Pu'er Shēng Chá · thetea.app

I-Pu’er Sheng Cha ingelinye yamatiye ase China ahluke kakhulu futhi anezici eziningi, akwazi ukuvutshelwa ngokwemvelo iminyaka eminingi, lapho ukunambitheka kwawo, iphunga lawo kanye nombala wawo kuguquka ngokuqhubekayo. Enziwa ngeqabunga elisha lezinhlobo zamaqabunga amakhulu esihlahla setiye sase Yunnan kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-shaiqing (晒青 — ukomiswa elangeni), bese kungenzeka ukucindezelwa kube izinhlobo ezahlukene. Ngenxa yekhono lawo eliyingqayizivele lokuba ngcono ngokuya ngeminyaka, i-sheng pu’er yathola igama lesidlaliso elithi “ingaphuzwa njenge-antique” (可以喝的古董). Izinga lekhwalithi linqunywa izinga likazwelonke le-GB/T 22111-2008 “Isiqondiso Sezindawo — Itiye le-Pu’er”.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Itiye elivutshiwe ngemva kokupheka (后发酵茶, hou fajiao cha). I-sheng pu’er ithatha isikhundla esikhethekile ekuhlukaniseni: ngokusemthethweni ifakwa esigabeni se-hei cha (黑茶, Hēichá — itiye elimnyama), kodwa iningi lochwepheshe kanye nezinga le-GB/T 22111-2008 lihlukanisa i-pu’er njengohlobo oluzimele, ngoba ubuchwepheshe bayo bokukhiqiza kanye nesimo sayo sokuguquka kuhluke ngokuphelele kwamanye amatiye amnyama. I-sheng pu’er esencane ngokwezinto eziphilayo isondelene netiye eliluhlaza, kanti evuthiwe isondelene nama-hei cha akudala. Ukuvutshelwa kuqhubeka ngendlela yemvelo ngenxa yemisebenzi yama-enzyme angaphakathi kanye nama-microorganisms phakathi nokugcinwa — kusukela eminyakeni embalwa kuya emashumini eminyaka.
Isigaba: Amatiye adumile ase China (中国名茶). Elinye lamatiye ase China aziwa kakhulu futhi abalulekile ngokwesiko, into yokuqoqwa nokutshalwa kwezimali.
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase Yunnan (云南, Yúnnán). Ngokwezinga le-GB/T 22111-2008, i-pu’er ingakhiqizwa kuphela ezindaweni eziyi-11 zamadolobha neziphathimandla ezizimele zase Yunnan, ezihlanganisa izifunda ezingama-75. Ngokomlando, izifunda ezinhle kakhulu kuthiwa:
- Xishuangbanna (西双版纳, Xīshuāngbǎnnà): Indawo yokuzalwa ye-pu’er yakudala, lapha kunezintaba zasendulo Eziyisithupha Ezinkulu Zetiye (六大茶山, Liù Dà Chá Shān) — Youle (攸乐), Gedeng (革登), Yibang (倚邦), Mangzhi (莽枝), Manzhuan (蛮砖) kanye ne-Mansa/Yiwu (曼撒/易武). Kubuye kuhlanganiswe “izintaba eziyisithupha ezintsha” osebeni lwesokudla lwe-Lancangjiang: Nannuo (南糯), Nanqiao (南峤), Mengsong (勐宋), Jingmai (景迈), Bulang (布朗) kanye ne-Bada (巴达). Lapha kunezindawo ezidumile ezifana ne-Laobanzhang (老班章) ne-Yiwu (易武).
- Lincang (临沧, Líncāng): Yaziwa ngama-sheng anamandla, agcwele, kanye nezihlahla zetiye zasendulo. Kuhlanganisa i-Bingdao edumile (冰岛, Bīngdǎo) ne-Xigui (昔归, Xīguī), kanye nesifunda sase-Mengku (勐库) esinemizana yetiye eyishumi nesishiyagalombili.
- Pu’er (普洱, Pǔ’ěr): Isikhungo somlando sokuhweba, esanikeza igama kulo lonke uhlobo lwetiye. Kuhlanganisa i-Jingmai edumile (景迈) — indawo eyigugu lomhlaba le-UNESCO (2023), kanye ne-Kunlushan (困鹿山) ne-Qianjiazhai (千家寨) enezihlahla zetiye zasendle ezineminyaka efinyelela ku-2700.
Izixhumanisi zendawo: I-Yunnan itholakala phakathi kuka-21° no-29° enyakatho, 97° no-106° empumalanga. Izifunda eziyinhloko zetiye zisendaweni engu-21°–25° enyakatho, ekuphakameni okungu-1000–2200 m.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwesiko

Umlando: I-Pu’er ingelinye lamatiye amadala kakhulu ase China anomlando oqhubekayo ongaphezu kweminyaka eyinkulungwane.
- Inkathi ye-Tang (618–907): UFan Chuo (樊绰, Fán Chuò) encwadini ethi “Manshu” (《蛮书》, “Incwadi ngamaqaba aseningizimu”, cishe ngo-863) wabhala: “Itiye liphuma ezintabeni zezindawo zedolobha lase-Yinsheng” (茶出银生城界诸山). I-Yinsheng iyisifunda sanamuhla sase-Jingdong (景东) e-Yunnan. Lobu ubunye bobufakazi bokuqala obubhaliwe mayelana nokukhiqizwa kwetiye esifundeni. Kakade kule nkathi, itiye lase Yunnan lalithunyelwa eTibet ngomzila owakhiwayo we-Chamagudao (茶马古道, Chámǎ Gǔdào).
- Inkathi ye-Yuan (1271–1368): ULi Jing (李京) encwadini ethi “Yunnan Zhilue” (《云南志略》) ubalula itiye njengento yokuhwebelana ngokushintshisana phakathi kwezizwe zezindawo zasemngceleni.
- Inkathi ye-Ming (1368–1644): UXie Zhaozhi (谢肇淛, Xiè Zhàozhì) encwadini ethi “Dian Lüe” (《滇略》, 1598) uthi: “Bonke — kusukela ezikhulwini kuya kubantu abavamile — baphuza itiye lase Pu’er, eliphekwe ngomusi futhi licindezelwe libe amaqebelengwane” (士庶所用，皆普茶也，蒸而成团). Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ekupheleni kwekhulu le-16 ubuchwepheshe bokucindezela i-pu’er base buqediwe ngokuphelele.
- Inkathi ye-Qing (1644–1912): Ukuchuma kwe-pu’er. Ngo-1729 (unyaka we-7 wokubusa kuka-Yongzheng) kwasungulwa iHhovisi le-Pu’er (普洱府, Pǔ’ěr Fǔ). Izintaba Eziyisithupha Ezinkulu Zetiye zazikhiqiza minyaka yonke kuze kufike ezinkulungwaneni eziyishumi zama-dan (担) etiye. I-Pu’er yaba itiye elisemthethweni lesigodlo: amasampula amahle kakhulu avela e-Yibang (倚邦) nase-Yiwu (易武) ayenikelwa njenge-gongcha (贡茶 — “umnikelo wetiye”). Ngo-1735 kwasungulwa izinga le-”qizi bing” (七子饼, Qī Zǐ Bǐng): ibhilidi ngalinye — 7 liang (357 g), amabhilidi ayisikhombisa enqwabeleni — 49 liang. Le fomathi isasetshenziswa kuze kube namuhla. Kwachuma uMzila Wamahhashi Wetiye — inethiwekhi yokuhweba engaba ngu-2000 km ubude, ehlanganisa i-Xishuangbanna ne-Lhasa nge-Dali, Lijiang ne-Shangri-La.
- Inkathi yesimanje: Ngo-2003 i-pu’er yathola ukuvikelwa kwesimemezelo sendawo. Ngo-2008 kwaqala ukusebenza izinga le-GB/T 22111-2008. Ngo-2014 “Ubuciko bendabuko bokwenza i-pu’er yase Yunnan” (云南普洱茶传统制作技艺) bafakwa ohlwini lwamagugu esizwe angaphatheki e-China. Ngo-2023 iHlathi Lasendulo Letiye lase-Jingmai (景迈山古茶林文化景观) laba yindawo eyigugu lomhlaba le-UNESCO.
Igama:
- “Pu’er” (普洱, Pǔ’ěr) — igama ledolobha eliyisifunda e-Yunnan, ngokomlando elaliyisikhungo sokuhweba kwetiye ngobuningi kanye nendawo yokuhlolwa kwempahla yemikhumbi yetiye. Idolobha ngokwalo lalingewona umkhiqizi omkhulu: itiye lalilethwa lapha lisuka ezintabeni ezizungezile ukuze lithunyelwe phambili.
- “Sheng” (生, Shēng) — ngokwezwi nezwi “okuluhlaza”, “okuphilayo”, “okungacutshunguliwe”. Kukhomba ukungabikho kokuvutshelwa okusheshisiwe (ngokungafani ne-shu pu’er, 熟, Shú — “okuvuthiwe”, “okuphekiwe”). I-sheng pu’er ivutshelwa kuphela ngendlela yemvelo.
- “Cha” (茶, Chá) — itiye.
Ukubaluleka kwesiko: I-sheng pu’er iyingxenye ebalulekile yesiko lase Yunnan kanye nezinhlanga eziningi ezincane: amaBulang (布朗族), amaDai (傣族), amaHani (哈尼族), amaLahu (拉祜族). AmaBulang athathwa njengabantu basendulo kakhulu bokulima itiye — okhokho bawo, abantu bakwa-Pu (濮人, Púrén), baqala ukulima itiye eminyakeni engaba ngu-4000 edlule. UMzila Wamahhashi Wetiye wawungagcini nje ngokuba umzila wokuhweba, kodwa futhi wawuyisiteshi sokushintshisana ngamasiko phakathi kwezizwe zase Yunnan, Tibet neNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Emashumini eminyaka amuva, i-sheng pu’er ibe yinto yokuqoqwa nokutshalwa kwezimali: amanani amabhilidi avuthiwe avela ezimbonini ezihlonishwayo akhuphuka minyaka yonke, kanti amanye amasampula avuthiwe we-1950-70s abalelwa emakhulwini ezinkulungwane zama-yuan.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe

Uhlobo / Cultivar: Isithako esiyinhloko — i-Yunnan Da Ye Zhong cultivar enamahlamvu amakhulu (云南大叶种, Yúnnán Dàyèzhǒng — “uhlobo lwase Yunnan lwamahlamvu amakhulu”), okuyingxenye ye-Camellia sinensis var. assamica (Masters) Kitamura. Lolu uhlobo olujwayelekile lukahulumeni (国家良种), olumelelwa yiziqumbi eziningana:
- Mengku Da Ye Zhong (勐库大叶种, Měngkù Dàyèzhǒng): Iqabunga elinobubanzi obungu-6–15 cm, okuqukethwe kwe-polyphenol kuze kufike ku-35%, lisakazeke kakhulu ezifundeni zetiye zase Lincang nase Menghai.
- Fengqing Da Ye Zhong (凤庆大叶种, Fèngqìng Dàyèzhǒng): Iqabunga elinamanzi, elijiyile; okuqukethwe kwe-amino acid kungaphezu kwe-2.5%.
- Menghai Da Ye Zhong (勐海大叶种, Měnghǎi Dàyèzhǒng): Ukumelana nokubanda okukhuphukile, okulungile ekukhiqizeni i-sheng pu’er. Emahlathini etiye asendle nalawo alinywe kancane kutholakala futhi i-Camellia taliensis (W.W. Sm.) Melch. kanye nezinhlobo eziyizinguquko phakathi kwezihlahla zasendle nezilinywayo.
Iminyaka yezihlahla: Esinye sezinto eziyinhloko zekhwalithi nentengo ye-sheng pu’er:
- Taidi Cha (台地茶, Táidì Chá) — itiye lehlathi elitshaliwe: Iminyaka efinyelela ku-30–40, likhula emasimini asezingeni. Kunesivuno esikhulu, kodwa ukunambitheka okungajulile kangako. Isithako esiyinhloko semakethe enkulu.
- Da Shu Cha (大树茶, Dà Shù Chá) — izihlahla ezinkulu: Iminyaka esukela emashumini ambalwa kuya ku-100. Iphrofayili yokunambitheka eyinkimbinkimbi kakhudlwana, “umzimba” wetiye ocacile.
- Gu Shu Cha (古树茶, Gǔ Shù Chá) — izihlahla zasendulo: Iminyaka eyi-100 nangaphezulu, kwesinye isikhathi 500–1000+. Isistimu yezimpande ingena ijula edwaleni lasentabeni, ikhipha ingxube yamaminerali eyingqayizivele. Ukunambitheka — kujulile, kunezendlalelo eziningi, kune-houyun ecacile (喉韵 — “i-resonance yomphimbo”). Amanani — kusukela ku-3000 yuan/kg nangaphezulu, emizaneni ephezulu (Laobanzhang, Bingdao) — amashumi namakhulu ezinkulungwane zama-yuan/kg.
- Ye Sheng Cha (野生茶, Yě Shēng Chá) — itiye lasendle: Izihlahla ezikhula emahlathini emvelo ngaphandle kokungenela komuntu. Litholakala eziqiwini zase-Qianjiazhai, Bada nakwezinye.
Ukuvuna (采摘, Cǎi zhāi): Isizini eyinhloko — kusukela ngoFebhuwari kuya kuNovemba. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuvuna kwasentwasahlobo (春茶, Chūnchá), ikakhulukazi “míngqián chá” (明前茶, Míngqián chá — ngaphambi komkhosi we-Qingming, ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli) kanye “gǔyǔ qián” (谷雨前, Gǔyǔ qián — ngaphambi komkhosi we-Guyu, ekupheleni kuka-Ephreli). Iqabunga lasentwasahlobo liqukethe inani eliphezulu lama-amino acid nezinto ezinuka kamnandi ngemva kokuphumula kwasebusika. Itiye lasekwindla (秋茶, Qiūchá, noma “Gu Hua”, 谷花) nalo lihlonishwa kakhulu ngephunga laso elimnene.
Izinga lokuvuna: Ezinhlotsheni eziphakeme kakhulu — ihlumela eliqhakazile elineqabunga elilodwa (一芽一叶); kwezijwayelekile — ihlumela eliqhakazile elinamacembe amabili kuya kwamathathu (一芽二三叶). E-gu shu kuvame ukuvunwa namahlumela avuthiwe kakhudlwana (kuze kufike emacembeni ama-4), ngoba yiwona anikeza ukugcwala kokunambitheka okuyisici sezihlahla ezindala.

4. I-Terroir Nezici Zokutshalwa

Isifundazwe sase Yunnan: Sitholakala eningizimu-ntshona ye-China, lapho kuhlangana khona ithafa lase Tibet neNhlonhlo yase-Indochina, emngceleni neMyanmar, Laos neVietnam. Kuthathwa njengenye yezindawo zokuvela kwesihlahla setiye: lapha kutholakala izihlahla zetiye zasendle ezindala kakhulu ezineminyaka efinyelela ku-2700 (Qianjiazhai, isifunda sase Zhenyuan).
Ukuphakama kokukhula: Izindawo eziyinhloko zetiye — 1000–2200 m ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle. Izingadi eziphakeme (ngaphezu kwe-1600 m) zinikeza itiye elinephunga elicolekile kakhudlwana nobumnandi obucacile ngenxa yokwehluka okukhulu phakathi kwamazinga okushisa asemini nasebusuku.
Isimo sezulu: I-subtropical-tropical yasezintabeni ephansi. Izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi nendawo lingu-14–23°C. Imvula yonyaka ingu-1500–2100 mm. Kuvamise ukuba nenkungu eningi, umswakama ophezulu (≥80%) kanye nokwehluka okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa nsuku zonke (kuze kufike ku-15°C), okubambezela ukukhula kweqabunga futhi kusiza ekuqongeleleni izinto ezinuka kamnandi nama-amino acid.
Inhlabathi: Kuvame ukuba yinhlabathi ebomvu nesitini (i-lateritic red soil) ene-pH engu-4–6, ecebile ngama-oxide ensimbi ne-aluminium, kanye ne-humus. Ukusabela okune-asidi nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto eziphilayo kulungele isihlahla setiye.
Imvelo: Amahlathi etiye amaningi abonakala ngenani eliphezulu lokumboza kwehlathi (≥82% esifundeni setiye sase Menghai). Izihlahla zasendulo zikhula ngokuhlanganyela nezinhlobo zezitshalo zasezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo, okudala i-ecosystem eyingqayizivele. Ukukhanya okuhlakazekile ngaphansi komqhele wehlathi kwandisa okuqukethwe kwe-L-theanine ne-chlorophyll eqabungeni.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Ubuchwepheshe be-sheng pu’er bungenye bezindala futhi bungenalo “ukungenelela” kakhulu emhlabeni wetiye. Umgomo oyinhloko — ukugcina ukusebenza kwama-enzyme angaphakathi ukuze kube nokuguquka kwemvelo okulandelayo ngesikhathi sokugcinwa. Konke ukukhiqiza kwakhelwe ekuvinjelweni kwamazinga okushisa aphezulu (全程忌高温).

Ukuvuna (采摘, cǎi zhāi): Ukuvuna ngesandla; ukuvuna ngomshini kuvunyelwe kuphela etiyeni lehlathi.
Ukuvutshelwa kancane / Tan liang (摊晾, tān liáng / 萎凋, wěi diāo): Iqabunga elisanda kuvunwa lisakazwa ngendwaza encane endaweni enomoya (ezinqwetsheni zikadayi noma endwangu). Inhloso — ukususa ingxenye yomswakama (kuze kufike ekulahlekelweni kwesisindo esingu-20–30%), ukuthambisa iqabunga kanye nokuqala kwezinqubo ezilula zokuxhuma. Isikhathi — kusukela emahoreni ambalwa kuya kosuku, kuye ngobukhulu beqabunga nezimo zezulu.
“Ukubulawa kokuluhlaza” / Shaqing (杀青, shā qīng): Ukugazinga epanini lensimbi (铁锅) ezingeni lokushisa elingu-180–200°C. Lesi sigaba senza i-polyphenol oxidase ingasebenzi futhi simisa ukuxhuma okukhulu, kodwa, ngokungafani netiye eliluhlaza, kwenziwa ngobumnene nangezinga lokushisa eliphansi, ukuze kungabhubhisi ngokuphelele ukusebenza kwama-enzyme. Ukusebenza okusele kwama-enzyme yikhona okuqinisekisa amandla okukhula kwesikhathi esizayo. Ingcweti ilawula inqubo ngomsindo, iphunga nemizwa yokuthinta — iqabunga kufanele libe lithambile, linamathele kancane, nephunga le-chestnut eliyingqayizivele.
Ukusonteka / Rounian (揉捻, róu niǎn): Iqabunga liyasontekwa ngesandla noma ngamarola, kubhidlizwa izindonga zamangqamuzana kanye nokukhipha ijusi yamangqamuzana. Izinga lokusonteka liyahlukahluka: ku-gu shu — ngokuvamile lula, ukuze kugcinwe isakhiwo seqabunga elikhulu; etiyeni lehlathi — kujulile kakhudlwana.
Ukomiswa elangeni / Shaigan (晒干, shài gān): Isigaba esinqumayo, esihlukanisa i-sheng pu’er kuwo wonke amanye amatiye. Iqabunga elisonteka lisakazwa ngendwaza encane ngaphandle futhi lomiswa elangeni kuze kube nomswakama ≤10%. Ukomiswa elangeni (hhayi ukoma eziko noma ngomshini) — yisona sici esiyinhloko sokugcina ama-microorganisms aphilayo nokusebenza kwama-enzyme asele. Umkhiqizo kulesi sigaba ubizwa nge-shaiqing maocha (晒青毛茶, shài qīng máo chá — “into eluhlaza ecutshungulwe elangeni”).
Ukuhlunga / Fenji (分级, fēn jí): I-maocha ihlungwa ngobukhulu, umbala nekhwalithi yeqabunga.
Ukucindezela / Yazhi (压制, yā zhì): Isigaba esingadingeki. I-maocha ingathengiswa ingacindezelwe, kodwa ngokuvamile icindezelwa ibe izinhlobo ezijwayelekile ngemva kokufakwa umusi isikhashana (ukuze ithambe):
- Bingcha (饼茶, Bǐngchá) — ibhilidi: Ikhekhe eliyindilinga, isisindo esijwayelekile esingu-357 g (七子饼, qī zǐ bǐng — “ibhilidi eliyisikhombisa”). Amabhilidi ayisikhombisa esembozo sikadayi (筒, tǒng) enza 1 tong (2499 g ≈ “ama-liang angu-49” esintu). Kukhona futhi 100 g, 200 g, 400 g.
- Zhuancha (砖茶, Zhuānchá) — isitini: Ibhulokhi eliyisikwele, ngokuvamile 250 g noma 500 g.
- Tuocha (沱茶, Tuóchá) — isidleke / inkomishi: Isimo esiyindilinga esinembobo, kusukela ku-3 g (i-mini-tuocha) kuya ku-100–250 g.
- Ezinye izinhlobo: Okufana nekhowe (蘑菇沱, Mógū tuó — emakethe yase Tibet), okufana nethanga (金瓜贡茶, Jīn Guā Gòng Chá — “ithanga legolide”, ifomethi yomlando yasesigodlweni), insika (柱形, Zhù xíng).
Ukomiswa kwemvelo kwetiye elicindezelwe: Ngemva kokucindezela, amabhilidi/izitini/amatuocha omiswa endaweni enomoya ezingeni lokushisa legumbi kuze ome ngokuphelele (izinsuku ezimbalwa).
Ukuvutshelwa kwemvelo / Chenhua (陈化, chénhuà): Isigaba esiyinhloko “esingabonakali”. Ngemva kokuqeda ukukhiqiza, i-sheng pu’er ifakwa endaweni yokugcina, lapho phakathi nezinyanga, iminyaka namashumi eminyaka kuqhubeka ukuguquka okuhamba kancane kwe-microbial kanye ne-enzymatic. Ama-polyphenol kancane kancane axhunywa abe ama-theaflavin nama-thearubigin, amaprotheni ahlukaniswa abe ama-amino acid, kwakheke izinhlanganisela eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinuka kamnandi. Le nqubo iguqula itiye elincane elibabayo, eliluhlaza libe isiphuzo esithambile, esimnandi, “esibushelelezi”.

6. Izici Zokuzwa Ngezitho Zomzimba

Izici zokuzwa ngezitho zomzimba ze-sheng pu’er ziguquka kakhulu ngokuya ngeminyaka — lesi yisona sici esiyinhloko saleli tiye.

I-sheng pu’er encane (新茶, kuze kube yiminyaka emi-3):

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Ukusonteka okuqinile (紧结卷曲), umbala — uluhlaza omnyama (墨绿) onokucwebezela okunamafutha, izihloko ezisiliva nezimhlophe (白毫) zibonakala kahle.
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Elisha, elifana notshani, elifana nezimbali, linamanothi otshani obusanda kugundwa, i-apula eliluhlaza, izimbali zokuqala.
Iphunga lomgqomo: Eliqhakazile, eliphezulu — elifana nezimbali (i-orchid, i-lily of the valley), elifana notshani, linamanothi ojui; etiyeni lezihlahla zasendulo — lijule kakhudlwana, linethoni ekhanyayo ye-camphor.
Ukunambitheka: Okugcwele, okunobumuncu obucacile (涩, sè) nokubaba okuncane (苦, kǔ), okuguquka ngokushesha kube ukunambitheka okumnandi okusebenzayo ngemva kokugwinya — hui gan (回甘) kanye ne-sheng jin (生津 — ukuphuma kwamathe okukhulu). Umzimba wetiye — uqinile, unesakhiwo. Nge-gu shu kunesici “i-resonance yomphimbo” (喉韵, hóuyùn) — umuzwa wokujula nobude bokunambitheka emphinjeni.
Umbala womgqomo: Ophuzi-oluhlaza (黄绿), ocacile, ogqamile.
Izinsalela zetiye: Amaqabunga — aphelele, anwebekayo, aluhlaza-ophuzi, athambile, anwebekayo.

I-sheng pu’er evuthiwe ephakathi (iminyaka emi-3–10):

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Umbala ushintshela konsundu-oluhlaza nombala obomvu.
Iphunga: Ukuguquka: amanothi otshani ayanyamalala, kuvela amanothi ojui, ezimbali-nezithelo, kanye nezithunzi ezilula zokhuni.
Ukunambitheka: Ubumuncu nobumuncu kuthamba kakhulu, ubumnandi buyanda, kuvela ukuthamba okunamafutha.
Umbala womgqomo: Ophuzi-osagolide → o-amber-osawolintshi.

I-sheng pu’er evuthiwe (老茶, iminyaka eyi-10+):

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Okunsundu omnyama, okubomvu-onsundu; ukusonteka kuba buthaka.
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Elijulile, eliyinkimbinkimbi — izithelo ezomile (i-prune, i-apricot eyomile, amadebe), ukhuni, amantongomane, izinongo, izithunzi ze-camphor, umtapo wezincwadi omdala, “umhlaba ngemva kwemvula”.
Iphunga lomgqomo: I-chen xiang egcwele (陈香 — “iphunga lokuvuthwa”): amanothi e-sandalwood, i-cedar, izithelo ezomile, ithoni elula yamakhowe (菌花香), i-camphor.
Ukunambitheka: Okuthambile, okuyindilinga, okubushelelezi (醇厚甘滑). Ubumuncu nobumuncu cishe kunyamalala. Ku-palette — izithelo ezomile, ukhuni, amantongomane, i-caramel, ushokoledi, izinongo. Ukunambitheka ngemva kokugwinya — kude, kugubuzelayo, kune-hui gan ejulile.
Umbala womgqomo: Kusukela obomvu-amber (橙红) kuya onsundu omnyama we-chestnut, ocacile, ocwebezelayo.
Izinsalela zetiye: Amaqabunga aphelele, anwebekayo onsundu omnyama, enombala obomvu, acwebezelayo njengamafutha.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

I-sheng pu’er ibonakala ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto eziphilayo eziphilayo, okubangelwa ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo ezinkulu ze-assamica kanye nobuchwepheshe obuyingqayizivele bokucutshungulwa okuncane.

Ama-Polyphenol (茶多酚): Isigaba esiyinhloko sezinto. Ngokwe-GB/T 22111-2008, okuqukethwe kwe-polyphenol ku-sheng pu’er — okungenani 28%. Ngokocwaningo (iNyuvesi yaseNingizimu-ntshonalanga, 2018), okuqukethwe okuphakathi kwe-polyphenol ku-sheng maocha — cishe 30–35%. I-catechin ehamba phambili — i-EGCG (epigallocatechin-3-gallate), okuqukethwe kwayo kufinyelela ku-79 mg/g. Okuqukethwe okuphelele kwama-catechin ane-esterified — cishe 136 mg/g. Ngokuvuthwa, ama-catechin kancane kancane axhunywa abe ama-theaflavin nama-thearubigin, anciphisa ubumuncu futhi akhe ubumnandi bokunambitheka.
Ama-Amino acid (氨基酸): Okuqukethwe okuphakathi kwama-amino acid akhululekile — cishe 3.0%, okuphakeme kakhulu kune-shu pu’er (≈1.5%). I-L-theanine inikeza ukunambitheka okumnandi kanye nomphumela wokuphumula, okulinganisela umphumela okhuthazayo we-caffeine.
Ama-Alkaloid: I-Caffeine (咖啡碱) — 2–4% (ngokwesilinganiso 3.6%), i-theobromine, i-theophylline. Okuqukethwe kwe-caffeine kuyafana netiye elimnyama futhi kuphakeme kunamatiye amaningi aluhlaza.
Izinto ezikhipheka emanzini (水浸出物): ≈41.7% — elinye lamazinga aphezulu kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlobo zetiye, okuchaza ukumelana okuyingqayizivele kwe-sheng pu’er ekuchithekeni okuningi.
Ushukela oncibilikayo (可溶性总糖): ≈4.5%, onikeza ubumnandi kanye “nomzimba” womgqomo.
Amavithamini: C, B1, B2, E, K, PP.
Amaminerali: I-Potassium, i-fluoride, i-magnesium, i-manganese, i-iron, i-zinc, i-selenium. Okuqukethwe kwamaminerali kuphakeme kakhulu etiyeni lezihlahla zasendulo ngenxa yesistimu yezimpande ejulile.
Amafutha abalulekile: Anesibopho sephunga eliyinkimbinkimbi; ngokuvuthwa, ukwakheka kwawo kuyashintsha, kwakha amanothi e-chen xiang.

8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo

Umsebenzi we-Antioxidant: Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-EGCG namanye ama-catechin kunikeza ukuvikelwa okunamandla kwamaseli kuma-radical akhululekile. Ngokweminye imininingwane, umsebenzi we-antioxidant we-sheng pu’er udlula amanye amatiye.
Ukwehlisa izinga lama-lipid (降脂, jiàng zhī): Ingxube ye-polyphenol ne-caffeine isiza ekuhlukaniseni amafutha nokwehlisa izinga le-cholesterol “embi” (LDL). Ngokwesiko e-Yunnan i-pu’er iphuzwa ngemva kokudla okunamafutha.
Ukuthuthukisa ukugaya ukudla (促消化): Umsebenzi we-enzymatic ogciniwe we-sheng pu’er usiza ekuhlukaniseni ukudla okunzima. Ngokuya ngeminyaka yetiye, lo mphumela uyakhula ngenxa yemikhiqizo yokuguquka kwe-microbial.
Umphumela okhuthazayo: Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-caffeine (2–4%) kuhlanganiswe ne-L-theanine kunikeza amandla aqinile, alinganayo — “ukudakwa kwetiye” (茶醉, chá zuì) — nokucaca kwengqondo okuyisici.
Ukusekela inhliziyo nemithambo: Ama-flavonoid nama-catechin asiza ukunwebeka kwemithambo, ukujwayelekisa umfutho wegazi nokwehlisa ukunamathela kwegazi.
I-Detoxification: Isiza ekukhipheni ubuthi, ihlanza isibindi. Emithini yendabuko yase China (TCM), i-sheng pu’er inikezwa isici “sokusabalalisa ukushisa” (清热, qīng rè) kanye “nokuhlanzwa komzimba” (排毒, pái dú).
Umphumela wokulwa nokuvuvukala: Ama-catechin anezici eziqinisekisiwe zokulwa nokuvuvukala.
Ukulawula imetabolism: Kusheshisa imetabolism, kusiza ekulawuleni isisindo somzimba.

9. Ukuphisa

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi:
- I-sheng encane (kuze kube yiminyaka emi-3): 90–95°C.
- I-sheng evuthiwe (iminyaka emi-5+): 95–100°C (amanzi abilayo aphelele).
- I-gu shu yanoma yimuphi umnyaka: 100°C — amanzi abilayo aphelele embula ukujula “nomzimba” wetiye lezihlahla.
Inani letiye: 7–8 g nge-100–150 ml (indlela ye-gongfu); 3–5 g nge-200 ml (ukuphisa kwasekhaya).
Izitsha: I-gaiwan (盖碗) yobumba olumhlophe — ilungele ukunambitha, ayishintshi iphunga futhi ivumela ukulawula kahle ukukhishwa. Ibhodwe le-Yixing (宜兴紫砂壶) lobumba lwe-zisha — lihle kakhulu kuma-sheng avuthiwe: isakhiwo esinezimbotshana sobumba “sikhumbula” itiye futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi sicebisa umgqomo. Kunconywa ukusebenzisa ibhodwe elihlukile le-sheng pu’er kuphela.
Inqubo (indlela ye-Gongfu Cha, 工夫茶):
1. Ukufudumeza izitsha: Geza i-gaiwan/ibhodwe nezinkomishi ngamanzi abilayo.
2. Ukufaka itiye: Faka u-7–8 g we-sheng pu’er esitsheni esifudumeziwe. Uma itiye licindezelwe — yephula ngokucophelela ucezu ngommese wetiye (茶针), uzama ukugcina ukuphelela kwamaqabunga.
3. Ukugeza / Xing cha (醒茶, xǐng chá — “ukuvusa itiye”): Thela amanzi ashisayo bese uwachitha ngokushesha (imizuzwana emi-5). Ngetiye elincane — ukugeza okukodwa; ngetiye elivuthiwe (iminyaka eyi-10+) — kabili, ukuze “uvuse” iqabunga futhi ususe ukunambitheka okungenzeka “kokugcina”.
4. Ukuphisa kokuqala (1–5): Nge-sheng encane — ukuphisa ngokushesha (即冲即出, imizuzwana emi-5–10). Nge-sheng evuthiwe — ungaqala ngemizuzwana eyi-10–15. Itiye elincane lapho lihlala isikhathi eside lingaba libaba ngendlela engathandeki.
5. Ukuphisa okuphakathi (6–10): Kancane kancane khulisa isikhathi ngemizuzwana emi-5–10 ngokuphisa ngakunye.
6. Ukuphisa kwakamuva (10+): Ungakhulisa isikhathi kuze kufike emizuzwaneni engama-30–60. I-gu shu esezingeni eliphezulu imelana nokuphisa okuyi-15–20 nangaphezulu.
7. Ukuthela: Nge-chahai (公道杯, gōng dào bēi) ezinkomishini.
Imininingwane ebalulekile:
- Ungayigcini isikhathi eside i-sheng encane — ngisho imizuzwana emi-5 eyengeziwe inganikeza ubumuncu obungathandeki.
- Bheka “i-resonance yomphimbo” (喉韵) kanye “nobumnandi obubuyayo” (回甘) — yizona zimpawu eziyinhloko zekhwalithi.
- Ngetiye elicindezelwe: ungagcobi ibhilidi lonke; yephula inani elidingekayo ngezendlalelo, ugcine isakhiwo.

10. Ukugcinwa

Ukugcinwa kwe-sheng pu’er kuhluke ngokuphelele ekugcinweni kwamanye amatiye amaningi: lapha itiye “aligcinwa”, kodwa liyaqhubeka nokuphila nokuvuthwa.

Indawo: Igumbi elimnyama, elomile, elinomoya omuhle ngaphandle kwephunga langaphandle. Izinga lokushisa elilungile — 20–30°C; umswakama — 60–70%. Gwema ukukhanya kwelanga okuqondile, ukushintsha okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa, umswakama ophezulu (>80% — ingozi yesikhunta) kanye nokoma ngokweqile (<50% — ukumiswa kokuguquka).
Izitsha: Ukupakisha “okuphefumulayo”, okuvumela ukungena komoya:
- Isembozo sokuqala sikadayi/iphepha (tong).
- Iziqukathi zobumba noma zobumba ezingenayo i-glaze.
- Amabhokisi ekhadibhodi (avumelekile).
- Ungasebenzisi: izimbiza ezivalekile, izikhwama zepulasitiki, i-aluminium foil — zivimba ukushintshaniswa kwegesi futhi zimisa ukuvuthwa.
Itiye elincane (kuze kube yiminyaka emi-3): Abanye abakhiqizi batusa ukuvuthwa kokuqala phakathi kwezinyanga eziyi-6–12 endaweni enomoya omuhle ukuze “kuzinze” itiye ngaphambi kokugcinwa isikhathi eside. Ibhilidi elisha kufanele likhishwe ekupakisheni kokuthutha futhi linikezwe “ukuphefumula” amasonto ayi-1–2.
Itiye elivuthiwe: Lapho kuvulwa ibhilidi ngemva kokugcinwa iminyaka eminingi, kunconywa ukuphula inani elidingekayo futhi unikeze “ukuphefumula” (醒茶, xǐng chá) esitsheni esivulekile amasonto ayi-1–2 ngaphambi kokuphuza — lokhu kuvumela itiye ukuba lisuse iphunga “lokugcina”.
Izitha zetiye: Umswakama owedlulele (isikhunta), ukukhanya kwelanga okuqondile (ukucekelwa phansi kwe-polyphenol), iphunga langaphandle (itiye limunca kakhulu), ukushintsha okukhulu kwezimo.
Isikhathi sokugcina: Ngokwezinga — “uma kugcinwa kahle, usuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi alunamkhawulo”. Empeleni, isikhathi esihle sokuguquka okusebenzayo — iminyaka eyi-15–30; ngemva kwalokho izinguquko ziyehla, kodwa itiye lihlala lilungile futhi libalulekile.

11. Intengo Nokukhwabanisa

Ububanzi bamanani be-sheng pu’er bungenye yobubanzi kakhulu emhlabeni wetiye: kusukela emashumini ambalwa ama-yuan ngebhilidi letiye lehlathi kuya ezigidini zama-yuan ngamasampula amadala.

Izinto ezinomthelela entengo:
- Iminyaka yezihlahla: I-gu shu (古树) ibaluleke ngokuphindwe ka-10–100 kunetiye lehlathi. Izihlahla ezingaqondene nazo zase-Laobanzhang, Bingdao noma Yiwu zinganikeza izinto zokusetshenziswa ezibiza ngaphezu kwe-100 000 yuan/kg.
- I-Terroir / Shantou (山头 — “isiqongo sentaba”): Igama lomzana othile noma intaba liyisici esiyinhloko sentengo. Ishumi lezindawo “eziphezulu” lakha isigaba se-pu’er “eqanjwe”.
- Unyaka wokuvuna nokuvuthwa: Intengo yetiye elivuthiwe elinomlando othembekile wokugcinwa ikhuphuka unyaka nonyaka. Amabhilidi avela ezimbonini zase-Menghai (大益, Dàyì), Xiaguan (下关, Xiàguān) ne-Zhongcha (中茶, Zhōng Chá) we-1950-80s — izinto zefandesi ezinamanani emakhulwini ezinkulungwane zama-yuan.
- Isizini yokuvuna: Itiye lasentwasahlobo — libiza kakhulu.
- Ikhwalithi yezinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nobungcweti bomkhiqizi.
Amanani acishe abe njalo (2024):
- I-maocha yehlathi — kusukela ku-100–500 yuan/kg.
- I-gu shu evela ezifundeni ezijwayelekile — 1000–5000 yuan/kg.
- I-gu shu evela emizaneni ephezulu (Laobanzhang, Bingdao, Yiwu) — 10 000–200 000+ yuan/kg.
- Izinga lesigodlo (宫廷级, amahlumela ahlanzekile) — kusukela ku-20 000 yuan/kg. Kutholakala kungavamile kakhulu.
- Ibhilidi lekhwalithi ejwayelekile (357 g) — kusukela ku-50 kuya ku-800 yuan.
- Ibhilidi elivuthiwe (iminyaka eyi-10+, lasembonini) — kusukela ku-1000 yuan nangaphezulu.
Uzivikela kanjani ekukhwabaniseni:
- Thenga kubathengisi abathembekile: Izitolo zetiye ezikhethekile ezinesithunzi, ezikwazi ukunikeza ulwazi oluphelele ngemvelaphi, umkhiqizi nezimo zokugcina.
- Qaphela amanani aphansi ngendlela engakholeki: Uma “i-Laobanzhang gu shu” inikezwa nge-100 yuan — lokho kuwukukhwabanisa okuqinisekile.
- Hlola ukubukeka: I-sheng pu’er esezingeni eliphezulu inesakhiwo seqabunga esicacile (hhayi uthuli nemvithi), amahlumela ahlukanisekayo, ukucwebezela okuyisici. Ukucindezela kufanele kube ngokulinganayo, ngaphandle kokuwohloka.
- Hlola iphunga: Iphunga elibuthuntu, elimuncu, “lenhlanzi” noma lamakhemikhali — izimpawu zokugcinwa okungalungile noma ukukhwabanisa. I-sheng encane esezingeni eliphezulu inuka ukusha nezimbali; evuthiwe — izithelo ezomile nokhuni.
- Hlola umgqomo nezinsalela zetiye: Umgqomo kufanele ucace, ube nombala ogqamile; ukufiphalisa kukhomba izinkinga. Izinsalela zetiye — amaqabunga aphelele, anwebekayo; inani elikhulu leziqu namasebe — uphawu lwezinto ezisezingeni eliphansi.
- Qaphela kakhulu amatiye “avuthiwe”: Ukuguga okwenziwa (ukomiswa okusheshisiwe emazingeni aphezulu omswakama) — indlela evamile yokukhwabanisa. Izimpawu: umbala omnyama ngokungemvelo ngenkathi kubikwa iminyaka emincane, ukunambitheka “okuyisicaba” ngaphandle kobunkimbinkimbi, ukungabi bikho kwe-hui gan.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

“I-antique ephuzwayo”: I-sheng pu’er iwukuphela kwetiye emhlabeni lapho izinga lihlinzekela usuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi olungenamkhawulo. Ibhilidi le-pu’er le-1950 “I-Red Mark” (红印, Hóng Yìn) elivela embonini yase-Menghai lathengiswa efandesi eHong Kong ngaphezu kwe-1 million yuan.
Inombolo 357: Isisindo sebhilidi elijwayelekile (357 g) sinesisekelo somlando: amabhilidi ayi-7 × 357 g = 2499 g ≈ 49 liang ngohlelo oludala lwezisindo. Inombolo 7 ngesiko lamaBuddha ifanekisela ukuphelela, kanti 49 = 7 × 7 ithathwa njenge “nombolo yobuningi”.
Ukudakwa kwetiye (茶醉): I-sheng pu’er encane, ephuzwa esiswini esingenalutho, ingabangela “ukudakwa kwetiye” okuzwakalayo — isiyezi, ukujuluka okuncane, injabulo. Lokhu kuhlobene nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-caffeine ne-polyphenol, okusebenza esiswini esilambile.
Isithwathwa esimhlophe (白霜, bái shuāng): Ebusweni bamabhilidi avuthwe kahle kwesinye isikhathi kuvela isembozo esimhlophe esiyikristalu. Ngokuvamile kuthathwa njengesikhunta, kodwa lokhu kungamajusi etiye ayikristalu — uphawu lokuguquka okulungile nokugcinwa kwekhwalithi (ngokungafani nesikhunta esinoboya noma esinombala, esikhomba izinkinga).
Isihlahla esidala kakhulu: Esiqiwini sase-Qianjiazhai (千家寨, isifunda sase-Zhenyuan) kukhula isihlahla setiye sasendle esineminyaka engaba ngu-2700 — isihlahla setiye sasendle esikhulu nesidala kunazo zonke ezaziwayo emhlabeni (ubude 25.6 m).

13. Izinhlobo kanye Nokuhlukaniswa kwe-Sheng Pu’er

Ngokweminyaka yezinto zokusetshenziswa:
- Gu Shu Cha (古树茶): Izihlahla ezineminyaka eyi-100+. Ukunambitheka okujulile, okuyinkimbinkimbi okunesici “samaminerali” esicacile, i-hui gan enamandla ne-houyun. Iphunga — i-camphor, amanothi ehlathi. Intengo kusukela ku-3000 yuan/kg.
- Da Shu Cha (大树茶): Izihlahla ezineminyaka esukela emashumini ambalwa kuya ku-100. Isigaba esiphakathi — ukunambitheka okukhulu kakhulu kunetiye lehlathi, kodwa ngaphandle kokujula kwe-gu shu.
- Xiao Shu / Taidi Cha (小树茶/台地茶): Izihlahla ezincane ezineminyaka efinyelela kwengama-30. Ukunambitheka okugqamile, okunomsindo, ubumuncu obucacile, iphunga eliphezulu, kodwa “umzimba” ungaminyene. Imakethe enkulu, intengo 100–500 yuan/kg.
Ngokuma:
- Okungacindezelwe (散茶, Sǎnchá / Mao Cha, 毛茶) — okungacindezelwe; kuvumela ukuhlola ikhwalithi yeqabunga, kodwa kuvuthwa ngokushesha ngenxa yokuthintana okukhulu nomoya.
- Ibhilidi (饼茶, 357 g ejwayelekile) — uhlobo oludume kakhulu.
- Isitini (砖茶), i-tuocha (沱茶), okufana nekhowe (蘑菇沱), insika nezinye izinhlobo.
Ngesifunda (shantou, 山头): “Iwayini elibomvu lihlolwa nge-chateau, i-pu’er — ngezintaba” (红酒论酒庄，普洱讲山头). Indawo ngayinye inephrofayili yokunambitheka engafani nalutho:
- Laobanzhang (老班章): Itiye elinamandla, “lesilisa”. Ubumuncu obukhulu nobumuncu obunamandla kanye ne-hui gan eqhumayo ngokushesha. Umzimba — ominyene, “onesakhiwo”.
- Yiwu (易武): Itiye elithambile, “lesifazane”. Ubumnandi boju, iphunga elimnene, isakhiwo esibucayi, amandla amahle kakhulu okuvuthwa.
- Bingdao (冰岛): Ubumnandi obubandayo (冰糖甜), ukuhlanzeka, ukuthungwa okunomoya. Ubumuncu obuncane kakhulu.
- Jingmai (景迈): I-lanhuaxiang ecacile (兰花香 — iphunga le-orchid), ubumnandi bezimbali, umzimba othambile.
- Xigui (昔归): Iphunga eligcwele, umzimba ominyene, ukumuncu okuyisici, ukumelana okuhle nokuphisa.
Ngesizini:
- Intwasahlobo (春茶) — ebaluleke kakhulu: inani eliphezulu lama-amino acid, ukunambitheka okujulile.
- Ihlobo / “imvula” (雨水茶, Yǔshuǐ chá) — elibi kakhudlwana, lisetshenziselwa imakethe enkulu.
- Ikwindla / Gu Hua (谷花茶) — iphunga elimnene, ukunambitheka okulinganiselayo, amandla amahle okuvuthwa.
Ngezinga lokuphakama (ngokwe-GB/T 22111-2008):
- Izinga lesigodlo (宫廷级, Gōngtíng jí): Amahlumela ahlanzekile. Iphunga eliphezulu, ukunambitheka okuthambile. Akuvamile kakhulu.
- Izinga elikhethekile (特级, Tè jí): Ihlumela + iqabunga elingu-1 (90%+). Amahlumela amhlophe acacile, ukunambitheka okusha.
- Izinga lesithathu (三级, Sān jí): Ihlumela + amacembe ama-2. Ukusonteka okuqinile, ubumuncu obuncane. Izinga eliyinhloko lezohwebo (300–800 yuan/bhilidi).
- Izinga lesihlanu nangaphansi (五级+): Kuhlanganiswa amacembe avuthiwe kakhudlwana. Ubumnandi obukhulu ngemva kokuvuthwa.
Ukujwayela izinhlobo: izinhlobo ezicindezelwe zichazwa uchungechunge lwamazinga kazwelonke i-GB/T 9833 “紧压茶” (jǐnyā chá, izingxenye eziyisishiyagalolunye); nge-pu’er kubalulekile i-GB/T 9833.5 — i-tuocha (沱茶, tuóchá) kanye ne-GB/T 9833.6 — i-jincha (紧茶, jǐnchá).

14. Izinkinga Nezixwayiso

Ungaphuzi esiswini esingenalutho: I-sheng pu’er encane iqukethe ukugcwala okuphezulu kwe-polyphenol ne-caffeine, okungabangela isicanucanu, isiyezi kanye “nokudakwa kwetiye” (茶醉) esiswini esingenalutho.
Qaphela ezifweni zesisu: Ama-tannin e-sheng encane acasula ulwelwesi lwesisu. Abantu abane-gastritis nesifo sezilonda kutuswa ukukhetha i-sheng evuthiwe (iminyaka emi-5+) noma bashintshele ku-shu pu’er.
Umphumela ebuthongweni: Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-caffeine kungaphazamisa ubuthongo lapho kuphuzwa ntambama. Umthamo wansuku zonke onconyiwe — 5–8 g.
Ukukhulelwa nokuncelisa: Kunconywa ukunciphisa ukuphuza noma ukubonisana nodokotela.
Xing cha (Ukuvusa itiye): Ibhilidi elivuthiwe ngemva kokuvulwa kufanele “liphefumule” amasonto ayi-1–2 ngaphambi kokuphuza — lokhu kususa iphunga lokugcina futhi kunciphisa ubungozi bokungaphenduli kahle kwetiye “elilele”.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Pu’er Sheng Cha iyisenzakalo esiyingqayizivele esikweni lomhlaba letiye: isiphuzo esiphilayo, esiphefumulayo, esikwazi ukushintsha nokukhula amashumi eminyaka, njengewayini elikhulu. I-sheng encane ihlaba umxhwele ngamandla, ubusha nokugqama; evuthiwe — ihlaba umxhwele ngokujula, ubumnandi nobunkimbinkimbi obungapheli. Ibhilidi ngalinye liwumkhiqizo we-terroir eyingqayizivele, ubungcweti bomkhiqizi, isikhathi nezimo zokugcina ngasikhathi sinye. Indlela yokwazi i-sheng pu’er ayinamkhawulo: kusukela ezinkomishini zokuqala, ezishisa ngobumuncu nobumuncu, kuya ezikhathini zokuzindla nge-gu shu eneminyaka engamashumi amabili, lapho ukuphisa ngakunye kungumhlaba ohlukile wokunambitheka. Kulabo abazimisele ukufaka ukunaka, ukubekezela nesikhathi, i-sheng pu’er izovula esinye sezahluko ezijule kakhulu nezibongayo zesiko letiye — isiko lapho itiye nesikhathi kuba okungahlukaniseki.

Imithombo

Amazinga

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo