---
title: "huā juǎn"
url: https://thetea.app/zu/article/hua-juan
lang: zu
updated: 2026-07-19
source: THE TEA — encyclopedia of Chinese tea (https://thetea.app)
---
# huā juǎn (花卷)

Umndeni wama- *huā juǎn* (花卷) uwumugqa wezinsika ezicindezelwe ze-heicha ezivela esifundeni sase-Anhua, lapho isisindo, esithungelwe egameni ngokwalo, sakha izitebhisi kusukela ku- *shí liǎng chá* omncane ([十两茶](https://thetea.app/zu/article/hua-juan)) kuya ku- *qiān liǎng chá* oyinsumansumane ([千两茶](https://thetea.app/zu/article/qian-liang-cha)). I-Bǎiliǎng ([百两茶](https://thetea.app/zu/article/bailiang-cha-shiliang-cha)) ne-Shíliǎng (十两茶) ziyizinyathelo ezincane, "zasekhaya" zobuchwepheshe obufanayo obwazala "inkosi yetiye".

## Umsuka nendawo

Wonke ama-*huā juǎn* angawomndeni omkhulu wetiye elimnyama lase-Anhua ([安化黑茶](https://thetea.app/zu/article/anhua-heicha), *Ānhuà hēichá*) elivela esifundazweni sase-Hunan. Lena yindawo enezintaba enesimo sezulu esishisayo esinomswakama, inkungu, kanye nomhlabathi ocebile ngamadwala agugulekile, — izimo lapho kukhula khona impahla eluhlaza enamahlamvu amakhulu, emahhadlahhadla, ekulungele ukuvutshelwa isikhathi eside kanye nokuvuthwa iminyaka eminingi.

Ikhathalogi yomthetho-sisekelo yomkhiqizo wase-Anhua ichazwa ngefomula ethi “三尖三砖一卷” (*sān jiān sān zhuān yī juǎn*) — "izihloko ezintathu ezicijile, izitini ezintathu, umqulu owodwa". “Umqulu owodwa” (一卷) yiwo mugqa we-*huā juǎn*, okuhlanganisa izinsika zawo wonke amakhalibha esisindo. I-Bǎiliǎng ne-Shíliǎng zimi e-eksisi efanayo ne-Qiānliǎng, zehluka kuyo ngosayizi nesisindo kuphela.

## Impahla eluhlaza nezinga

Isisekelo sawo wonke umugqa womkhiqizo yi-black maocha (黑毛茶, *hēi máochá*) yezinga lesibili nelesithathu (二-三级). Lena yimpahla eluhlaza engagayiwe kahle emahhadlahhadla, ekhombisa ubukhona beqabunga elivuthiwe kakhudlwana neziqu, — iyona enikeza "imiqulu" ukuminyana, ukwakheka kanye namandla okukhulisa iminyaka eminingi. Amakilasi ama-maocha athambile ahamba esezitiyeni "ezihloko ezicijile" zochungechunge lwe- *sān jiān* (天尖, 贡尖), kanti ezinsikeni okubalulekile ubukhulu, ukuqina kwenqwaba ecindezelwe kanye nekhono lokuvuthwa ngokulinganayo emashumini eminyaka.

## Umqondo wezitebhisi zesisindo

Igama lomkhiqizo ngamunye liyisilinganiso esidala sesisindo 两 (*liǎng*). Inkomba yaloluhlu yi-qiānliǎng — "inkulungwane yama- *liǎng*", insika enesisindo esicishe sibe ngu-36.25 kg nobude obucishe bube ngu-1.65 m. Amanye amakhalibha akhiwe azungeze yona:

- **十两茶** (*shí liǎng chá*) — "ishumi lama-*liǎng*", ifomethi encane kunazo zonke;
- **百两茶** (*bǎi liǎng chá*) — "ikhulu lama-*liǎng*";
- **五百两** (*wǔ bǎi liǎng*) — "amakhulu amahlanu ama-*liǎng*";
- **千两** (*qiān liǎng*) — "inkulungwane yama-*liǎng*", insika eyinkomba;
- **万两** (*wàn liǎng*) — "izinkulungwane eziyishumi zama-*liǎng*", inkulu kunazo zonke.

Njengoba isisindo sinqunywe ngenani lama-*liǎng* amadala, i-bǎiliǎng ne-shíliǎng zilula ngokulinganayo kune-qiānliǎng — akuseyona insika "yobukhosi" esindayo, kodwa izinsika ezihlangene zefomethi yasekhaya neyesipho. Ukuhlangana okuyikona okwenza i-bǎiliǎng ibe ngumkhiqizo olungele ukuhweba ezindaweni ezikude.

## Ubuchwepheshe: 踩制 — "ukunyathela" umqulu

Isiginesha enkulu yobuchwepheshe balo lonke luchungechunge i-*cǎi zhì* (踩制), ukunyathelwa ngesandla nokuqiniswa kwetiye laba isilinda esiminyene. I-Bǎiliǎng ne-Shíliǎng zenziwa ngendlela efanayo ne-Qiānliǎng, ngezinga elincane kuphela. Ukulandelana kwemisebenzi kunjengokulandelayo:

1. **汽蒸** (*qì zhēng*) — ukubiliswa kwe-maocha ngesitimu, ukuze iqabunga lithambe futhi lithobeke.
2. **装篓** (*zhuāng lǒu*) — ukugxishwa kwetiye elifudunyeziwe esikhwameni esilukiweyo soqalo i-*miè lǒu* (篾篓). "Ingubo" yangaphakathi yensika inezendlalelo eziningi: i-palm fiber (棕, *zōng*) kanye namacembe e-persicaria (蓼叶, *liǎo yè*) kwendlala ukulukwa koqalo, kwakha "ihembe" eliyingqayizivele lomqulu.
3. **滚踩压绞锤** (*gǔn cǎi yā jiǎo chuí*) — ukugingqa, ukunyathela ngezinyawo, ukucindezela nokuqinisa nge-lever "isando". Iqembu lezingcweti liyayigingqa futhi liqinise insika, lifinyelela ukuminyana okuphezulu.
4. **日晒夜露** (*rì shài yè lù*) — "emini elangeni, ebusuku emazolini". Izinsika eziqediwe zigcinwa ngaphandle ngaphansi kwesibhakabhaka esivulekile izinsuku ezingaba ngu-50, lapho ukushintshashintsha kokushisa nomswakama kuqala khona ukuguqulwa okuhamba kancane kwe-microbial ne-fermentative ngaphakathi naphakathi kwenqwaba ecindezelwe.

Lesi sigaba "selanga namazolo" siwukhiye: sehlukanisa i-*huā juǎn* ezitini zochungechunge lwe- *sān zhuān*, ezomiswa emakamelweni ekushiseni okulawulwayo. Ukuvuthwa kwemvelo ngaphansi kwesibhakabhaka kuyikho okunikeza izinsika ukujula kwazo okukhethekile.

## Amazinga nesimo

Itiye elimnyama lase-Anhua lilinganiswa njengesigaba esizimele se-heicha ohlelweni lwamazinga kazwelonke e-PRC. Ukubaluleka okukhethekile kwe-*huā juǎn* kuqinisekiswa futhi nesiko: ubuchwepheshe bokwenza i-qiānliǎng chá bufakwe ohlwini lwamagugu esizwe angabambekayo (国家级非物质文化遗产) ngonyaka we-2008. I-bǎiliǎng ne-shíliǎng, ezenziwe ngendlela efanayo ye- *cǎi zhì*, zizuza leli khono ngezinga elincisiwe.

## Ukunambitheka nokwenziwa kwetiye

Imiqulu ingeyesitayela esithi "indala, inephunga elimnandi" (越陈越香, *yuè chén yuè xiāng*). Itiye elincane lisagcina inothi lamahhadlahhadla, kodwa ngokuhamba kweminyaka lithola ukuthamba: ukuthelwa kuba mnyama-amber, kuminyene, kunephunga elimnandi "elidala" eligugileyo (陈香, *chén xiāng*), ukunambitheka okumnandi okuhlala isikhathi eside futhi cishe akunabukrakra.

Njengoba inqwaba iminyene yaqina okwetshe, ngaphambi kokuphuzwa, kusaha noma kuklanywe idiski eliyizicaba ensikeni, bese lelo diski liphahlwa libe yizicucu ezincane. Ku-bǎiliǎng ne-shíliǎng, amadiski azo mancane kunalawo e-qiānliǎng, kulula ukukwenza lokhu kunokusebenza nensika enzima engu-36 kilogram. Itiye livuleka kahle ngokuthelwa okuphindelelayo ku-gaiwan noma kutipoti, futhi impahla eluhlaza eminyene nemahhadlahhadla yemiqulu ekhulisiwe ilungele nokubiliswa.

## Umlando nesiko

Umugqa we-*huā juǎn* wazalwa ngenxa yesidingo sezohwebo. I-bǎiliǎng njengefomu ibhalwa kusukela esikhathini sokubusa kuka-Daoguang (清道光) wohlanga lwase-Qing: ihlotshaniswa nabathengisi baseShaanxi (陕商, *shǎn shāng*), ababedinga itiye elilinganisiwe, elipakishwe ngokuminyene futhi elimelana nezithuthi emizileni yamakharavani. Kulesi sidingo sezebhizinisi kamuva kwakhula amakhalibha amakhulu kuze kufike ku-qiānliǎng — insika eyabizwa ngokuthi “inkosi yetiye emhlabeni” (世界茶王).

Ubuchwepheshe bokunyathela izinsika budinga umsebenzi omningi, futhi esikhathini sezimboni, ingxenye yomkhiqizo yathathelwa indawo yi- *huā zhuān* ([花砖](https://thetea.app/zu/article/huazhuan)) — "isitini esinamaphethini" esinomhlobiso emaphethelweni, okukhishwa kwaso kusukela ngo-1958 kwaba yindawo ehlangene engene esikhundleni se-qiānliǎng enkulu. Kodwa-ke, imiqulu ngokwayo yagcinwa njengesiko eliphilayo lezandla nelokuqoqwa, futhi izitebhisi zesisindo kusukela ku-shíliǎng kuya ku-wànliǎng zihlala ziwuphawu lwazo olwaziwayo.

## Indlela yokwehlukanisa

- **Ifomu nokulukwa.** I-*huā juǎn* yangempela iyinsika eyisilinda esikhwameni esilukiwe soqalo esinendlalelo yangaphakathi ye-palm fiber namacembe e-persicaria; ububanzi nobude buhambisana ngqo nesilinganiso sesisindo.
- **Ikhalibha uma kuqhathaniswa negama.** Ingxenye eyinombolo yegama iyisisindo ngama-*liǎng* amadala: i-shíliǎng incane, i-bǎiliǎng inkulu, i-qiānliǎng iyinkomba ~36 kg no ~1.65 m. Ukungahambisani kosayizi negama elimenyezelwe kuwuphawu oluyisixwayiso.
- **Izimpawu ze- 踩制.** Insika enyathelwe iminyene ngokwedlulele; ekuhlukaneni kwesicucu kubonakala isakhiwo esiqinile, esiyizendlalelo zeqabunga elimahhadlahhadla elicindezelwe kanye neziqu zebanga lesibili nelesithathu.
- **Iphunga lokuguga.** Umqulu osewuthuthukile unikeza i- *chén xiāng* ehlanzekile engenaphunga lokukhunta elibi; ukuthelwa kukhanya, kumnyama-amber, futhi kunokunambitheka okumnandi okuhlala isikhathi eside.
- **Umehluko ngezitini.** Ngokungafani ne-*fú zhuān* (茯砖), imiqulu ayinalo "imbali yegolide" (金花) njengesiginesha eyimpoqo, futhi ihluke ku-*hēi zhuān* naku-*huā zhuān* ngqo ngefomu eyisilinda kanye nesigaba "selanga namazolo" ekukhiqizeni.

I-Bǎiliǎng ne-Shíliǎng kungumqondo ofanayo womqulu wase-Anhua nowe-qiānliǎng edumile, kodwa ngesilinganiso somuntu: ihlangene ngokwanele ukuthi ingahlala ekhaya, futhi ihlonipheke ngokwanele ukuthi ingakhulisa iminyaka.