---
title: "qiáomù · guànmù · yèzhǒng"
url: https://thetea.app/zu/article/qiaomuguanmu
lang: zu
updated: 2026-09-23
source: THE TEA — encyclopedia of Chinese tea (https://thetea.app)
---
# qiáomù · guànmù · yèzhǒng (乔木 · 灌木 · 叶种)

Ezincazelweni zetiye laseChina kuhlale kuvela amaqembu amabili amagama abukeka efana futhi ngenxa yalokho ahlanganiseka kalula ekhanda abe isikali esisodwa. Iqembu lokuqala liphendula umbuzo othi “isimo sesitshalo sinjani”: 乔木 (*qiáomù*) — isihlahla, 小乔木 (*xiǎo qiáomù*) — isihlahla esincane, isihlahla esincane, 灌木 (*guànmù*) — isihlahlana. Iqembu lesibili liphendula omunye umbuzo — “lingakanani iqabunga”: 大叶种 (*dàyèzhǒng*) — amaqabunga amakhulu, 中叶种 (*zhōngyèzhǒng*) — amaqabunga aphakathi, 小叶种 (*xiǎoyèzhǒng*) — amaqabunga amancane.

Lezi zimbazo ezimbili ezizimele. Isimo sesitshalo asinqumi usayizi weqabunga, futhi usayizi weqabunga awusho isimo esithile somqhele. Kusuka lapho amafomula ezimila zaseChina, afundeka njengezixhumanisi ezimbazeni ezimbili ngesikhathi esisodwa: 乔木型大叶类 (*qiáomùxíng dàyèlèi*) — “uhlobo lwesihlahla, iqembu lamahlamvu amakhulu”, 灌木型小叶类 (*guànmùxíng xiǎoyèlèi*) — “uhlobo lwesihlahlana, iqembu lamahlamvu amancane”, 小乔木型中叶类 njalonjalo. Ukudideka kwenzeka lapho “乔木” sekuqala ukusetshenziswa njengefana nelithi “isihlahla esidala” noma “iqabunga elikhulu”, kanti “灌木” — njengelebula lezinto ezingabizi zamasimu. Akukho kokubili okulandela emagameni ngokwawo.

## Imbazo yokuqala: isimo sesitshalo

Kukhulunywa nge-habitus — ngokuthi isitshalo sikhula kanjani uma singaphazanyiswa: ingabe kukhona isiqu esiyinhloko esicacile, indawo yamagatsha iphakeme kangakanani, isakhiwo esiphelele somqhele nesistimu yezimpande sinjani.

- **乔木型** — uhlobo lwesihlahla. Isiqu esisodwa esicacile, amagatsha aphakeme kakhulu phezu komhlaba, ubude obungaba bukhulu kanye nesistimu yezimpande ejulile. Isibonelo sakudala — izinhlobo zaseYunnan zamahlamvu amakhulu, okwenziwa ngazo i-puer.
- **小乔木型** — uhlobo oluyisigamu-isihlahla, oluphakathi nendawo. Isiqu siyabonakala, kodwa amagatsha aqala phansi, isitshalo sifushane. Leli fomula lichaza izimila eziningi zaseFujian naseGuangdong: 凤凰水仙 (*Fènghuáng shuǐxiān*), 政和大白茶 (*Zhènghé dàbáichá*), 福鼎大白茶 (*Fúdǐng dàbáichá*) — ezincazelweni zezitshalo zibalwa njenge 小乔木型.
- **灌木型** — uhlobo lwesihlahlana. Asikho isiqu esiyinhloko noma asicacile, amagatsha asuka esisekelweni, umqhele usuka ngqo ube yifeni. Lapha kungena iningi lezitshalo zasempumalanga nasenkabeni yeChina, okumele kuzo amatiye aluhlaza: 龙井43 (*Lóngjǐng 43*), 鸠坑 (*Jiūkēng*), kanye no 铁观音 (*Tiěguānyīn*) kanye neTaiwan 青心乌龙 (*Qīngxīn wūlóng*).

Iphuzu elibalulekile: uhlobo lwesimo luyisici sezitshalo noma senani labantu, hhayi isimo samanje sensimu. Uhlobo lwaseYunnan 乔木型, olutshalwe emigqeni emincane futhi lunqunywa lufinyelele ebangeni lokubhinca ukuze kube lula ukuvuna, lubukeka njengesihlahlana ngokwenyama — kodwa ngokohlobo luhlala luyisihlahla. Yile ndlela kanye okwakhiwa ngayo 台地茶 (*táidìchá*): izihlahlana eziphansi ezinqunyiwe, ukutshalwa ngemigqa, ukuvuna ngomshini noma ngesandla okusheshayo — kanti ngokofuzo lezi yizona zinto ezifanayo zaseYunnan zamahlamvu amakhulu. Okuhlobene nalokhu futhi kuyiqiniso: uhlobo lwesihlahlana, olushiywe ngaphandle kokunqunywa amashumi eminyaka, luzolula, lube namahlamvu amadala futhi lube lude, kodwa ngeke luzuze isiqu esiyinhloko.

Ngakho-ke, “乔木” ephepheni lokupakisha ngokwalo alisho lutho ngobude besitshalo, noma ngeminyaka yaso, noma ukuthi itiye livunwe esihlahleni okwakugibelelwa kuso ngesiqu. Lisho uhlobo lwezitshalo.

## Imbazo yesibili: usayizi weqabunga

Ukuhlukaniswa nge 叶种 (*yèzhǒng*) — “iqembu lamaqabunga” — kuncike ekulinganiseni iqabunga elivuthiwe: ubude balo, ububanzi kanye nendawo enesimo esilinganiselwe ebalwa ngakho. Esikweni lezolimo laseChina kusetshenziswa ukubalwa kwendawo ngokuphindaphinda ubude ngobubanzi nge-coefficient yokulungisa, futhi amaqembu ahlukaniswa ngamanani aphansi wendawo. Amanani aphansi aqondile ezincwadini ezahlukene kanye nasemibhalweni yezitshalo abhalwa ngendlela ehlukile, futhi asikho isibalo esisodwa esijwayelekile esingasinikeza lapha njengesingenakuphikiswa; sihlose ukungabaniki imingcele yezinombolo ukuze singadali ukunemba okungelona iqiniso.

Ngokubalulekile ekusebenzeni:

- Kukalwa **iqabunga elivuthiwe** lohlobo ezimeni ezijwayelekile, hhayi i-flush futhi hhayi lokho okungene eketeleni. Iqabunga elikhulu esihlahleni aliguquli uhlobo lube 大叶种, uma kuyiqabunga elilodwa elikhule ngokweqile; imiqumbe emincane esitshalweni esiyisihlahla ayiyenzi ibe 小叶种.
- Iqembu lihlobene nohlobo lwezitshalo, hhayi neqoqo elithile. Uhlobo olufanayo emhlabathini ompofu, ethunzini noma ngemva kokunqunywa kakhulu lukhiqiza amaqabunga anosayizi ohlukile, kodwa luhlala luseqenjini lalo.
- Usayizi weqabunga uhlobene nohlobo lwezitshalo: izinhlobo ezinkulu zaseYunnan zibalwa ku *Camellia sinensis* var. *assamica*, izihlahlana ezincane zasempumalanga — ku var. *sinensis*. Kodwa ukuhlobana akusho ukufana, futhi phakathi kwalezi zindawo ezimbili kukhona izinga eliqhubekayo lezimo eziphakathi.

## Indlela izimbazo ezihlangana ngayo

Incazelo yezitshalo ezincwadini zaseChina ngokuvamile ibukeka njengokuhlanganiswa kwezixhumanisi ezimbili kanye ngesinye isikhathi isikhathi sokuqala sokukhula. Ngezansi kunomehluko wezindlela ezijwayelekile zokuhlanganisa nezibonelo, ezichazwa kanjalo ezincwadini zaseChina.

| Isimo sesitshalo | Usayizi weqabunga | Izibonelo | Lapho okuvame ukuya khona |
|---|---|---|---|
| 乔木型 | 大叶类 | 勐库大叶种 (*Měngkù dàyèzhǒng*), 凤庆大叶种 (*Fèngqìng dàyèzhǒng*) | i-puer (生 ne 熟), 滇红 |
| 小乔木型 | 大叶类 | 凤凰水仙, 政和大白茶 | 单丛, itiye elimhlophe |
| 小乔木型 | 中叶类 | 福鼎大白茶 | itiye elimhlophe, 红茶, eluhlaza |
| 灌木型 | 中叶类 | 龙井43, 鸠坑, 铁观音 | itiye eluhlaza, i-wulong |
| 灌木型 | 小叶类 | izinhlobo eziningi zendawo zasenyakatho nasempumalanga | itiye eluhlaza |
| 乔木型 | 小叶类 | izinhlobo zamahlamvu amancane 倚邦 (*Yǐbāng*), 曼松 (*Mànsōng*) | i-puer |

Umgqa wokugcina wethebula yilowo ophula uhlelo olusobala oluthi “isihlahla = iqabunga elikhulu”. Ezintabeni zezintaba eziyisithupha zakudala zaseXishuangbanna, ikakhulukazi endaweni yase 倚邦 kanye ne 曼松 ehlobene nayo, kwaziwa izitshalo eziyizihlahla ezineqabunga elimancane kakhulu kunalezo zezinhlobo ezijwayelekile zaseMenghai naseLincang. Lezi akuzona izihlahlana zamasimu futhi akuzona izinhlobo ezilethwe zasempumalanga: ngokwesimo sezitshalo ziyizihlahla, ngokweqabunga — zincane noma ziphakathi. Itiye elivela kulokhu kuvunwa ngokwesiko lichazwa njengelincane kakhulu, elingenawo umunyu omningi futhi linephunga elimnandi elifana nelikaMeng Hai, kodwa lokhu kuyincazelo yesitayela, hhayi isilinganiso.

Kusuka kulokhu kulandela isiphetho esibalulekile sokufunda amalebula: umugqa othi “乔木” ngaphandle kwesixhumanisi sesibili awunike iphrofayili yokunambitheka, kanti umugqa othi “大叶种” ngaphandle kwesokuqala awusho ukuthi kuvunwe kuphi.

## Yini enikezwa yiqabunga elikhulu ngobuchwepheshe

Umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo zamahlamvu amakhulu namancane awukona nje owezakhiwo. Uhlobene nomehluko ozinzile we-biochemistry yeqabunga, okunquma ukuthi yimaphi amasu obuchwepheshe asebenza kukuyiphi impahla.

Izinhlobo zamahlamvu amakhulu (var. *assamica* kanye nezinhlobo ezisondele kuyo zaseYunnan) ngokuvamile zicebe kakhulu ngama-polyphenol nama-catechin. Izilinganiso ezithile zezitshalo, ezivela ezintweni zethu, zisekela lesi sithombe: nge 凤庆大叶种 kulethwa cishe 30,19 % ama-polyphenol, 3,56 % i-caffeine kanye no 2,90 % ama-amino acid; nge 勐库大叶种 — cishe 33,76 % ama-polyphenol kanye no 4,06 % i-caffeine; ngenani labantu abancane be var. *sinensis* kwenye indaba yethu kubhalwe 22,1–25 % ama-polyphenol kanye no 3,86–5,2 % ama-amino acid. Lezi yizinombolo ezithile ezivela emithonjeni ehlukene, ezitholwe ngezindlela ezahlukene nasezikhathini ezahlukene zonyaka, hhayi isampula eqhathanisekayo: ngeke sizenze umthetho ojwayelekile, sizinikeza njengomfanekiso wokuhleleka kwamanani.

Imiphumela esebenzayo yesisekelo esiphezulu se-polyphenol:

- **Ubumunyu nobukhulu be-infusion.** Ukuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-polyphenol kunikeza ukubona okucacile, ukubaba, kanye nalokho okubizwa ngegama le-puer ngokuthi “amandla” e-infusion. I-生茶 esencane evela emahlamvini amakhulu ngokuvamile inzima ngempela ekunambithekeni.
- **Isitoreji sokuguqulwa.** Ama-polyphenol ayi-substrate yokuguqulwa kwe-oxidative kanye ne-microbial. Uma kunokuningi kwempahla yokuqala, ukuguga okuhamba kancane kuqhubeka isikhathi eside futhi kunengqondo. Kungakho isisekelo se-puer siyi 云南大叶种 晒青毛茶 (*Yúnnán dàyèzhǒng shàiqīng máochá*), impahla yamahlamvu amakhulu yokomiswa elangeni: indinganiso yokuvikela indawo 普洱茶, GB/T 22111-2008, ixhumanisa ngqo umkhiqizo nempahla yamahlamvu amakhulu yaseYunnan kanye nesifunda sase 云南, kanti nge 晒青茶 ibeka umngcele ophansi wokuqukethwe kwama-polyphenol 茶多酚 ≥ 28,0 %. Okusho ukuthi isidingo “sama-polyphenol amaningi” lapha akusona isingathekiso, kodwa kuyindinganiso yezinombolo embhalweni wendinganiso.
- **Ukufaneleka kwetiye elibomvu.** Leso sisekelo esifanayo esiphezulu se-polyphenol ekukhanyeni okuphelele sinikeza itiye elibomvu eligcwele, elimnandi nelinoshukela — kusuka lapho 滇红 kuleso sisekelo esifanayo sempahla.
- **Ukumelana ne 渥堆 (*wòduī*).** Ukuvutshelwa nge-microbial okusheshayo, okwakhiwe ngawo i-熟茶 (yavela ngeminyaka yawo-1970), kudinga impahla ezomelana nokufakwa esithekini isikhathi eside, ingaguguli ibe wuthuli futhi ingalahlekelwa umzimba. Ikhasi elikhulu eliminyene lifaneleka kangcono kunaleli elincane elincane.

Izinhlobo zamahlamvu amancane (var. *sinensis*) ngokuvamile zinesilinganiso esihlukile sama-polyphenol nama-amino acid, kuhlanganisa ne 茶氨酸 (*chá'ānsuān*, theanine), ngokuvuna ama-amino acid. Imiphumela:

- **Ukusha nobumnene obumnandi** esikhundleni sobumunyu obunamandla — yilokho okwakhiwe ngakho amatiye aluhlaza asempumalanga yeChina: ukusebenza okuncane nge-flush yokuqala, ukulungiswa ngokucophelela, iphrofayili eyaziwayo “emisha”.
- **Ukumelana nesithwathwa nokufaneleka ezindaweni ezisenyakatho.** Izihlahlana zamahlamvu amancane ziyamelana nobusika, lapho izihlahla ezinkulu zetropiki zamahlamvu amakhulu zingeke ziphile. Indawo ikakhulukazi iphinda lo mehluko: izinhlobo ezinkulu eziyizihlahla — eningizimu naseningizimu-ntshonalanga, izihlahlana zamahlamvu amancane — empumalanga, enkabeni nasenyakatho yendawo yetiye.
- **Umsebenzi wokusonta.** Iqabunga elincane lilungele izinhlobo eziminyene — amabhola aqinile, izinaliti, izinhlobo eziyizicaba ezicindezelwe. Iqabunga elikhulu elinomthambo omahhadlahhadla alifaneleki kahle izinhlobo ezinjalo, futhi ubuchwepheshe be-puer buhamba ngomunye umzila: iqabunga elibanzi, ukusonta okukhululekile, ukoma elangeni, ukucindezela.

Kubalulekile ukuthi lokhu kuyizixhumanisi, hhayi imithetho. Kungenziwa itiye eluhlaza ngempahla yamahlamvu amakhulu yaseYunnan, futhi amatiye anjalo akhona; kungenziwa itiye elibomvu ngesihlahla samahlamvu amancane — lowo ngumndeni omkhulu wamatiye abomvu aseFujian naseAnhui. Izimbazo zeqabunga nesimo sesitshalo zinikeza ukuthambekela, hhayi ukuvimbela.

## Ukusebenzisana nembazo yeminyaka nokulinywa

Ku-puer amafomula wesimo neqabunga cishe njalo afundwa kanye nembazo yesithathu, ezimele kuyo — 树龄 (*shùlíng*) kanye nohlobo lokulima. Ekuhlukaniseni kwethu kwangaphakathi le mbazo ibukeka kanje:

- **古树茶** (*gǔshùchá*) — izihlahla ezineminyaka eyikhulu noma ngaphezulu, izingadi ezindala; 乔木, isistimu yezimpande ejulile; isigaba esiphezulu.
- **大树茶** (*dàshùchá*) — izihlahla ezivuthiwe, ezincane kune 古树.
- **小树茶** (*xiǎoshùchá*) — izitshalo ezintsha, kuhlanganise nezembewu kanye nezakudala zofuzo.
- **台地茶** — izihlahlana eziphansi zokutshalwa ngemigqa emincane; impahla eningi, isisekelo se-熟普 kanye ne-生 engabizi.

Kuhlanganiswe nohlobo lwemvelaphi: 野生型 (*yěshēngxíng*) — izinhlobo ezikhula endle (ezinye zazo zibabayo noma azifanele ukuphuzwa), 过渡型 (*guòdùxíng*) — eziphakathi kwezasendle nezilinywayo, 栽培型 (*zāipéixíng*) — izitshalo ezilinywayo. Kanye nezindlela zokubumba umqhele nokukhetha: 单株 (*dānzhū*) — impahla evela esihlahleni esisodwa, 藤条茶 (*téngtiáochá*) — ukubunjwa komqhele okukhethekile “okomvini”.

Qaphela ukuthi lapho kuhlukana khona. 台地茶 ne 古树茶 zingaba yiqembu elifanayo lamahlamvu amakhulu eziyizihlahla ngokwefomula yezitshalo — zihluka ngeminyaka, ukuminyana kokutshala, ubuchwepheshe bezolimo kanye nendlela yokunquma. Okusho ukuthi 乔木型 akunikezi isiqiniseko sesihlahla esidala, noma umqhele okhululekile. Futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi: 古树 ngokwencazelo ingeyesimo sesihlahla, kodwa akulandeli kulelo qiniso ukuthi iqabunga laso likhulu kunaleli lowakhelwane wensimu, — e 倚邦 lingaba lincane.

Lokhu kuhlukana kungumthombo oyinhloko womsindo wokukhangisa. Igama elithi “乔木” ephepheni lokupakisha letiye elicindezelwe elingabizi ngokusemthethweni lingaba yiqiniso (uhlobo lwesihlahla), kanti impahla iyiplandi enqunyiwe. Igama le-botanical lapha alisebenzi njengesiqinisekiso sekhwalithi, kodwa njengenkomba yeqembu lezitshalo.

## Indlela yokufunda la malebula kupasipoti yetiye

Lokho okushiwo yifomula yezitshalo:

- **Iqembu le-botanical lezitshalo.** 乔木型大叶类 likhomba kufuzo lwaseYunnan noma olusondele kulo; 灌木型中叶类 — kunalokho emjikelezweni wezitshalo wasempumalanga noma waseNingizimu Fujian.
- **Ukuthambekela kobuchwepheshe.** Impahla yamahlamvu amakhulu eyisihlahla kulindeleke ukuthi ihlotshaniswe ne 晒青 nokucindezela noma netiye elibomvu; izihlahlana zamahlamvu amancane naphakathi — namatiye aluhlaza nama-wulong.
- **Okulindelwe ngesakhiwo se-infusion.** Iqabunga elikhulu — ubumunyu obucacile nomzimba; elincane — isakhiwo esilula, esisha. Njengenkomba, hhayi isibikezelo.

Lokho okungashiwongo yifomula:

- **Iminyaka yezitshalo.** Akukho 乔木 noma 大叶种 okuqukethe ulwazi nge 树龄.
- **Uhlobo lokulima.** Isimo sasendle, esiphakathi noma esilinywayo — yisixhumanisi esihlukile.
- **Ubuchwepheshe bezolimo kanye nesivuno.** Ukunquma, ukuvundisa, ukuminyana kokutshala, ukuvuna ngesandla noma ngomshini — akuzange kuboniswe.
- **Ukuphakama, ukuvezwa, umhlabathi, isigodi esithile.** Iqembu lezitshalo alithathi indawo ye 产区.
- **Isikhathi sonyaka kanye nezinga lokuvuna.** Intwasahlobo noma ikwindla, iqumbe elilodwa namahlamvu amabili noma iqabunga eliqinile — ngaphandle kwale mbazo.
- **Ukucubungula.** Ifomula efanayo yezitshalo inikeza amatiye ahluke ngokuphelele kuye ngokuthi kwenziweni ngeqabunga.
- **Ikhwalithi.** Akukho neyodwa yezixhumanisi eziyisithupha ezimbazeni ezimbili okuyisilinganiso.

Indlela esebenzayo yokufunda: ukubona 乔木型大叶类 njengekheli encwadini yofuzo, hhayi njengombono ngetiye. Ngemva kwalokho kufanele kubuzwe ngeminyaka, isifunda, isikhathi sonyaka nobuchwepheshe — okungukuthi ngalezo zimbazo ezingafakwanga yifomula.

## Kungani lezi zimbazo zahluka olimini lwansuku zonke

Ekuqaleni ukuhlukaniswa ngesimo sesitshalo nangeqembu lamaqabunga kuyithuluzi labathuthukisi bezitshalo nabezolimo: liyadingeka ukuze kuchazwe izinhlobo zezitshalo, kuhlelwe ukutshalwa, kukhethwe izindlela zokunquma, kubalwe ukumelana nesithwathwa futhi kubikezelwe ukufaneleka kobuchwepheshe. Kulesi simo zombili izimbazo azibandlululi: “isihlahla samahlamvu amancane” asikubi futhi asingcono “kunesihlahla samahlamvu amakhulu”, kuyizitshalo ezahlukene zemisebenzi ehlukene.

Olimini lwetiye lwansuku zonke kwenzeke ukushintsha. Njengoba 乔木 esimweni saseYunnan kuvame ukuhambisana ne 古树, igama elithi “isihlahla” selibe yisinye esingokomzwelo samagama athi “esidala”, “esendle”, “esiyivelakancane”, kanti “isihlahla” — yisinye samagama athi “iplandi”, “iningi”, “elingabizi”. Ngemva kokushintsha okunjalo amagama ayeke ukusebenza njengamagama: aqala ukuthembisa lokho angakusho. Ukubuyela encazelweni yokuqala akusikona ukukhathalela imininingwane, kodwa kuyindlela yokubuza itiye imibuzo efanele.

## Lokhu okungashiwongo yilesi sihloko

Imingcele yolwazi lapha isondelene kakhulu, futhi kuwusizo ukuyichaza ngqo.

- **Amanani aphansi wamaqembu amaqabunga awanikezwanga lapha.** Ukubalwa kwendawo eqinisekile yekhasi ngobude, ububanzi kanye ne-coefficient kuyasetshenziswa, kodwa amanani aphansi aqondile emithonjeni ehlukene abhalwa ngendlela ehlukile, futhi asinikezi izinombolo ebesingaziphendulela njengeziwukuphela.
- **Izinombolo ze-biochemical ezinikeziwe ziyizihloko ezithile, hhayi izifinyezo.** Izilinganiso zezitshalo esinazo (凤庆大叶种 cishe 30 % ama-polyphenol, 勐库大叶种 cishe 34 % uma kuqhathaniswa no 22–25 % enanini labantu abancane be var. *sinensis*), kodwa lezi idatha evela emithonjeni ehlukene enezindlela ezahlukene, hhayi isampula eqhathanisekayo. Ukujwayelekisa kokuthi “izinhlobo zamahlamvu amakhulu ngokuvamile zicebe kakhulu ngama-polyphenol, izinhlobo zamahlamvu amancane zicebe kakhulu ngama-amino acid” kusekelwe ezincwadini, hhayi kulezi zinombolo ezintathu; asikwenzi umthetho onamaphesenti aqondile.
- **Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-botanical kwe-var. *assamica* / var. *sinensis* akusona umngcele oqinile we-binary.** Kunezinhlobo eziphakathi, kuhlanganise ne 过渡型 ngomqondo waseYunnan. Ukuthi mangaki amayunithi e-taxonomic okufanele ahlukaniswe ngaphakathi kwe *Camellia sinensis* — umbuzo ongenawo umbono owodwa owamukelwa yibo bonke.
- **Asisho ukuthi usayizi weqabunga ubikezela ukunambitheka kwetiye elithile.** Ubudlelwano buxhumaniswe ngobuchwepheshe, isifunda, isikhathi sonyaka kanye nezinga lokuvuna. Izibonelo eziphikisayo zikhona kulelo nalelo phuzu.
- **Ngezinhlobo zamahlamvu amancane 倚邦 ne 曼松 sisho kuphela ukuthi zikhona futhi zichazwa njengezihlahla ezineqabunga elincane noma eliphakathi.** Imvelaphi yazo, ukuhlonzwa kwazo okuqondile kwezitshalo, ingxenye yazo ekuvuneni kanye nomehluko we-biochemical ngokwezinombolo nabomakhelwane bamahlamvu amakhulu — ngaphandle kwesisekelo sethu esiqinisekiswayo.
- **Asazi indinganiso elawula ukusetshenziswa kwamagama 乔木 no 灌木 ekubhalweni kwetiye eliqediwe.** GB/T 22111-2008 ixhumanisa i 普洱茶 ne 云南大叶种 晒青毛茶 kanye nesifunda sase 云南 (izifunda eziyi-11 namadolobha asezingeni lesifundazwe endaweni yokuvikela indawo), kodwa leyo yindinganiso yomkhiqizo, hhayi eyezinkulumo zokukhangisa ngesimo sesitshalo. Uma kukhona indinganiso enjalo ehlukile, asinayo inombolo yayo, futhi ngeke siyisungule.
- **Indawo yokuhlukaniswa kwe-生茶 isalokhu ingumbandela wengxoxo.** I-puer iyitiye elivutshelwe ngemva, le-botanical nobuchwepheshe lihlobene nomndeni we 黑茶, kodwa liholwa yindinganiso ehlukile GB/T 22111 futhi alikaphansi kwe GB/T 32719. Ku GB/T 30766-2014 ngokwayo akukho “普洱” nhlobo: esigabeni 4.6 isigaba se 黑茶 sihlukaniswa ngezifunda — 湖南黑茶, 四川黑茶, 湖北黑茶, 广西黑茶, 云南黑茶, 其他黑茶, futhi ukubhekisela kule ndinganiso njengomthombo wokuthi i-puer ibekwe ku 黑茶 akunakwenzeka. I-生茶 kanti ngobuchwepheshe iyimpahla ecindezelwe ye 晒青 futhi ayiyona i 黑茶 eqinile, yize ihlelwa emndenini we 普洱. Lokhu kuyimpikiswano yokuhlukanisa, hhayi nge-botany, kodwa kuthonya indlela okufundwa ngayo izincazelo zempahla.
- **Asisho ukuthi 乔木 noma 古树 ngokuzenzakalelayo kusho itiye elingcono.** Imbazo yeminyaka yesihlahla iyimbazo yangempela yentengo ku-puer, okuqoshwe futhi ezintweni zethu, kodwa intengo nokuhlolwa kokunambitheka akufani, futhi ubudlelwano be-causal phakathi kweminyaka yesitshalo nekhwalithi ye-infusion ngokujwayelekile asibuhlolanga.
- **Izimo ezithile ze-phenotype kanye nezitshalo, njenge 紫娟 ne 紫芽** (iqabunga elinsomi, ama-anthocyanin) **noma i 芽苞**, azihlangani kahle kulolu hlelo lwezimbazo ezimbili: zichazwa ngezinye izici. Ubudlelwano bazo namaqembu amaqabunga asibuhlaziyi lapha.

## Isikhumbuzo esifushane

- 乔木 / 小乔木 / 灌木 — kumayelana nesimo sesitshalo. 大叶种 / 中叶种 / 小叶种 — kumayelana nosayizi weqabunga elivuthiwe. Izimbazo zizimele.
- Incazelo ephelele yezitshalo iwukuhlanganiswa kwezixhumanisi ezimbili: 乔木型大叶类, 灌木型中叶类 njalonjalo.
- Uhlobo lwesihlahla olunqunywe lwaba isihlahla luhlala luyi 乔木型: uhlobo lunqunywa yizitshalo, hhayi isikele.
- Iqabunga elikhulu — ama-polyphenol amaningi, kusuka lapho ubumunyu, umzimba kanye nesitoreji sokuguga kancane; kusuka lapho futhi i-puer ne 滇红 empahleni yamahlamvu amakhulu yaseYunnan. Ukuhleleka kwamanani: cishe 30–34 % ama-polyphenol ezinhlotsheni zamahlamvu amakhulu zaseYunnan uma kuqhathaniswa no 22–25 % enanini labantu abancane — ngenothi lokuthi lezi izilinganiso ezahlukene.
- Iqabunga elincane — isilinganiso esihlukile nama-amino acid, ukusha, ukumelana nesithwathwa, ukulunga kokusonta okuminyene; kusuka lapho amatiye aluhlaza asempumalanga nama-wulong amaningi.
- Okuhlukile kuyabikezelwa: izinhlobo zamahlamvu amancane eziyizihlahla ezintabeni ze-puer ezaziwayo zikhona, futhi azenzi itiye “lingalungile”.
- Kupasipoti yetiye la malebula ayikheli lezitshalo. Iminyaka, isifunda, isikhathi sonyaka, ubuchwepheshe bezolimo nokucubungula kuhamba emigqeni ehlukile nasemibuzweni ehlukile.