I-Ziyang Hei Cha

I-Ziyang Hei Cha (紫阳黑茶, Zǐyáng hēichá) — itiye elimnyama elivela esifundeni saseZiyang eningizimu yesifundazwe saseShaanxi, elikhule emhlabathini omdala we-selenium yase-Cinba Mountain Range. Ukuhlanganiswa kwenqubo ye-Fu Zhuan eyingqayizivele “yokuthuthukisa izimbali zegolide” nomthamo omkhulu wemvelo we-selenium ezintweni ezisetshenziswayo kwenza le tiye libe “yingqwebo yegolide ye-Cinba Mountain” yeqiniso (秦巴山区的金花瑰宝).

1. ISigaba kanye Nemvelaphi

• Uhlobo: Itiye le-postfermentesheni, lingaphansi kwesigaba se-Hei Cha (黑茶, Hēichá — “itiye elimnyama”). Lihamba ngomumo omanzi (渥堆, wò duī) bese kulandelwa ukukhuliswa “kwezimbali zegolide” (发花, fāhuā) — ukhunta Eurotium cristatum (冠突散囊菌, guàntū sǎnnáng jūn).
• Isigaba: Itiye lesifunda elimnyama laseShaanxi. Umkhiqizo one-up-hawu lwejiyografi (地理标志保护产品, kusukela ngo-2016). Ngo-2024 safakwa ohlwini lokwamukelana ngezimpawu zejiyografi phakathi kweChina ne-EU.
• Imvelaphi: IShayina, isifundazwe saseShaanxi (陕西, Shǎnxī), idolobha laseAnkang (安康, Ānkāng), isifunda saseZiyang (紫阳县, Zǐyáng Xiàn). Isifunda sisemithambekeni esenyakatho ye-Daba Mountain (大巴山) ohlelweni lwezintaba zaseQinba (秦巴山区) — okungenye yezifunda zakudala kunazo zonke zokutshalwa kwetiye eChina.
• Izixhumanisi zejiyografi: Cishe 32°08′–32°49′ enyakatho, 108°33′–110°12′ empumalanga.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

• Umlando: Ukutshalwa kwetiye esifundeni saseZiyang sekuneminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili. Okutholwe emivubukulweni kubonisa ukuthi kakade ngesikhathi se-Han (汉, Hàn), abantu bendawo babelima izihlahla zetiye emithambekeni yezintaba zaseQinba. Kodwa ukukhiqizwa kwetiye elimnyama ngendlela yalo yamanje kwakheka kamuva kakhulu.

Ngesikhathi se-Ming ne-Qing (明清时期), i-Ziyang yayisebenza njengengxenye ebalulekile ohlelweni “lohwebo lwetiye namahhashi” (茶马古道, chámǎ gǔdào). Itiye lalesi sifunda lalithwalwa ngamakharethi liye enyakatho-ntshonalanga — eGansu, eNingxia, naseQinghai — ukuze lishintshaniswe ngamahhashi nezinkomo. Ukuze okokukhiqiza kumelane nohambo lwamaviki amaningi oludlula ezihlahleni zezintaba, abatshali betiye bendawo baqala ukufaka amaqabunga asehlobo nawasekwindla enqubweni yokufaka imfucumfucu (渥堆), bese bewacindezela abe izitini — yile ndlela kwaqala ngayo ubuchwepheshe bokuqala betiye elimnyama laseZiyang.

Ubucwepheshe besimanje bakheka ngeminyaka yawo-1980, lapho imboni yetiye yaseZiyang, iboleka ubuchwepheshe be-Hunan Fu Zhuan, yabuguqela ezintweni zendawo ezinothe nge-selenium. Kwasungulwa indlela yayo “ye-stepwise fermentation” (梯次发酵法, tīcì fājiào fǎ), evumela ukuhlanganisa ngokufanelekile ukufakwa emfucumfucwini isikhathi eside nokukhula okulawulwayo “kwezimbali zegolide”. Ngo-2008, ubuchwepheshe “be-Ziyang Fu Zhuan” bagcina sebumisiwe futhi kwaqalwa ukukhiqizwa kwaso ngenani elikhulu.

Kusukela ngo-2016, ngemva kokuthola isimo sokuvikelwa kwejiyografi, umkhakha ukhula ngokushesha. Ngo-2023, ukukhiqizwa kwetiye elimnyama kwafinyelela cishe ku-8% yenani lonke lomkhiqizo wetiye wesifunda, kanti inani eliphelele lomkhiqizo ladlula i-1 billion yuan.

• Igama:

  • “Ziyang” (紫阳) — igama lesifunda. Uhlamvu 紫 (zǐ) lusho “okunsomi”, 阳 (yáng) lusho “ilanga, ithambeka eliseningizimu”. Igama lendawo lixhunyaniswa nomfundisikazi weDaoist uZhang Boduan (张伯端), owaziwa ngegama elithi “Ziyang Zhenren” (紫阳真人 — “Umuntu Wangempela WeLanga Eliyinsomi”), owayenethempeli lakhe kulezi zintaba.
  • “Hei Cha” (黑茶) — “itiye elimnyama”, igama lesigaba ngokohlelo lokuhlukanisa amabala ayisithupha amatiye aseChina.

• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: I-Ziyang Hei Cha iyingxenye yemvelo yesiko lasendulo letiye laseningizimu ye-Shaanxi — isifunda abaveleli bomlando wetiye baseChina abasibheka njengenye yezinsalela zokutshalwa kwetiye kanye naseYunnan naseSichuan. Isifunda saseZiyang saziwa kakhulu “ngamatiye ayo e-selenium” (富硒茶, fù xī chá): ngenxa yesimo sendawo esiyingqayizivele (amatshe amadala e-paleozoic, anothe nge-selenium), wonke amatiye avela kule ndawo anomthamo ophakeme we-organic selenium ephilayo. Itiye elimnyama laseZiyang lihlanganisa ubungqweba obubili — isiko lasendulo lokuvutshelwa kwangemva “ngezimbali zegolide” kanye nokunothiswa ngokwemvelo nge-selenium, okulibeka njengomkhiqizo osebenzayo wesizukulwane esisha.

3. Incazelo Yezokwemvelo kanye Nezinto Ezisetshenziswayo

• I-cultivar / Izinhlobo: Isisekelo sakhiwa izinhlobo ezimbili zendawo:

  • I-Ziyang zhulin qunti zhong (紫阳槠叶群体种, Zǐyáng zhūyè qúntǐ zhǒng) — uhlobo lwe-population, olusakazwa ngembewu (有性繁殖, yǒuxìng fánzhí). Ngo-1965 yamukelwa nguMnyango Wezolimo we-PRC njengenye yezinhlobo ezikhethekile zetiye ezingu-21 zikazwelonke. Ingaphansi kwe-Camellia sinensis var. sinensis, uhlobo olunamaqabunga amaphakathi. Izimpawu eziyinhloko: “ukuqina okuphezulu kwe-tenderness” (持嫩性强) — ikhono lokugcina ukuthambile kwamahlumela isikhathi eside; umthamo we-polyphenol wetiye cishe u-30.35%. Ilungele kahle ukukhiqizwa kwetiye elimnyama ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo esiminyene samaseli nomthamo ophezulu we-pectin.
  • I-Ziyang daye pao (紫阳大叶泡, Zǐyáng dàyè pào) — uhlobo lwendawo olunamaqabunga amakhulu. Lusetshenziswa njengezinto ezengeziwe zokukhiqiza amatiye amnyama anephunga elimnandi kakhulu.

  Zombili lezi zinhlobo zikhula emhlabathini onomthamo omkhulu wemvelo we-selenium, okunquma iphrofayili yamaminerali eyingqayizivele yezinto ezisetshenziswayo.

• Ukuvuna: Kwi-Hei Cha kusetshenziswa ikakhulukazi izinto ezisetshenziswayo zokuvuna kwasehlobo nokwasekwindla (Meyi–Oktoba), lapho amaqabunga esefinyelele ekuvuthweni futhi ehlanganise inani elikhulu lama-polysaccharide kanye namaminerali.

• Izinga lokuvuna: Amahlumela avuthiwe anamaqabunga angu-2–4, okuhlanganisa isiqu. Kwi-Fu Zhuan kuvunyelwe ukusetshenziswa kweqabunga elimahhadlahhadla — yilo kanye elilungele ukukhula “kwezimbali zegolide”.

• Izidingo zezinto ezisetshenziswayo: Kusetshenziswa izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezihlanzekile ngokwemvelo kuphela (ukwenqatshelwa komquba wamakhemikhali kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane). Umthamo we-selenium eqabungeni — kusuka ku-0.15 kuya ku-3.853 mg/kg, okuphakeme ngokuphindwe ka-1.5 nangaphezulu kunakwamanye amatiye amnyama ajwayelekile.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokukhula

I-terroir yase-Ziyang ingenye yezigqame kakhulu kuzo zonke izifunda zokutshalwa kwetiye eChina, ihlanganisa indawo enezintaba, isimo sezulu esishisayo nesishisayo, kanye ne-geochemistry yomhlabathi eyingqayizivele.

• Indawo: Isifunda sisemithambekeni esenyakatho ye-Daba Mountain, endaweni yoshintsho olusuka ezintabeni zaseQinling luye esigodini saseSichuan. Ukuphakama kwamasimu etiye — kusuka e-350 kuye ku-900 m ngaphezu kolwandle. Lesi sifunda sisemugqeni wama-32 enyakatho — ngaphakathi kwalokho okuthiwa “yi-golden belt yokutshalwa kwetiye” (黄金产茶带).
• Isimo sezulu: I-subtropical monsoon yasenyakatho. Izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi — 15.1°C. Imvula yonyaka — 1127.8 mm (ephakeme kakhulu kunasezindaweni eziphansi zaseShaanxi). Inani lezinsuku ezinenkungu — ngaphezu kwe-180 ngonyaka. Ukuhluka kwezinga lokushisa phakathi nosuku kudlula i-10°C, okunomthelela ekuqongeleleni okukhulu kwezinto ezinuka kamnandi nama-amino acid. Ukudlondlobala kokukhanya okuhlukene (散射光) — izimo ezilungele ukuhlanganiswa kwe-L-theanine nokuvuthwa kancane kweqabunga.
• Inhlabathi: Umhlabathi ophuzi-nsundu wehlathi (黄棕壤, huáng zōngrǎng), i-pH 4.5–6.8, umthamo wezinto eziphilayo — 1.68%. Isici esiyinhloko — ukunothiswa ngokwemvelo nge-selenium: isilinganiso esiphakathi singu-0.49 ppm, ezindaweni ezithile — kuze kufike ku-3.98 ppm. Lokhu kubangelwa ukuvela kwamatshe e-paleozoic e-carbonaceous-siliceous aqukethe i-selenite.
• I-ecology: Izinga lamahlathi endawo — 55.7%. Ukugcwala kwama-ion amabi — cishe amayunithi angu-30,000/cm³. Ukungabikho kwezimboni kuqinisekisa ukuhlanzeka kwenhlabathi namanzi.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza i-Ziyang Hei Cha buhlanganisa izici zobuchwepheshe be-Hunan Fu Zhuan obuvamile kanye nezinto ezintsha zendawo, okuhloswe ngazo ukugcinwa okuphelele kwe-selenium emkhiqizweni ophelele.

• Ukuvuna (采摘, cǎi zhāi): Ukuvuna amahlumela avuthiwe ngesandla ezingadini ezihlanzekile ngokwemvelo.
• Ukufakwa (杀青, shā qīng): Ukucubungula okuphezulu kwezinga lokushisa ukwenza ama-enzyme angasebenzi futhi kumiswe ukufakwa kwe-oxidation. Isici esibalulekile — imodi yokonga ukuze kugcinwe i-organic selenium.
• Ukusonteka (揉捻, róuniǎn): Ukusonteka ngomshini noma ngesandla ukuze kubhidlikwe izindonga zamaseli futhi kukhishwe ijusi yeseli.
• Ukufakwa emfucumfucwini omanzi (渥堆发酵, wò duī fājiào): Isigaba esiyinhloko se-postfermentation. Iqabunga elifakwe amanzi lifakwa ezinqwabeni futhi ligcinwe izinsuku ezingama-25–30 ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa nawomswakama alawulwayo. Lenqubo ide kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nobuchwepheshe baseHunan. Kungalesi sigaba lapho kwenzeka khona ukuguqulwa okujulile kwe-biochemical: ama-catechin afakwa i-oxidation abe ama-theaflavin nama-thearubigin, ama-polysaccharide ayadedelwa, “ubuhlungu obuluhlaza” beqabunga elisha bunyamalala.
• Ukuthuthukiswa “kwezimbali zegolide” (发花, fāhuā): Ngemva kokufakwa emfucumfucwini, inqwaba yetiye ifakwa ezimeni ezivumayo ukwandiswa kwe-Eurotium cristatum. Into entsha yase-Ziyang — “ukulawuleka okuphindwe kabili” (双控技术, shuāngkòng jìshù): ukwenza ngcono izimo kanyekanye zezimbali zegolide nokugcinwa kwe-organic selenium ephilayo. Izinga lokushisa nomswakama kulawulwa ngokunemba okuqinisekisa ukukhula okukhulu kwefungus ngaphandle kokucekelwa phansi kokushisa kwe-seleno-organic compounds.
• Ukucindezela (压制成型, yāzhì chéngxíng): Inqwaba yetiye ibunjwa ibe yizitini ezinobukhulu obujwayelekile.
• Ukwomisa (干燥, gānzào): Ukwomisa okonga ezingeni lokushisa elingekho ngaphezu kwe-60°C kuze kufike kumthamo womswakama ≤ 9%. Kusetshenziswa amalahle okhuni (木炭烘焙, mùtàn hōngbèi), okwenza umsebenzi ophindwe kabili: kuqinisa i-selenium futhi kucebisa iphunga ngamazwana amnene entuthu.

6. Izimpawu Ze-Organoleptic

• Ukubukeka kwetiye elomile:
  • Isimo sesitini (紧压茶): Isitini esiminyene, esilinganayo esingunxande esinombala onsundu omnyama. Lapho siphuka ngaphakathi, kubonakala izichasiso eziphuzi zegolide “zezimbali zegolide”.
  • Isimo esivundululiwe (散茶): Amahlumela namaqabunga amahhadlahhadla, ashubile, asonteke abe yizintambo ezinde, ezinombala onsundu omnyama futhi ecwebezelayo.
• Iphunga letiye elomile: Iphunga lefungus elijwayelekile “lezimbali zegolide” (菌花香, jūn huā xiāng), eligcwaliswe ubumnandi obumnene betiye elisha (甜香, tián xiāng). Kwezilinganiso ezindala — ukunotha okuthule, okujulile “kwakudala” (陈香, chén xiāng), okufana nokhuni oludala nezithelo ezomisiwe.
• Iphunga lensipho: Ukufudumala, okusongela, okunesisekelo sefungus, amanothi e-puffin, i-walnut, kanye nesinongo esincane esinentuthu esivela ekwomisweni ngamalahle.
• Ukunambitheka: Izimfanelo ezintathu ezinqumayo: 醇厚 (chún hòu) — ukujula nokugcwala komzimba; 甘滑 (gān huá) — ubumnandi nobushelelezi; 厚重 (hòuzhòng) — ukuminyana, okucishe kube yisixhumi. Ukunambitheka kugcwele, kodwa ngaphandle kobudlova. Ukunambitheka kwangemva okumnandi okunamathoni e-nut.
• Umbala wensipho: Kusuka kolwolintshi oluphuzi (橙黄) etiyeni elincane kuya konsundu obomvu ojulile (红褐) etiyeni elindala. Ukubonakala kahle, insipho ekhanyayo nehlanzekile.
• Indawo yetiye (iqabunga elisetshenzisiwe): Insundu, elinganayo, ethambile lapho ithintwa. Emaqabungeni kubonakala amachashaza amancane egolide — imikhondo “yezimbali zegolide”.

7. Ukuqanjwa Kwamakhemikhali

Ukuyingqayizivele kwephrofayili ye-biochemical ye-Ziyang Hei Cha kunqunywa ukuhlanganiswa kokuphunyuzwa kwe-microbiological kanye nokunothiswa ngokwemvelo nge-selenium:

• Ama-Polyphenol: Umthamo wokuqala ezintweni ezisetshenziswayo — cishe u-30.35% (ngenxa ye-cultivar Zhu lin). Kule nqubo ye-postfermentation, ingxenye enkulu yama-catechin ishintsha ibe ama-theaflavin (≥ 12% ezingeni elikhethekile) nama-thearubigin, anikeza insipho umbala wayo ojwayelekile nokuthamba kokunambitheka.
• Ama-polysaccharide etiye: Umthamo ophezulu, ophakanyisiwe uma uqhathaniswa namatiye angakaphunyuzwa ngenxa yokufakwa emfucumfucwini isikhathi eside.
• Izinto eziphilayo ezincibilikayo emanzini: ≥ 28% (ezinga lokuqala).
• I-Selenium (硒, xī): 0.15–3.853 mg/kg — umehluko oyinhloko kuwo wonke amanye amatiye amnyama aseChina. I-selenium ivezwa ikakhulukazi ngendlela ephilayo (selenomethionine, selenocysteine), okuqinisekisa ukuba khona kwayo okuphezulu kwezinto eziphilayo.
• Ama-Amino acid: I-L-theanine, i-glutamic acid, i-aspartic acid.
• Ama-Alkaloid: I-caffeine (umthamo omaphakathi), i-theobromine, i-theophylline.
• Imethabolites ye-Eurotium cristatum: Ama-polysaccharide angaphandle kweseli, ama-enzyme (lipase, protease, cellulase), ama-acid aphilayo.
• Amavithamini: C, E, amaqembu B. Ivithamini E libaluleke kakhulu lapho lihlanganiswa ne-selenium, lenza ukusebenzisana okune-antioxidant.
• Amaminerali: Ngaphandle kwe-selenium — i-potassium, i-zinc, i-manganese, i-iron, i-floor.

8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo

• Ukwehlisa izinga le-lipid egazini: Ama-Theaflavin avula i-lipase, asheshisa ukuhlukaniswa kwamafutha. Ngokwemibiko yabakhiqizi, ukusebenza kahle kwesikhuthazi se-metabolism kulinganiselwa njengokudlula okwamanye amatiye amnyama ajwayelekile.
• Ukulawulwa kwezinga likashukela egazini: Ukusebenza ngokubambisana kwama-polysaccharide etiye ne-organic selenium kukhulisa ukuzwela kwezicubu ku-insulin. Imibiko yomtholampilo ikhombisa ukwehla kwezinga le-glucose engadliwe ngokujwayelekile uma kuphuzwa njalo.
• Ukuvikela i-Antioxidant: I-Selenium, isebenza ngokubambisana nama-polyphenol nevithamini E, inikeza ukususwa kwamandla kwama-radical akhululekile.
• Ukufudumala nokuqinisa amandla: Isimo esifudumele setiye sibenza balungele isimo sezulu esibandayo nesinomswakama.
• Ukuthuthukisa ukugaya: Ama-Enzyme akhiqizwa “izimbali zegolide”, asiza ukuhlukanisa amafutha namaphrotheni, enze kube lula ukumuncwa kokudla okusindayo.
• Ukusekela indlala yezitho zomphimbo: I-organic selenium iyadingeka ukuze kuhlanganiswe ama-thyroid hormone kanye nokusebenza kwe-glutathione peroxidase.
• Umsebenzi we-probiotic: Imethabolites ye-Eurotium cristatum inomthelela omuhle kuma-microorganism amathumbu.
• Ukuvikela inhliziyo: Ama-Polyphenol ne-selenium ngokuhlanganyela anciphisa ubungozi bezinguquko ze-atherosclerotic emithanjeni.

9. Ukuphisa

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 95–100°C (amanzi abilayo asezingeni eliphezulu).
• Inani letiye: 5 g ku-200 ml yamanzi (isilinganiso esingu-1:40). Kwitiye lesitini — qale ukhumule ingxenye ngommese wetiye.
• Iziphuzo:
  • Itiye le-purple-clay elivela e-Yixing (紫砂壶) — ligcina ukushisa futhi “liqoqe” iphunga.
  • Itiye lokubilisa (煮茶器) — lilungele ukukhishwa okuphelele kwezinto ezisebenzayo “zezimbali zegolide” ne-selenium.
  • I-Gaiwan — kusetshenziselwa indlela yokuthela.
• Inqubo:
  1. Ukuvusa itiye (醒茶): Kwitiye lesitini, khumula, ulalele ethileyini yetiye bese ulikhiphela emoyeni “ukuphefumula” imizuzu engama-20–30.
  2. Ukufudumeza izitsha: Hlanza ngamanzi abilayo.
  3. Ukugeza (洗茶): Thela amanzi abilayo, uthele ngokushesha.
  4. Indlela yokuchitha (泡饮法): Ukuchitha kokuqala — imizuzwana engu-15–20; okulandelayo — ngokwanda ngemizuzwana engu-10 kukho konke. I-Ziyang Hei Cha yekhwalithi ikwazi ukumelana nokuphisa izikhathi ezingu-8–12.
  5. Indlela yokubilisa (煮饮法): 5 g yetiye ku-400 ml yamanzi, ulethele ekubileni, upheke imizuzu engu-3–5 emlilweni ophansi. Le ndlela yembula amandla aphelele “ezimbali zegolide” futhi inikeza ukukhishwa okugcwele kwe-selenium.
  6. Indlela yokubila (闷泡法): Thela amanzi abilayo ethemosini, ugxumele imizuzu engu-1–2. Ilungele ohambweni.

10. Ukugcinwa

I-Ziyang Hei Cha, njengamanye amatiye amnyama, iba ngcono ngokukhula kweminyaka. Kodwa izibonelo ezincane ziyanconywa ukuba zigcinwe okungenani unyaka owodwa ngaphambi kokuzisebenzisa, ukuze “iphunga lenqwaba” (堆味, duī wèi) — ukunambitheka okujwayelekile kokuvutshelwa kwangemva okusha — kuhlakazeke.

• Izimo: Indawo eyomile, emnyama, enomoya. Izinga lokushisa — 15–25°C. Umswakama ohlobene — akukho ngaphezu kwe-70%.
• Izitsha: Ukugoqwa kwephepha, ubhasikidi we-bamboo, isikhwama sendwangu. Ukufakwa emoyeni okuphelele akuvunyelwe.
• Izitha zetiye: Ukukhanya kwelanga okuqondile, amaphunga angaphandle, ukuswakama, isikhutha.
• Amandla okugcinwa: Ezimeni ezifanele — amashumi eminyaka. Ngokukhula kweminyaka, iphunga liba lijule, ukunambitheka kuba mnene futhi kube mnandi, ubungqweba bube phakeme.

11. Intengo Nezinto Zokuklolodwa

Intengo iyehluka kuye ngezinga, isimo (isitini noma esivundululiwe), unyaka wokukhiqizwa, nomkhiqizi. Izinga lesibili — kusuka ku-80–150 yuan nge-500 g; elesibili — 200–500 yuan; elikhethekile — kusuka ku-600 yuan kuya phezulu.

Ungakugwema kanjani ukuklolodwa:

• Hlola uphawu: Bheka uphawu lwejiyografi yase-Ziyang (紫阳地理标志) kanye nokuboniswa komthamo we-selenium emaphaketheni.
• Hlola “izimbali zegolide”: Kufanele zibe phuzi zegolide, zisakazeke ngokulinganayo. Izichasiso ezimhlophe, eziluhlaza noma ezimnyama ziyinkomba yokuphunyuzwa okungekuhle.
• Hlolela iphunga: Iphunga lefungus elihlanzekile ngaphandle kwephunga lokubola ne-acid. Ukungabikho kwephunga “lomgodi omanzi”.
• Hlola insipho: I-clear, e-orange-yellow noma e-red-brown. Ukungabonakali kahle kuyisignali esabekayo.
• Qaphela “ngokumakethwa kwe-selenium”: Akusiwona wonke amatiye anombhalo othi “富硒” (enothiswe nge-selenium) aqukethe amanani abalulekile ale nto. Abakhiqizi bekhwalithi bahlinzeka ngezitifiketi zokuhlaziywa kwaselabhorethri.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

• “Ipharadesi le-Selenium”: Isifunda saseZiyang singenye yezindawo ezimbalwa emhlabeni ezinomthamo omkhulu wemvelo we-selenium enhlabathini (kanye nesifunda sase-Enshi yesifundazwe saseHubei). Lokhu kuhlobene nokuvela kwamatshe e-paleozoic e-carbonaceous-siliceous aneminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-500.
• Izihlahla zetiye zakudala kakhulu: Ezintabeni zaseZiyang kugcinwe izihlahla zetiye zasendle (Camellia sinensis) ezineminyaka, ngokwezilinganiso ezahlukene, kusukela emakhulwini kuya enkulungwaneni yeminyaka, okufakazela imvelaphi yasendulo yokuzimela yokutshalwa kwetiye kule ndawo.
• Itiye “lamaDaoist”: Igama lesifunda lihlobene nomfundisikazi weDaoist uZhang Boduan (张伯端, ngekhulu le-11), umbhali wezincwadi ze-alchemy “Wu Zhen Pian” (《悟真篇》), okuthiwa wayesebenza ezintabeni zaseZiyang futhi esebenzisa itiye lendawo ngenjongo yokuzindla.
• “Ukuvikela okuphindwe kabili”: I-Ziyang Hei Cha ingenye yamatiye ambalwa anesimo sikazwelonke sejiyografi se-PRC kanye nokwamukelwa yi-EU.

13. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye ama-Hei Cha

• I-Jingyang Fu Zhuan (泾阳茯砖): “Umfowethu omdala” ovela esifundazweni esifanayo saseShaanxi. I-Jingyang Fu Zhuan ikhiqizwa ngezinto ezithengwayo (hhayi ezendawo), ayiqukethe umthamo ophezulu we-selenium. Ubuchwepheshe “bezimbali zegolide” — obujwayelekile buka Jingyang, kanti e-Ziyang buguqelwe ukuze kugcinwe i-selenium. Ukunambitheka kwe-Jingyang, ngokuvamile, kumnene futhi kumnandi kakhulu; i-Ziyang — iminyene kancane futhi “inamandla”.
• I-Anhua Fu Zhuan (安化茯砖): Okufana ne-Hunan, okubabayo kakhudlwana, okunamazwana agqamile okhuni. Ayinothisiwe nge-selenium. Ubuchwepheshe bokufakwa emfucumfucwini bufushane (amahora, hhayi amaviki).
• I-Enshi Hei Cha (恩施黑茶): Elinye itiye elimnyama “eline-selenium” — elivela esifundazweni saseHubei. Ngokomthamo we-selenium liqhathaniswa nelase-Ziyang, kodwa ubuchwepheshe buyahluka: e-Enshi isigaba “sezimbali zegolide” asisetshenziswa njalo.
• I-Shu Pu’er (熟普洱): I-Yunnan Hei Cha enephrofayili “enomhlaba” futhi “ebolile”. I-Ziyang Hei Cha — imnene, imnandi, inephimbo lefungus elivelele kanye nokujula “kwe-selenium” yamaminerali.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Ziyang Hei Cha — itiye, elazalwa ekuhlanganeni kwemithombo emithathu: i-geology yasendulo, eyanikeza inhlabathi i-selenium engavamile; amasiko amakhulu ezinkulungwane zeminyaka okutshalwa kwetiye ezintabeni eningizimu ye-Shaanxi; kanye nolwazi lwesimanje lwe-microbiological, olwavumela ukuhlanganisa “izimbali zegolide” nobungqweba bemvelo bezinto ezisetshenziswayo. Leli tiye ngelawo lazo abazisa hhayi nje ubumnandi be-hedonistic bensipho eminyene, enamafutha enephunga lefungus, kodwa futhi indlela enolwazi yezempilo. Inkomishi ngayinye ye-Ziyang Hei Cha — iyisiphuzo sengcebo yamaminerali yezintaba zasendulo zaseQinba, esidlule ezandleni zochwepheshe kanye nomhlaba oyimfihlakalo wezinto eziphilayo ezincane, ukuze sibe isiphuzo esifudumele, esisongelayo, esifudumeza sijule.