茶 (mǒchá): ukufakwa emthunzini nokugaywa ngamatshe
I-Mǒchá — akulona “ugodo lwe-green, olugayiwe”. Lolu uchungechunge oluhlukile lobuchwepheshe, futhi yilona kanye olubeka intengo kanye nekhwalithi.
Ukufakwa emthunzini. Isikhathi esithile ngaphambi kokuvuna (okuyisilinganiso — amasonto ambalwa), izihlahla zimbozwa ngamanetha noma omathe besikhumba, zinqatshelwe ukukhanya okuqondile. Emthunzini, isitshalo sandisa i-chlorophyll kanye nama-amino acid (ikakhulukazi i-theanine) futhi sinciphise ukukhiqizwa kwama-catechin. Umphumela — umbala ocwebezelayo we-emerald, ukunambitheka okuthambile kwama-umami kanye nokuqothuka okunciphile. Ngaphandle kwalesi sigaba, impushana izoba nephuzi-oluhlaza futhi ibe nenkani.
Impahla eluhlaza (碾茶, niǎnchá). Amaqabunga athambile avuniwe ayashiswa (ukumiswa ngesitimu, hhayi ukufudumeza ngebhodwe), bese eyomiswa ngaphandle kokusontwa bese kukhishwa iziqu nemithambo. Kuvela “iqabunga-elingakasilungiswa” elixegaxegayo, elintekenteke — ngesiShayina 碾茶, ngesiJapan tencha. Ukungabikho kokusontwa kubalulekile: yilapho kuphela lapho iqabunga ligaywa khona kamuva libe yimpushana ecolekileyo.
Ukugaya. Ngokwejwayelekile — kusetshenziswa amatshe okugaya e-granite (石磨, shímò), azungeza kancane, ukuze angashisisi impushana (ukushisa kubulala umbala nephunga elimnandi). Ukukhiqizwa komshini wokugaya wamatshe kuphansi kakhulu, okuchaza intengo ephezulu ye-ceremonial grade. Izintambo zezimboni zisebenzisa izigayo ze-ball mill kanye ne-jet mill, kodwa abantu ngokwesiko bakhokha imali eyengeziwe ngomkhiqizo oqhamuka “etsheni lokugaya”.
Ubucoliseko. I-mǒchá enhle igaywe yaba yizinhlayiya ezilingana ne-micron; uma uyithinta iyimpushana, hhayi “isihlabathi”. Ubucoliseko bezinhlayiya buthinta ngqo ukuthi inhlanganisela izoba bushelelezi futhi izinze kangakanani uma ihlozwa.
Ngezindinganiso. EChina kunendinganiso kazwelonke eqondile ye-matcha (抹茶); inombolo yayo lapho icashunwa kufanele iqinisekiswe kuhlelo lwamuva lwekhathalogu ye-GB/T, ngakho-ke lapha ayinikezwanga ngamabomu ukugwema amaphutha. Umqondo oyinhloko wendinganiso ngukuthi i-mǒchá ichazwa ngqo ngempahla eluhlaza eyenziwe emthunzini yohlobo lwe-碾茶 nokugaywa okucolisiseke ngokwedlulele, hhayi nje ngokuthi “ugodo lwe-green olugayiwe”.
Impushana kayogodo lwe-green 绿茶粉 (lǜchá fěn): iqabunga elifanayo, umqondo ohlukile
Ugodo lwe-green olugayiwe (绿茶粉, lǜchá fěn) lwenziwa ngogodo lwe-green olwejwayelekile, olungafakwanga emthunzini, olumiswa kakhulu ngokushisa (hhayi ngesitimu) futhi ngokuvamile olusontwa ngokobuchwepheshe obujwayelekile, bese lugaywa kamuva. Lona umkhiqizo osemthethweni ngokuphelele — kodwa wenhloso ehlukile kanye nesigaba.
Umehluko ku-mǒchá:
- Umbala. Ngaphandle kokufakwa emthunzini, amathoni aphuzi-oluhlaza, e-olive ayagqama; akukho “neon ephilayo yotshani”.
- Ukunambitheka. Kukhona ukubaba nokuqothuka okukhulu (ama-catechin awakacindezelwa umthunzi), ubumnandi obuncane be-umami.
- Ukugaya. Ngokwejwayelekile, kugaywe kabi kakhulu; izinhlayiya zinkulu, inhlanganisela iyehlukana ngokushesha, emlonyeni ungazwa “ubuhhadlahhadla”.
- Inhloso. Lesi isithako sokudla esiyinhloko — esenzelwa ukubhaka, u-ayisikhilimu, ama-noodle, i-latte, lapho kudingeka khona umbala kanye nenothi letiye ngentengo enengqondo, hhayi inkomishi yomkhosi.
Ngenxa yokufana kwangaphandle, impushana kayogodo lwe-green ivame ukuthengiswa ngaphansi kwegama le-matcha. Ngokusemthethweni womabili — yiqabunga eligayiwe, kodwa ngokobuchwepheshe nangendlela yokuzwa, yizinto ezihlukene, futhi intengo kufanele ikubonise lokho.
Itiye elincibilikayo 速溶茶 (sùróng chá): ingxubevange ekhalayo, hhayi iqabunga
Itiye elincibilikayo (速溶茶, sùróng chá) lingelesinye isigaba — lona umkhiqizo owukhishiwe. Kalula nje, uchungechunge lunjena:
- Ukukhishwa — iqabunga liyagxishwa ngamanzi ashisayo, kutholakale uketshezi lwetiye.
- Ukugxilisa — uketshezi luyabiliswa, kukhishwe ingxenye yamanzi.
- Ukwomiswa — okugxilisiwe kuphendulwa impushana. Ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa ukwomisa ngesifafazi (spray-drying): okugxilisiwe kufafazwa emgudwini womoya oshisayo, amaconsi ome ngokushesha abe yizinhlamvana. Indlela ebucayi kakhudlwana (futhi ebiza kakhudlwana) — ukwomisa nge-sublimination (freeze-drying), elondoloza iphunga elimnandi kangcono.
Ukuziphatha emanzini — kuwuphawu oyinhloko lokuxilonga: itiye elincibilikayo lekhwalithi lincibilika ngaphandle kwensalela, linikeza uketshezi olukhanyayo (olu-oluhlaza — lukhanyayo, olu-black — luyi-amber). Alukho udaka phansi, akunando ephumayo ezinhlayiyaneni ezintantayo.
Amandla nobuthakathaka kusobala. Okuhle — ukushesha, ukusebenziseka kalula, ukuzinza, isisekelo esihle setiye elibandayo kanye nezinhlanganisela. Okubi — ukulahlekelwa ingxenye yamakha aguquguqukayo lapho kwomiswa ngokushisa (ngakho-ke isimo “esiphansi”, ngezinye izikhathi “esibilisiwe” kumasampula ashibhile) kanye nobungozi bezithasiselo zangaphandle (ushukela, izinongo, i-maltodextrin njengesithwali). Itiye elincibilikayo lenziwa nganoma yiluphi uhlobo — ohlaza, omnyama (obomvu), i-oolong; lobu ubuchwepheshe, hhayi uhlobo.
Ungahlukanisa kanjani ngokungokoqobo
- Ukuhlola ngamanzi. Gxoba intwana emanzini abandayo. Ukuncibilika okuphelele, ukukhanya → itiye elincibilikayo. Inhlanganisela enodaka ezinzile, eya phansi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi → iqabunga eligayiwe (mǒchá noma 绿茶粉).
- Umbala. Umbala ojulile, ocwebezelayo we-emerald → uphawu lwe-mǒchá efakwe emthunzini. Umbala ophaphathekile we-olive, ophuzi-oluhlaza → kungenzeka kube ugodo oluhlaza olujwayelekile olugayiwe.
- Ukuthinteka. Phakathi kweminwe i-mǒchá enhle — injenge-puthari, ngaphandle “kwesihlabathi”; i-绿茶粉 ivame ukuzwakala inezinhlamvu.
- Iphunga. I-Mǒchá inika ubumnandi obusha “basolwandle” / botshani obunenothi ye-umami; ugodo oluhlaza olujwayelekile olugayiwe — lunephunga elihlabayo, ngezinye izikhathi elibabayo lezinto; elincibilikayo — iphunga elicishiwe, “elomile”.
- Intengo. I-mǒchá yomkhosi ayikwazi ukubiza njengempushana yokudla; “i-matcha” eshibhile ngokusolisayo — cishe ikakhulukazi i-绿茶粉.
Ukugxisha kanye nokusetshenziswa
- Mǒchá. Hluza ukuze ususe amahhoko. Thela amanzi angabilisi (elinganiselwa cishe ku-70–80 °C — izinga lokushisa eliqondile kufanele likhethelwe impushana ethile), hloza nge-whisk yoqalo (茶筅, cháxiǎn) kuze kube negwebu elicolekile elizinzile. Lapho ukugaya kucolekile futhi inhlanganisela izinzile, kulula ukuthola igwebu elibushelelezi. Isetshenziswa naku-latte, naku-confectionery.
- Impushana kayogodo lwe-green. Kunengqondo ukuyisebenzisa njengesithako: enhlama, okhilimu, iziphuzo ezinesisekelo esithobisayo (ubisi, into yokwenza ubumnandi), lapho ukubaba kusiza khona.
- Itiye elincibilikayo. Mane uxube emanzini asezingeni lokushisa elifanele; lilungele itiye elibandayo, ngoba liyancibilika ngisho nasemanzini abandayo.
Isifingqo esifushane
Izimpushana ezintathu ziphendula izidingo ezintathu ezihlukene. I-Mǒchá — “ukuphuza iqabunga lonke” ngesimo salo esibiza kakhulu nesinzima kakhulu, ngokufakwa emthunzini nokugaywa ngamatshe. Ugodo lwe-green olugayiwe — isithako sokudla esithembekile sohlobo olufanayo lomzimba, kodwa ngaphandle kokufakwa emthunzini nangaphandle kwezifiso zomkhosi. Itiye elincibilikayo — ukusebenziseka kalula kwengxubevange ekhalayo, lapho lingasekho khona iqabunga eliphelele enkomishini. Ngokuqonda ukuthi uphethe ini — inhlanganisela noma isixazululo, iqabunga elifakwe emthunzini noma elijwayelekile — uyeka ukukhokha ngokweqile ngomkhiqizo ongayiwona futhi ukhetha ngokunembile umkhiqizo osebeni.