---
title: "Pǔ'ěrchá"
url: https://thetea.app/zu/article/pu-ercha
lang: zu
updated: 2026-04-08
source: THE TEA — encyclopedia of Chinese tea (https://thetea.app)
---
# Pǔ'ěrchá (普洱茶)

I-Pǔ'ěrchá ingelinye lamatiye adumile futhi ayisipesheli eShayina, elikhiqizwa ngokukhethekile esifundazweni i-Yunnan kusetshenziswa impahla yamaqabunga amakhulu e-*Camellia sinensis* var. *assamica*. Ngokwamazinga kazwelonke i-GB/T 22111-2008, i-pǔ'ěrchá yitiye elenziwe ngohlobo lwe-Yunnan lwamaqabunga amakhulu, i-shàiqīng máochá ([晒青](https://thetea.app/zu/article/shai-qing)毛茶, shàiqīng máochá — 'itiye eliluhlaza olomiswa ngomswane'), ngaphakathi kwendawo evikelwe yesiqinisekiso sendawo, kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obuthile bokucubungula, obunezimfanelo eziyingqayizivele. Ihlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili: i-shēng pu'er (生茶, shēngchá — 'itiye eliluhlaza') kanye ne-shú pu'er (熟茶, shúchá — 'itiye elivuthiwe').

**1. Ukuhlukaniswa Nokudabuka:**

* **Uhlobo:** Itiye elivuthwa ngemuva (post-fermented). Ngokusemthethweni lingaphansi kwesigaba se-hēichá (黑茶, hēichá — 'itiye elimnyama'), kodwa emasikweni esimanje etiye nasekuhwebeni i-pǔ'ěrchá **ihlukaniswa ibe yisigaba esizimele** — ngoba umehluko wayo ubaluleke kakhulu ngokuphathelene nempahla, ubuchwepheshe, indawo kanye namandla okuvuthwa isikhathi eside. I-shēng pu'er iyavuthwa kancane ngokwemvelo ngesikhathi igcinwe; i-shú pu'er idlula ekuvuthweni okusheshisayo kwe-microbiology ngenqubo ye-wò duī ([渥堆](https://thetea.app/zu/article/wodui), wò duī — 'ukufukulwa okumanzi').
* **Isigaba:** Amatiye adumile aseShayina. Umkhiqizo onesiqinisekiso sendawo evikelwe (地理标志产品, dìlǐ biāozhì chǎnpǐn). Iyona kuphela itiye emhlabeni, ngokwamazinga kazwelonke, elihlukaniswa ngezinhlobo 'eziluhlaza' 'nezivuthiwe'.
* **Imvelaphi:** IShayina, isifundazwe i-Yunnan (云南, Yúnnán). Ngokwe-GB/T 22111-2008, indawo evikelwe yesiqinisekiso sendawo ihlanganisa sonke isifundazwe i-Yunnan, kodwa umongo wokukhiqiza ugxile emgwaqeni ophakathi noma ophansi woMfula i-Lancang (澜沧江, Láncāng Jiāng — ingxenye ephezulu ye-Mekong) ezifundeni ezine eziyinhloko:
	* **Xishuangbanna (西双版纳, Xīshuāngbǎnnà):** Inhliziyo yomlando ye-pu'er. Lapha kukhona 'Izintaba Eziyisithupha Zetiye Ezinkulu' (六大茶山, Liù Dà Chá Shān). Isifunda sase-Menghai ([勐海](https://thetea.app/zu/article/meng-hai), Měnghǎi) siyisikhungo sokukhiqiza i-shú pu'er 'enambitheka yaseMenghai' eyingqayizivele.
	* **Lincang ([临沧](https://thetea.app/zu/article/lincang), Líncāng):** Idume ngezihlahla zetiye zakudala. Izintaba ezidumile: i-Bingdao ([冰岛](https://thetea.app/zu/article/bing-dao), Bīngdǎo) enambitheka kakhulu ubumnandi, ne-Mengku (勐库, Měngkù) enomzimba onamandla. Kanti futhi lapha kukhona isifunda sase-Fengqing (凤庆, Fèngqìng) — lapho kudalwa khona itiye i-[diānhóng](https://thetea.app/zu/article/dianhong).
	* **Pu'er (普洱, Pǔ'ěr) / owake wabizwa ngeSimao (思茅, Sīmáo):** Isikhungo somlando sokuhweba, esanikeza igama kulo lonke uhlobo lwetiye. Lapha kukhona intaba edumile yase-Jingmai (景迈, Jǐngmài) enezingadi zetiye ezineminyaka eyizinkulungwane.
	* **Baoshan (保山, Bǎoshān):** Isifunda esisentshonalanga, esidume ngezihlahla zetiye esigodini soMfula i-Nujiang (怒江, Nùjiāng).
* **Izixhumanisi zendawo:** Isifundazwe i-Yunnan siphakathi kuka-21° no-29° womngcele ongasenyakatho no-97° no-106° womngcele osempumalanga. Izindawo ezinkulu zetiye zihlanganiswe engxenyeni eseningizimu naseningizimu-ntshonalanga yesifundazwe, phakathi kuka-21° no-25° womngcele ongasenyakatho.

**2. Umlando Nobaluleko Lwamasiko:**

* **Umlando:** I-Pǔ'ěrchá inomlando omude futhi ocebile kunazo zonke izinhlobo zetiye emhlabeni.
	* **Isikhathi sakudala kakhulu (iminyaka engaphezulu kwe-3000 edlule):** Ngokwe-*Huayang Guozhi* (《华阳国志》, Huáyáng Guózhì) yomlobi-mlando u-Chang Qu (常璩, Cháng Qú), ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kuka-Wǔ Wáng (武王, Wǔ Wáng) ku-Zhou (cishe ngo-1066 BCE), abantu bakwa-Pu (濮人, Pú rén) — amadlozi ama-Bulang anamuhla (布朗族) — babeletshela itiye njengemnikelo. Ama-Pu yiwona okukholelwa ukuthi ayengabantu bokuqala ukutshala izihlahla zetiye e-Yunnan. Esigodini sase-Bangwei ([邦崴](https://thetea.app/zu/article/bangwai), Bāngwēi) nanamuhla kusekhona 'isihlahla setiye sakudala esishintshashintshayo' — ubufakazi obuphilayo bokufuywa kwetiye ngabantu bakwa-Pu.
	* **Inkathi ye-Tang (唐朝, 618–907):** Ngo-863, u-Fan Chuo (樊绰, Fán Chuò) wabhala encwadini i-*Manshu* (《蛮书》, Mán Shū): "Itiye livela ezintabeni ezingasemingceleni yodolobha i-Yinsheng" (茶出银生城界诸山, chá chū Yínshēng chéng jiè zhū shān). Idolobha lasendulo i-Yinsheng lalisendaweni yesigodi sase-Jingdong sanamuhla (景东, Jǐngdōng). Ama-Mengshe man (蒙舍蛮) ayepheka itiye enezela upelepele, ijinja nesinamoni. Kule nkathi kwaqala ukwakheka imizila yokuhweba — eyandulela i-Chamagudao (茶马古道, Chámǎ Gǔdào — 'Umkhondo Wasemandulo Wetiyé Namahhashi').
	* **Inkathi ye-Song (宋朝, 960–1279):** I-pǔ'ěrchá yaba yimpahla ebaluleke kakhulu ohlelweni lwe-chámǎ hùshì (茶马互市, chámǎ hùshì — 'ukuhwebelana ngamahhashi netiye'). Umbuso wakwa-Dali (大理国) wathuma izithunywa e-Guangxi ukuyohweba ngamatiye nebutho le-Song. Umbhali weSong u-Wang Yuxi (王禹偁) wayidumisa ngezinkondlo: "Linuka kamnandi kunezigodi eziyisishiyagalolunye zama-orchid anuka kamnandi, liyindilinga njengenyanga ekhanyayo yekwindla" (香於九畹芳兰气，圆如三秋皓月轮).
	* **Inkathi ye-Yuan (元朝, 1206–1368):** U-Li Jing (李京) encwadini yakhe *Yunnan Zhilüe* (《云南志略》) wabika: emakethe, ezaziba njalo ezinsukwini ezinhlanu, itiye lalihamba phambili nokuhwebelana okunye okufana nezingubo, uboya kanye nosawoti.
	* **Inkathi ye-Ming (明朝, 1368–1644):** Ngokomlando, kwavela okokuqala igama elithi 'pǔchá' (普茶). U-Xie Zhaozhe (谢肇淛, Xiè Zhàozhì) wabhala encwadini *Dian Lüe* (《滇略》, Diān Lüè): "Bonke — kusukela kubantu abafundile kuya kubantu abajwayelekile — baphuza i-puchá" (士庶所用，皆普茶也). Ngenkathi ye-Ming kwaqala ukulawulwa kukahulumeni ukuhweba ngamatiye e-Pu'er.
	* **Inkathi ye-Qing (清朝, 1644–1912) — inkathi yegolide ye-pu'er:**
		* **1714:** UZhang Lücheng (章履成) encwadini *Yuanjiang Fu Zhi* (《元江府志》) wabhala okokuqala igama elithi 'pǔ'ěrchá' (普洱茶): "I-pǔ'ěrchá ivela entabeni i-Pu'er, izimfanelo zayo zifudumele, iphunga layo linuka kamnandi, yehlukile kwamanye amatiye."
		* **1716:** Ubufakazi bokuqala obuqoshiwe bokulethwa kwe-pu'er esigodlweni sombusi — umcimbi wama-80 kaKangxi (康熙).
		* **1729:** UYongzheng (雍正) wasungula i-Pu'er Prefecture (普洱府, Pǔ'ěr Fǔ), kwathi uMbusi-Jikelele waseYunnan naseGuizhou, u-Er'etai (鄂尔泰), wenza inqubomgomo ye-'gǎitǔ guīliú' (改土归流 — ukufaka izikhulu zombuso esikhundleni sezikhulu zomdabu). E-Youle (攸乐) kwamiswa ibutho lamasosha angama-500 ukuqapha izintaba zetiye.
		* **1744:** I-pǔ'ěrchá yafakwa ngokusemthethweni ohlwini lweminikelo yasesigodlweni (贡茶, gòngchá). Umnikelo waminyaka yonke wawungu-66,000 wamacilogramu.
		* U-Tan Cui (檀萃) encwadini *Dianhai Yuheng Zhi* (《滇海虞衡志》) uchaze ukuchuma: "I-pǔ'ěrchá idume ezweni lonke... Izintaba eziyisithupha zetiye zihamba amakhilomitha angu-800, izinkulungwane eziyikhulu zabasebenzi betiye bangena ezintabeni... unyaka nonyaka kukhiqizwa amacilogramu ayizigidi." UDaoguang (道光) wanikeza itiye ibizo elithi 'míng zhōng zhī ruì pǐn' (茗中之瑞品 — 'igugu phakathi kwamatiye').
	* **Inkathi yanamuhla:**
		* **1958:** Ifemu yetiye yase-Xiaguan (下关茶厂) ngokuhlolwa yathuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bokuvuthwa okusheshisayo ngomhwamuko kwe-jǐnchá (紧茶 — itiye elicindezelwe), okwaba yisandulelo se-shú pu'er yesimanje.
		* **1973:** Inkampani yetiye yase-Yunnan (云南省茶叶公司) yathumela ithimba lochwepheshe abayisikhombisa — okuhlanganisa u-Wu Qiying (吴启英, Wú Qǐyīng) wefemu yetiye yase-Kunming no-Zou Bingliang (邹炳良, Zōu Bǐngliáng) wefemu yetiye yase-Menghai — e-Guangzhou ukuyofunda ubuchwepheshe bokuvuthwa okusheshisayo. Ngemva kokulungisa indlela yase-Guangzhou ukuze ihambisane nesimo sezulu sase-Kunming esisezintabeni, ngo-1974 u-Wu Qiying wasungula ubuchwepheshe 'bokufukula okumanzi ngamanzi abandayo' (普洱茶湿水渥堆技术), okwafinyeza ukuvuthwa okuyimvelo kusukela emashumini eminyaka kuya ezinsukwini ezingama-45.
		* **1975:** Amafemu amathathu — e-Kunming, e-Menghai nase-Xiaguan — aqeda ukucubungula izindlela zawo zobuchwepheshe. Kwavela izimpawu zokuqala eziyizinganekwane: 7581 (isitini sefemu yase-Kunming), 7572 no-7452 (ama-pancake efemu yase-Menghai), 7663 (i-tuocha yefemu yase-Xiaguan — 'i-Tuo yaseFrance').
		* **2004–2007:** 'Ukuqhuma kwe-pu'er' ezweni lonke (普洱茶热, Pǔ'ěrchá rè). Amanani e-pu'er evuthiwe nasezintabeni anyuka ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngo-2007, igama elithi 'pǔ'ěrchá' laba phakathi kwamagama amathathu asetshenziswa kakhulu eChina (kanye nelithi 'amasheya' nelithi 'izigqila zokuboleka imali yezindlu').
		* **2008:** Kwaqala ukusebenza izinga likazwelonke i-GB/T 22111-2008 'Umkhiqizo Wesiqinisekiso Sendawo — I-Pǔ'ěrchá', eliqinisekisa incazelo, ukuhlukaniswa, izimfuno zekhwalithi kanye nendawo evikelwe.

* **Igama:**
	* 'Pǔ' (普) + 'Ěr' (洱) — igama lendawo. Leligama lisuselwa edolobheni elithi Pu'er (namuhla idolobha elingaphansi kukamasipala i-Pu'er), okwathi kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18 laliyisikhungo esikhulu sokuhweba sokuqoqa, ukucubungula nokuthumela amatiye ase-Yunnan. Idolobha akulona umkhiqizi omkhulu, kodwa kwakungedlula kulo amakharavani, futhi igama lokuhweba labambelela etiyeni.
	* 'Chá' (茶) — itiye.

* **Ubaluleko lwamasiko:** I-Pǔ'ěrchá inendawo eyingqayizivele emasikweni omhlaba etiye. **Iwukuphela kwetiye okufanele ngokomthetho libe ngcono ngokuhamba kwesikhathi** — umqondo 'yuè chén yuè xiāng' (越陈越香, yuè chén yuè xiāng — 'okuguga kunuka kamnandi'). Lokhu kwenza i-pu'er ibe yinto yokuqoqwa nokutshalwa kwezimali, njengewayini. IChamagudao — omunye wemigwaqo emikhulu kakhulu emlandweni yokuhweba, ngokuvama nangokubaluleka eduze komgwaqo weSilika (Silk Road) — yadalelwa ngokuyinhloko ukuthutha i-pǔ'ěrchá iye eTibet, empumalanga-ntshonalanga ye-Asia nangaphambili. Imizila emihlanu eyinhloko yayisuka ngemisebe e-Pu'er: enyakatho iye eTibet nge-Dali ne-Lijiang, eningizimu iye eMyanmar naseLaos, empumalanga iye e-Guangzhou naseBeijing. Ngo-2013, izindawo eziyi-11 zeChamagudao zaqashelwa njengezikhumbuzo zikazwelonke. Kumaqembu e-Yunnan — ama-Bulang, ama-Dai, ama-Jinuozhu, ama-Hani — i-pǔ'ěrchá ayisiso nje isiphuzo, kodwa iyingxenye yobunikazi, isiko kanye nesakhiwo somnotho.

**3. Ichazelo Ngezitshalo Nempahla Esetshenziswayo:**

* **Uhlobo lwembewu:** Ukukhiqizwa kwe-pǔ'ěrchá kusetshenziswa kuphela **uhlobo lwe-Yunnan lwamaqabunga amakhulu, i-Yúnnán Dàyèzhǒng (云南大叶种, Yúnnán Dàyèzhǒng)**, olungaphansi kohlobo lwe-*Camellia sinensis* var. *assamica*. Izinga le-GB/T 22111-2008 libeka ngqo ukuthi impahla esetshenziswayo kumele ibe ivela endaweni evikelwe. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zokutshala:
	* **Měnghǎi Dàyèzhǒng (勐海大叶种):** Icecana leqabunga libanzi, li-oval; iphunga liphakeme, ukunambitheka kunamandla, kuyababa. Ama-polyphenols ~32.8%, i-caffeine ~4.1%.
	* **Fèngqìng Dàyèzhǒng (凤庆大叶种):** Amacembe makhulu, anenyama; ukunambitheka kuhlanganisiwe nokuhlehlela okude kobumnandi (huí gān). Ama-amino acid ~2.9% — aphezulu kunezinye izinhlobo.
	* **Měngkù Dàyèzhǒng (勐库大叶种):** Ama-polyphenols afinyelela ku-33.8%, ama-catechins ~182 mg/g. Kunikeza ukunambitheka okugcwele kakhulu, 'okuphumelelayo'.
* **Iminyaka yezihlahla:** Isici esibalulekile sekhwalithi nentengo. Kwehlukaniswa:
	* **Táidì chá (台地茶, táidì chá):** Izihlahla zasemasimini, iminyaka efinyelela kwengama-30-40. Isivuno siphezulu, kodwa ukunambitheka kulula.
	* **Dà Shù Chá ([大树茶](https://thetea.app/zu/article/da-shu-cha), Dà Shù Chá):** 'Izihlahla ezinkulu', iminyaka engama-50-100. Ukunambitheka okujulile, okugqamisa 'umoya wezintaba zasendle' (shānyě qìxī).
	* **Gǔ Shù Chá ([古树茶](https://thetea.app/zu/article/gu-shu-cha), Gǔ Shù Chá):** 'Izihlahla zakudala', iminyaka eyikhulu nangaphezulu, ezinye zifinyelela kuma-800-1000. Izimpande ezijulile zinikeza ukudla okunamandla kwemaminerali, okuqukethe amapectin aphezulu. Lena mpahla eyigugu kakhulu futhi ebiza kakhulu.
* **Ukuvuna:** Kusukela entwasahlobo kuya ekwindla. Inani eliphakeme kakhulu linokuvunwa kwasentwasahlobo ngaphambi kwe-Qingming (清明, ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli) — 'míng qián chá' (明前茶). Itiye lasentwasahlobo licebe kakhulu ngama-amino acid namafutha abalulekile. Ukuvunwa kwekwindla kubizwa nge-gǔ huā (谷花 — 'imbali yezinhlamvu'), kulula futhi kunuka kakhudlwana.
* **Izinga lokuvuna:** Kusukela 'ehlumeleni + iqabunga elilodwa' (ezinhlotsheni eziphakeme ezifana ne-gōngtíng) kuya 'ehlumeleni + amaqabunga ama-3-4' (empahleni evamile). E-shú pu'er kuvame ukusetshenziswa impahla evuthiwe kakhudlwana.
* **Izimfuno zempahla:** Amaqabunga anempilo, angalimele, angenazimpawu zokugula. Amaqabunga avuniwe akumele agcinwe isikhathi esingaphezu kwamahora ama-4-6 ngaphambi kokuqala ukucubungula.

**4. Indawo Nezici Zokutshala:**

* **Isifundazwe i-Yunnan** sisempumalanga-ntshonalanga yeChina, eYunnan-Guizhou Plateau. Lesi yisifunda esinokuhlukahluka okukhethekile kwezinto eziphilayo: lapha kuhlala izihlahla zetiye zasendle ezineminyaka engaphezu kweyi-1000, okuqinisekisa isimo sase-Yunnan njengendawo okwavela kuyo isihlahla setiye (*Camellia sinensis*).
* **Ubude obukhulayo:** amamitha ayi-1000–2100 ngaphezu kolwandle. Amatiye asezintabeni eziphakeme (ngaphezu kuka-1600 m) abaluleke kakhulu ngokunambitheka okuqinile nephunga elimnandi.
* **Isimo sezulu:** i-monsoon esezindaweni ezishisayo. Izinga lokushisa lonyaka ojwayelekile lingu-17–22°C. Imvula yonyaka ingu-1200–1800 mm. Kuvamile ukwehluka okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa phakathi nemini nobusuku (10–15°C), inkungu njalo nokuguqubala kwesibhakabhaka — izimo ezifanele ukunqwabelana kancane kokunambitheka nephunga emaqabungeni.
* **Inhlabathi:** Inhlabathi ebomvu yelaterite kanye nephuzi-bomvu (砖红壤, 红黄壤), i-pH 4–6, enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto eziphilayo (≥1%). Inhlabathi emuncu, ekhanyayo iyaceba nge-iron, i-aluminium namanye amaminerali, akha iphrofayili yamaminerali eyingqayizivele ye-pǔ'ěrchá.
* **Izintaba Eziyisithupha Zetiye Ezinkulu (古六大茶山):** Zitholakala esifundeni sase-Xishuangbanna, empumalanga ye-Mekong. Lezi izintaba zomlando ezichazwe emithonjeni ye-Qing: Youle (攸乐), Gedeng (革登), Yibang (倚邦), Mangzhi (莽枝), Manzhuan (蛮砖) kanye neMansa/Yiwu (曼撒/[易武](https://thetea.app/zu/article/yi-wu)). Kamuva kweza 'Izintaba Ezintsha Eziyisithupha' entshonalanga ye-Mekong: Nannuo (南糯), Nanqiao (南峤), Mengsong (勐宋), Jingmai (景迈), Bulangshan ([布朗山](https://thetea.app/zu/article/bu-lang-shan)) kanye neBada ([巴达](https://thetea.app/zu/article/qianjiazhai-bada)).
* **Imvelo:** Izintaba eziningi zetiye zikude nezindawo zezimboni. Izingadi zetiye zakudala (gǔ cháyuán, 古茶园) ziyizinhlelo zemvelo zemvelo, lapho izihlahla zetiye zikhula ngokubambisana nehlathi, ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nomanyolo.

**5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:**

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-pǔ'ěrchá kuyinqubo enezigaba eziningi, ehluke kakhulu phakathi kwe-shēng ne-shú pu'er. Okufanayo kuzo zombili izinhlobo yisigaba sokuqala sokwenza i-máochá (毛茶, máochá — 'itiye elingakacutshungulwa'), okungemva kwalokho izindlela ziyahlukana.

**Isigaba I: Ukwenziwa kwe-shàiqīng máochá (晒青毛茶 — 'impahla esaluhlaza eyomiswe ngomswane'):**

* **Ukuvuna (采摘 — cǎi zhāi):** Ukuvunwa ngesandla kwamaqabunga amasha.
* **Ukuwasha (摊晾 — tān liáng):** Amaqabunga amasha ayendlalwa ngobuncane ezitsheni zoqalo noma ngaphandle ukuze kususwe umswakama othile. Amaqabunga ayathamba futhi abe lula ukugotshwa. Isikhathi — kusukela emahoreni ambalwa kuya osukwini, kuye ngesimo sezulu.
* **Ukuqedwa kokuluhlaza ('ukubulawa kokuluhlaza') (杀青 — shā qīng):** Ukugazingwa epanini elikhulu emlilweni ezingeni lokushisa elingu-200–280°C ukuze kunqanyulwe amandla ee-enzyme nokumisa uku-oxidation. Ngokuhlukile etiyeni eliluhlaza, ukuqedwa kwe-pu'er **kwenziwa ngenhloso kancane futhi ngobumnene**: ingxenye ethile yamandla e-enzyme iyasala, okuqinisekisa amandla okuvuthwa okulandelayo. Lokhu kungumehluko oyinhloko we-pu'er etiyeni eliluhlaza.
* **Ukusonteka (揉捻 — róuniǎn):** Amaqabunga ayasontwa ngesandla noma ngomshini, ukuze kwephulwe izindonga zamaseli, kukhishwe ulwelo bese kunikezwa ukuma. Izinga lokusonteka liyahlukahluka.
* **Ukomiswa ngomswane (晒干 — shài gān):** Isigaba esibaluleke kakhulu esinquma ubunikazi be-pu'er. Itiye liyendlalwa emacansini oqalo lomile elangeni eliqondile. Ukomiswa ngomswane (hhayi ngomshini noma emlilweni) yikona okugcina ukusebenza okusalayo kwe-enzyme namandla e-microbiological etiye. Lesi sigaba siyimpoqo ngokwezinga le-GB/T 22111-2008 futhi sihlukanisa i-pǔ'ěrchá ne-Diān Lǜ (滇绿, Diān Lǜ — itiye eliluhlaza lase-Yunnan), elomiswa ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu eziko.
* **Ukuhlunga (分级 — fēnjí):** I-máochá iyahlungwa ngobukhulu nekhwalithi.

**Isigaba II-A: I-shēng pu'er (生茶 — 'itiye eliluhlaza'):**

* **Ukucindezela (蒸压成型 — zhēng yā chéng xíng):** I-máochá iyaphekwa ngomhwamuko bese icindezelwa ibe ngezinhlobonhlobo: i-pancake i-bǐngchá (饼茶, 357 g), isitsha i-tuóchá (沱茶, 100–250 g), isitini i-zhuānchá (砖茶, 250–1000 g), ithanga le-jīnguā (金瓜), njll.
* **Ukomiswa (干燥 — gānzào):** Itiye elicindezelwe lomiswa ezingeni lokushisa legumbi.
* **Ukuvuthwa okulandelayo kwemvelo (自然陈化 — zìrán chénhuà):** I-shēng pu'er iyavuthwa kancane ngesikhathi igcinwe. Ngaphansi kwesenzo see-enzyme ezisele kanye nama-microorganisms, ama-polyphenols ayavuthwa kancane, ukubaba nokubaba kuncipha, kuvele amanothi ezithelo ezomisiwe, okhuni, noju. Ukuze kube noshintsho olubonakalayo kudingeka okungenani iminyaka engu-5–7; amasampula angcono avuthwa iminyaka engu-15–30 nangaphezulu.

**Isigaba II-B: I-shú pu'er (熟茶 — 'itiye elivuthiwe'):**

* **Wò duī — 'ukufukula okumanzi' (渥堆 — wò duī):** I-máochá iyamanziswa (kwengezelwa u-30-40% wamanzi ngobunzima betiye), kwakhiwe isifulu esiphakeme nge-1–1.5 m nesindwa amathani amaningana, simbozwe ngendwangu. Ngaphansi kwesenzo sokufudumala, umswakama kanye nama-microorganisms (okugqamisa umkhuhlane omnyama *Aspergillus niger*, imvubelo, umkhuhlane wezimpande *Rhizopus*) kuqala ukuvuthwa okukhulu. Izinga lokushisa ngaphakathi kwesifulu lenyukela ku-50–65°C. Njalo ezinsukwini ezi-5–7 isifulu siyaphindaphindwa (翻堆, fān duī) ukuze kulinganise izinga lokushisa nomswakama. Inqubo ithatha izinsuku ezingama-45–60. Ngenxa yalokho itiye lithola umbala obomvu-bunscundu, ukunambitheka okuthambile nephunga elibizwa nge-chénxiāng (陈香 — 'iphunga lokuguga').
* **Ukomiswa nokuhlunga:** Ngemva kokuphothulwa kokuvuthwa, itiye liyendlalwa ukuze kwehliswe umswakama, bese lihlungwa.
* **Ukucindezela:** Kuyefana ne-shēng pu'er.

**6. Izici Zokuthinta Okuhlangabezana Nakho:**

Izici ze-shēng pu'er ne-shú pu'er zehluka kakhulu:

**I-shēng pu'er (encane, efinyelela eminyakeni engu-3–5):**

* **Isimo seqabunga elomileqazini:** Amaqabunga amakhulu aphelele, aluhlaza-mpunga noma aluhlaza mnyama, anoboya obumhlophe emilebeni. Ngendlela ecindezelwe — i-pancake eliminyene elinamaqabunga ahlukaniswe kahle.
* **Iphunga leqabunga elomileqazini:** Lihlanzekile, linomoya wezitshalo, inothi lezimbali zezintaba, uju, utshani.
* **Iphunga lalokhu okukhishwayo:** Lezimbali, loju, lamanothi okuluhlaza okusha kanye nentuthu encane.
* **Ukunambitheka:** Kugqamile, kubaba, kunokubaba okwembulwa ngokushesha okuphenduka i-huí gān enamandla (回甘 — ubumnandi obubuya). 'Ukuminyana' okuphezulu 'namandla okugqamisa' kokunambitheka. Umzimba — usukela emaphakathi kuya ogcwele. I-shēngjīn (生津 — 'ukuzalwa kwamathe') izwakala ngokusobala.
* **Umbala walokhu okukhishwayo:** Uphuzi-luhlaza okhanyayo, okhanyayo, ogqamile.
* **Isisekelo setiye:** Amaqabunga amakhulu, athambile, aphuzi-luhlaza, anwebekayo.

**I-shēng pu'er (evuthiwe, iminyaka eyi-10+):**

* **Iphunga lalokhu okukhishwayo:** Izithelo ezomisiwe, amantongomane, i-camphor (樟香, zhānɡ xiānɡ), okhuni, amanothi oju.
* **Ukunambitheka:** Kuthambile, kuyindilinga, kujulile, nokunambitheka okusemva okuhlala isikhathi eside. Ukubaba cishe akukho.
* **Umbala walokhu okukhishwayo:** Orenji-obomvu kuya kumbala ophuzi osawolintshi ofiphele.

**I-shú pu'er:**

* **Isimo seqabunga elomileqazini:** Umbala onsundu omnyama ufinyelela komnyama, unomkhondo obomvu emilebeni (emazingeni aphezulu afana ne-gōngtíng).
* **Iphunga leqabunga elomileqazini:** Linomhlabathi, linokhuni, linamanothi amasundu omisiwe kanye nokhuni oludala.
* **Iphunga lalokhu okukhishwayo:** I-chénxiāng (陈香 — 'iphunga lokuvuthwa'), amanothi omhlabathi, ushokoledi omnyama, amantongomane, kwesinye isikhathi iphunga elimnandi lemasundu (枣香, zǎo xiāng). Ama-shú pu'er amancane angaba 'neduìwèi' (堆味 — 'iphunga lesifulu'), elinyamalala emva kwengu-1-2 yokugcinwa.
* **Ukunambitheka:** Kuthambile, kuminyene, kushelelayo okunamafutha (醇滑, chún huá), kunobumnandi obugqamile kanye nokubaba okuncane. Umzimba — ugcwele, 'uminyene'. Ukunambitheka okusemva — kuhlala isikhathi eside, kumnandi, kunomuzwa wokufudumala.
* **Umbala walokhu okukhishwayo:** Umbala obomvu-nsundu omnyama oshubile kanye nombala oyi-ruby omnyama, 'obomvu, oshubile, okhanyayo' (红浓明亮, hóng nóng míng liàng) — isici esiyizinga ngokwezinga.
* **Isisekelo setiye:** Okubomvu-nsundu, okufanayo, okuthambile. Okubomvu okunokucwazimula okulingene kuwuphawu lwekhwalithi. Ukubomvu okunokuhlangana okufana nodaka (红泥状) kuwuphawu lokonakala.

**7. Amakhemikhali Akhona:**

Amakhemikhali e-pǔ'ěrchá ahluke kakhulu phakathi kwe-shēng ne-shú pu'er, ngenxa yomehluko kubuchwepheshe.

* **Ama-polyphenols (茶多酚):** Ku-shēng pu'er — 20–30% wobunzima obomile; ku-shú pu'er kuphansi kakhulu (ukwehla ngo-~60% ngesikhathi se-wò duī). Ku-shēng pu'er kugqamisa i-EGCG (epigallocatechin gallate) — okuqukethwe okungafinyelela ku-79 mg/g; ku-shú pu'er i-EGCG iguqulwa cishe ngokuphelele (kufinyelele ku-0.37 mg/g). Esikhundleni samacatechin, ku-shú pu'er kunqwabelana imikhiqizo yokuvuthwa kwawo.
* **Imibala yetiye:** Ibaluleke kakhulu ku-shú pu'er. I-cháhuángsù (茶黄素 — theaflavins), i-cháhóngsù (茶红素 — thearubigins) futhi ikakhulu i-cháhiēsù (茶褐素 — theabrownins): ku-shú pu'er okuqukethwe kwe-theabrownins kuphindwe ka-3.6 kunaku-shēng (~9.2% vs ~2.5%). Ngama-theabrownins akha umbala omnyama walokhu okukhishwayo nokunambitheka okuthambile kwe-shú pu'er.
* **Ama-amino acid:** Ku-shēng pu'er — 2–4%, okuhlanganisa i-L-theanine. Ngenqubo ye-wò duī okuqukethwe kuncipha ngo-~58% (ama-microorganisms asebenzisa ama-amino acid njengomthombo we-nitrogen).
* **I-caffeine (咖啡碱):** 2–4%. Okuthakazelisayo ukuthi ku-shú pu'er okuqukethwe i-caffeine kungase kube phezulu nakakhulu kunasempahleni yokuqala (kufika ku-1.23 izikhathi), ngenxa yokukhishwa kokuhlangana nama-catechin ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa.
* **I-gallic acid (没食子酸):** Yanda kakhulu ku-shú pu'er — yakheka kuma-gallates amacatechin ngokuhlanganyela kwe-enzyme ye-microbial i-tannase.
* **Izinto ezifana ne-statin:** Okukhethekile ku-shú pu'er — ubukhona be-lovastatin namanye ama-statin, akhiqizwa ama-streptomycetes ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa. Lezi zinto cishe azikho ku-shēng pu'er.
* **Ama-polysaccharides (茶多糖):** Okuqukethwe kuyanda ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa; anamandla okuvikela emangqamuzaneni kanye nokwehlisa ishukela egazini.
* **Amavithamini:** C (ikakhulu ku-shēng pu'er; uyabhujiswa ngesikhathi se-wò duī), B₁, B₂, PP (niacin).
* **Amaminerali:** Zinc, manganese, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, fluoride. Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwamaminerali kuwumphumela wezimpande ezijulile zezihlahla ezinamaqabunga amakhulu kanye nenhlabathi ye-laterite ecebile.

**8. Izinzuzo Zemplio:**

* **Ukwenza umzimba usebenzise amafutha kahle (降脂, jiàng zhī):** Lolu uphawu olufundwe kakhulu lwe-pǔ'ěrchá. Ama-theabrownins nezinto ezifana ne-statin ze-shú pu'er zivimbela ukwakheka kwama-acid amafutha futhi zisiza ukuvuthwa kwamafutha. Ucwaningo lwezokwelapha lufakazela ukwehla kwe-LDL cholesterol ngokusetshenziswa njalo.
* **Ukusiza ekugayeni ukudla (消食, xiāo shí):** I-pǔ'ěrchá ivame ukuphuzwa ngemva kokudla okunamafutha nokusindayo. I-caffeine ikhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwejusi yesisu, ama-pectin enza ngcono ukugaywa kokudla.
* **Ukuvikela emangqamazaneni:** Ama-catechin e-shēng pu'er (EGCG) anamandla amakhulu okunciphisa ama-radical. Ku-shú pu'er umsebenzi wokuvikela wenzeka ngama-theabrownins nama-polysaccharides.
* **Umthelela wokuvuselela:** I-caffeine kanye ne-L-theanine ihlinzeka amandla amnene, ahlala isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokwehla okukhulu okuvamile ngekhofi. I-shēng pu'er ivuselela kakhulu, i-shú — kancane.
* **Umthelela omuhle emikhumbini yamathumbu:** Ama-microorganisms abamba iqhaza ekuvuthweni kwe-shú pu'er akhiqiza ama-metabolites, okuthi ngokusho kocwaningo, abe nomthelela omuhle kumakhambi amathumbu.
* **Umthelela ongaba khona wokwehlisa ushukela egazini:** Ama-polysaccharides nama-theabrownins e-pǔ'ěrchá ayafundwa njengezindlela zokwehlisa ushukela egazini.
* **Umthelela wokufudumala 'nomnene' (i-shú pu'er):** Emithini yesintu yaseChina, i-shú pu'er ibhekwa njengetiye 'elifudumele' ngokwemvelo, elifanele abantu 'abanomzimba obandayo', abanezinkinga zesisu nangesikhathi esibandayo sonyaka. I-shēng pu'er, ngakolunye uhlangothi, inemvelo 'ebandayo' futhi ingase icasule isisu kungakadliwa.

**9. Ukwenziwa Kwetiye:**

* **Izinga lokushisa lamanzi:** 95–100°C (amanzi abilayo aphelele). I-pǔ'ěrchá ingelinye lamatiye ambalwa aphekwa ngamanzi abilayo. Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu liyadingeka ukuze kukhishwe amaqabunga aminyene ohlobo lwamaqabunga amakhulu.
* **Ubuningi betiye:** Amagremu ayi-7-8 nge-150 ml (uma kwenziwa ngenqubo ye-[gōngfū chá](https://thetea.app/zu/article/gongfu-cha)); amagremu ayi-3-5 nge-200 ml (ngenqubo yaseNtshonalanga).
* **Isitsha:**
	* **I-Gàiwǎn (盖碗):** Indlela ejwayelekile, evumela ukulawula isikhathi sokumisa nokuhlaziya iphunga lesembozo. Ikhethekile kwi-shēng pu'er.
	* **I-teapot yase-Yixing eyenziwe nge-zǐ shā (紫砂壶):** Ifaneleke kakhulu kwi-shú pu'er naku-shēng pu'er evuthiwe. Ubumba olunama-pores 'luyakhumbula' itiye futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kukhulisa ukujula kokunambitheka. Kunconywa i-teapot ehlukile ye-pu'er.
* **Inqubo:**
	1. Fudumeza isitsha ngamanzi abilayo.
	2. Thela itiye. Uma kuyi-pancake — yephule inani elifanele ngommese wetiye, uzame ukungayi-phuli kakhulu iqabunga.
	3. **Ukuhlanza (醒茶, xǐng chá — 'ukuvusa itiye'):** Thela amanzi abilayo bese uwathulula ngokushesha (ngemva kwemizuzwana engu-3–5). E-shú pu'er naku-shēng endala kunconywa **ukuhlanza kabili**. Inhloso — ukususa uthuli lwetiye, 'ukuvusa' iqabunga, ukulilungiselela ukuvuleka.
	4. Ukunikezwa kokuqala: imizuzwana engu-5-10 ye-shēng pu'er; imizuzwana engu-10-15 ye-shú pu'er.
	5. Thela okukhishiwe ngesisefo ku-cháhǎi (公道杯 — 'isitsha sobulungiswa'), bese usithele ezinkomishini.
	6. Ukunikezwa okuphindaphindiwe: okungenani izikhathi ezi-8-15 nangaphezulu. Isikhathi sokunikezwa ngakunye okulandelayo sandise ngemizuzwana engu-3-5. I-gǔ shù pu'er esezingeni eliphezulu ingakwazi ukumelana nokunikezwa okungaphezulu kwe-20.
* **Ezinye izindlela:**
	* **Ukupheka (煮茶, zhǔ chá):** E-shú pu'er endala naku-lǎo chá tóu ([老茶头](https://thetea.app/zu/article/lao-cha-tou)). Faka amagremu ayi-5-7 etiye eteapotini yengilazi noma yobumba, thela amanzi abandayo, uwalethe emathunjini, upheke imizuzu eyi-1-2.
	* **Ukuphisa okubandayo:** Amagremu ayi-5 etiye ku-500 ml wamanzi asezingeni lokushisa legumbi, kumiswe amahora ayi-8-12 esiqandisini. Kufaneleka nge-shēng pu'er ehlobo.

**10. Ukugcinwa:**

I-pǔ'ěrchá ingelinye lamatiye ambalwa okungagcini nje ngokuthi kungenziwa, kodwa **okumele agcinwe isikhathi eside**. Ukugcinwa okulungile kuyisihluthulelo sokwembulwa kwamandla.

* **Izinga lokushisa:** 20–30°C. Gwema ukushintsha okukhulu.
* **Umswakama:** 60–70%. Uma omile kakhulu (<50%) — ukuvuthwa kuhamba kancane kuze kume. Uma kumanzi kakhulu (>80%) — ingozi yokukhunta 'nokugcinwa okumanzi' (湿仓, shī cāng).
* **Ukungena komoya:** Okulingene. Itiye 'liyaphefumula' — lidinga umoya-mpilo ukuze livuthwe ngemuva, kodwa hhayi umoya ongenayo odonsa.
* **Ukungabikho kwamaphunga angaphandle:** Itiye limunca ngamandla amaphunga. Kufanele ligcinwe kude nekhishi, iziqholo, amakhemikhali asendlini.
* **Ubumnyama:** Ilanga liqondile libhubhisa i-chlorophyll futhi likhuthaza uku-oxidation okungafuneki.
* **Ibhokisi:** Ukusonga koqalo lwendabuko (笋叶, sǔn yè) kufaneleke kakhulu. Amabhokisi ekhadibhodi, izimvilophi zendwangu 'eziphefumulayo' nazo zifaneleka. **Ungavaleli umoya** — i-pu'er idinga ukushintshana komoya (hhayi njengetiye eliluhlaza).
* **Indawo 'eyomile' uma iqhathaniswa 'nemanzi':** 'Indawo eyomile' ([干仓](https://thetea.app/zu/article/gan-cang-shi-cang), gān cāng) — ukugcinwa lapho umswakama ulawulwa ngokulingene. Kunikeza ukunambitheka okuhlanzekile, 'okungangcoli', okubaluleke kakhulu. 'Indawo enomswakama' (湿仓) — ukugcinwa lapho umswakama uphezulu (okujwayelekile e-Hong Kong nase-Guangdong). Kusheshisa ukuguqulwa, kodwa kungase kubangele iphunga lokukhunta namanye amakhunta.
* **Isikhathi sokugcina:** Ngokwezinga le-GB/T 22111-2008, uma kugcinwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele, i-pǔ'ěrchá **ayinayo isikhathi esinqunyelwe sokugcina** (在符合本标准的条件下，适宜长期保存). I-shēng pu'er ifinyelela ekunambithekeni okuphelele ngemva kweminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-15–30. I-shú pu'er ifanele ukuphuzwa ngokushesha, kodwa iyathuthuka futhi uma igcinwe ngesikhathi esiyiminyaka engu-3-10.

**11. Intengo Nokukopishwa:**

* **Isigaba sentengo:** Ububanzi bentengo ye-pǔ'ěrchá buphakathi kwabubanzi kunawo wonke emhlabeni wetiye.
	* **I-shú pu'er ejwayelekile (efemuni):** ama-yuan angu-30–100 nge-pancake (357 g).
	* **I-shú pu'er esezingeni eliphezulu (gōngtíng, dà shù):** ama-yuan angu-200–800 nge-pancake.
	* **I-shēng pu'er encane (táidì):** ama-yuan angu-50–200 nge-pancake.
	* **I-shēng pu'er encane (gǔ shù, izintaba ezidumile):** ama-yuan angu-500–5,000 nge-pancake. Impahla yokuqala evela entabeni yase-Lǎo [Bān Zhāng](https://thetea.app/zu/article/ban-zhang) ([老班章](https://thetea.app/zu/article/laobanzhang)) noma e-Bīngdǎo (冰岛) ingabiza ama-yuan angu-10,000–50,000 nangaphezulu nge-pancake.
	* **I-shēng pu'er evuthiwe (iminyaka eyi-10–30+):** Kusukela ezinkulungwaneni ezimbalwa kuya emakhulwini ezinkulungwane zama-yuan. Amatiye adumile ayevela ngeminyaka yawo-1950–1970 (红印, 蓝印, 88[青饼](https://thetea.app/zu/article/7542-qing-bing)) athengiswa ezindalini ngama-yuan ayizigidi.
* **Izici zentengo:** Iminyaka yezihlahla (gǔ shù vs táidì), 'ikhanda lentaba' (山头, shān tóu — intaba ethile), iminyaka yokuvuthwa, izimo zokugcinwa, ifemu/umkhiqizi, isikhathi sokuvuna.
* **Ungakugwema kanjani ukukopishwa:**
	* Thenga kubadayisi abaqinisekisiwe abanomlando nodumo. Imakethe ye-pu'er igcwele amakopi, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wamatiye 'amadala' 'nawasezintabeni'.
	* Hlola isimo sangaphandle: iqabunga kufanele liphelele, lingagaywanga; ukusonga (iphepha, i-nèifēi 内飞 — ithegi langaphakathi) — akufanele kube nezimpawu zomgunyathi.
	* Hlola iphunga: i-pu'er esezingeni — ihlanzekile, ayinakhunta, akukho sikhunta noma amaphunga wamakhemikhali. I-shú pu'er — inomhlabathi, kodwa hhayi okubolile.
	* Hlola okukhishwayo: i-shēng — kuyakhanya, kuphuzi-luhlaza; i-shú — kumbala obomvu-nsundu okhanyayo. Okunokungcola okukhishwayo kuwuphawu lwempahla engeyona esezingeni noma ukuphazamiseka kobuchwepheshe.
	* Intengo ephansi ngokusolisayo 'ye-gǔ shù' noma 'ye-pu'er endala' — cishe isiqinisekiso somgunyathi. I-gǔ shù yase-Lǎo Bān Zhāng yangempela ayikwazi ukubiza ama-yuan ayi-100 nge-pancake.

**12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:**

* **Isisindo se-pancake esingamagremu angu-357** — akusona isehlakalo. Ama-pancake ayisikhombisa (七子饼, qīzǐ bǐng) akha i-tǒng (筒) eyodwa enesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-2.499 (≈2.5 kg). Ama-tong ayishumi nambili akha i-jiàn (件) eyodwa enesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-30 — umthwalo okahle wehhashi elilodwa endleleni yezintaba. Inombolo 'yisikhombisa' emasikweni aseChina ihlotshaniswa 'nenzalo eningi' (多子多孙). Lolu hlelo lwasungulwa ukuze kube nokhokhiso olufanayo lokuhweba nokhokhiso ngezikhathi ze-Qing.
* **I-shú pu'er — engumkhiqizo wekhulu lama-20.** Ngaphambi kuka-1973 **wonke** umpu'er wawuyilokhu namuhla esikubiza nge-'shēng pu'er'. Ubuchwepheshe be-wò duī, obuvumela ukulingisa ukuvuthwa kweminyaka eminingi ezinsukwini ezingama-45, — bungenye yezinto ezintsha ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe emlandweni wetiye.
* **'Ungaphuza, futhi ungatshala imali'** (能喝能投资): I-pǔ'ěrchá iwukuphela kohlobo lwetiye oluye lwaba yinto yokutshala imali okuyisibili. Igwebu lentengo lika-2007, lapho izindleko ze-pu'er ezijwayelekile zikhuphuka izikhathi eziyishumi, zase ziwa, zaba ngesinye sezigameko ezikhumbulekayo zezimali emlandweni womkhakha wetiye.
* **'Itiye elikhetha umnikazi walo':** Isiko 'lokondla i-teapot' (yǎng hú) — ukusebenzisa i-teapot eyodwa yase-Yixing kuphela nge-pu'er — kuholela ekutheni i-teapot imunce amafutha etiye futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi iqale 'ukukhipha' ukunambitheka okunqwabelene. Ama-teapot amadala, agcwele i-pu'er, anempondo nawo uqobo.
* **I-Yunnan — indawo yokuzalwa kwetiye lomhlaba:** Esigodini sase-Fengqing kuhlala isihlahla setiye sasendle esineminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-3200. Ezintabeni zase-Jingmai kusindiswe indawo enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni yezingadi zetiye ezinamasiko ezingamahektare acishe abe ngu-2800, izihlahla ezingaphezu kweminyaka eyi-1000. Ngo-2023, 'Indawo Yamasiko Yamahlathi Etiye Akudala e-Jingmai Mountain' yafakwa ohlwini lweNdawo Eyingqayizivele Yomhlaba ye-UNESCO.

**13. Izinhlobo Nokuhlukaniswa Kwe-Pǔ'ěrchá:**

I-pǔ'ěrchá ihlukaniswa ngezizathu eziningana:

* **Ngobuchwepheshe bokucubungula:**
	* **I-shēng pu'er (生茶, shēngchá — 'itiye eliluhlaza'):** Ukuvuthwa okuyimvelo okuhamba kancane ngesikhathi kugcinwe. Izimfanelo zetiye: esemncane — kuyavuselela, kubaba, 'kubanda'; ngokukhula — kuthamba, kujule, 'kufudumele'.
	* **I-shú pu'er (熟茶, shúchá — 'itiye elivuthiwe'):** Ukuvuthwa okusheshisayo ngenqubo ye-wò duī. Izimfanelo zetiye: kuthambile, kushelelayo, 'kufudumele' kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala.

* **Ngokuma:**
	* **I-sǎnchá (散茶, sǎnchá — itiye elikhululekile):** Amaqabunga angacindezelwe. Kulungile ekuphekeni, kodwa aligcinwa kahle.
	* **I-jǐnyā chá (紧压茶, jǐnyā chá — itiye elicindezelwe):**
		* I-bǐngchá (饼茶, bǐngchá — 'i-pancake'): 100, 200, 357, 400 g. Ukuma okwedume kakhulu.
		* I-tuóchá (沱茶, tuóchá — 'isitsha/isidleke'): 100, 250 g. Kulula ukugcina.
		* I-zhuānchá (砖茶, zhuānchá — 'isitini'): 250–1000 g. Ngokomlando — ukuma kokuthuthwa nge-Chamagudao.
		* I-jīnguā (金瓜, jīnguā — 'ithanga legolide'): Ukuma kwendabuko kweminikelo yasesigodlweni.

* **Ngempahla:**
	* **I-táidì chá (台地茶 — itiye lasemapulazini):** Ukukhiqizwa okukhulu, intengo ephansi.
	* **I-dà shù chá (大树茶 — 'izihlahla ezinkulu'):** Iminyaka engama-50-100. Ukunambitheka okuxubile.
	* **I-gǔ shù chá ([古树](https://thetea.app/zu/article/gushu-dashu-taidi-yesheng)茶 — 'izihlahla zakudala'):** Iminyaka eyi-100+. Ukujula okukhulu nokuhlukahluka okuningi.
	* **I-yě shēng chá ([野生茶](https://thetea.app/zu/article/ye-sheng-cha) — 'itiye lasendle'):** Impahla yezihlahla zasendle. Akuvamile, ukunambitheka kungase kungalindelekanga.

* **Ngezinga (le-shú pu'er elikhululekile, nge-GB/T 22111-2008):**
	* **Tèjí (特级 — 'elikhethekile'):** Imilebe enoboya obusagolide. Ukunambitheka okuncane, okuhlelekile.
	* **Ibanga 1–3:** Impahla ethambile; ukunambitheka okushelelayo, okumnandi.
	* **Ibanga 4–6:** Iqabunga eliphakathi; ukunambitheka okuqinile, okugcwele.
	* **Ibanga 7–10:** Iqabunga elivuthiwe; 'eliqinile', elinomhlabathi, kodwa elinomzimba omuhle.
	* Empeleni iningi lama-pu'er acindezelwe uwukuhlangana (拼配, pīnpèi) kwamabanga amaningana, lapho impahla enhle ihlinzeka iphunga, bese impahla evuthiwe inikeza umzimba nobumnandi.

* **Ngeminyaka (ye-shēng pu'er):**
	* **I-xīn chá (新茶 — 'itiye elisha'):** Ngaphansi kweminyaka engu-3-5. Ukugqama, ukubaba, isici 'esiluhlaza'.
	* **I-zhōng qī chá (中期茶 — 'itiye lesikhathi esiphakathi'):** Iminyaka engu-5-15. Ukubaba kuncipha, kuvela amanothi oju nokhuni.
	* **I-lǎo chá (老茶 — 'itiye elidala'):** Iminyaka eyi-15+. Kuthambile, kujulile, kunokuhlukahluka okuningi, okunomqando oyi-camphor nezithelo ezomisiwe.

* **'Amakhanda Entaba' adumile (山头, shān tóu):**
	* **I-Lǎo Bān Zhāng (老班章):** 'INkosi ye-pu'er'. Inamandla, ibaba, ine-huí gān eqhumayo. I-shēng pu'er ebiza kakhulu yasentabeni.
	* **I-Bīngdǎo (冰岛):** 'INdlovukazi'. Kugqame ubumnandi boju, 'ubumnandi obupholile obufana noshukela' (冰糖韵), nomzimba othambile.
	* **I-Yiwu / Mansa (易武/曼撒):** 'Ibutho elihle'. Lithambile, linamandla ephunga lezimbali noju, nokuthungwa okushelelayo njengosilika.
	* **I-Jǐngmài (景迈):** Iphunga lezimbali (lánhuāxiāng — 兰花香, 'iphunga lama-orchid'), nobumnandi boju obubonakalayo.
	* **I-Bùlǎngshān (布朗山):** Inamandla, ibaba, ine-huí gān ehlala isikhathi eside. Indawo ye-Lǎo Bān Zhāng.
	* **I-Nánnuò ([南糯山](https://thetea.app/zu/article/nannuoshan)):** Kuyalingana, okunezimbali nezithelo, nobumnandi obuhle.
	* **I-Měngsòng (勐宋):** Kubaba kakhulu, i-huí gān enamandla, isici 'sasendle'.

**Ekuphetheni:**

I-Pǔ'ěrchá — mhlawumbe — itiye elinokuhlukahluka okukhulu nokujula kunawo wonke emasikweni omhlaba etiye. Yitiye eliguqukayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengewayini elihle; itiye elinomlando weminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezintathu kanye nemizila yamakharavani edlula ezintabeni; itiye elingaba lisha futhi elinesibindi noma elidala futhi elinobuhlakani; itiye elakhiwa imvelo yase-Yunnan — izihlahla zetiye zakudala kakhulu, izinhlabathi ezibomvu, inkungu ye-Lancang — nangezandla zezingcweti eziphethe izimfihlo zokuqedwa kanye nokuvuthwa.

Kumuntu osanda kuqala, i-pu'er ingase ibe yisambulo: i-shú pu'er ethambile, eminyene, enoshokoledi nomhlaba — iyindawo enhle yokuqala. Kothanda kakhulu — kuyindlela engapheli yokuthola: intaba ngayinye, iminyaka ngayinye yesihlahla, unyaka ngamunye wokuvuthwa unikeza umhlaba omusha wokunambitheka. I-Pǔ'ěrchá ayisona isiphuzo nje, kodwa iyindawo yonke engafundwa impilo yonke, futhi inkomishi ngayinye kuyo ihlukile.