---
title: "Gǔtián hóngchá"
url: https://thetea.app/zu/article/gutian-hongcha
lang: zu
updated: 2026-10-04
source: THE TEA — encyclopedia of Chinese tea (https://thetea.app)
---
# Gǔtián hóngchá (古田红茶)

**I-Gutian Hongcha** (*Gǔtián hóngchá*, 古田红茶) itiye elibomvu lesifunda saseGutian (古田县) emkhakheni wedolobha waseNingde, esifundazweni saseFujian. IGutian laziwa kakhulu ngokuthi "yizwe laseChina lekhowe lesiliva", kodwa linomlando wetiye: ngokwemininingwane yomnyango wezolimo wetiye wesifunda, ngeminyaka yeDaoquang kwaqala ukwenziwa i-xiaozhong lapha, futhi isifunda saba yindawo edumile "ye-xiaozhong yangaphandle" — itiye elibomvu lohlobo lwe-xiaozhong ngaphandle kweWuyishan. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 imboni yetiye yesifunda yawa, ngeminyaka yawo-2000 yaqala ukuvuselelwa, futhi ngo-2018 igama elithi "古田红茶" labhaliswa njengophawu lwesitifiketi sendawo.

**1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi:**

* **Uhlobo:** Itiye elibomvu (红茶, *hóngchá*), elivutshelwe ngokuphelele. Isigaba sibalwa egameni ngokwalo; ohlwini lwesifundazwe lwezimpahla zophawu kubhalwe kabanzi — "itiye".
* **Isigaba:** Itiye elibomvu laseFujian elinophawu lwesitifiketi sendawo (2018); ngokomlando — indawo ye-xiaozhong yangaphandle.
* **Imvelaphi:** IChina, isifundazwe saseFujian (福建, *Fújiàn*), umkhakha wedolobha waseNingde (宁德, *Níngdé*), isifunda saseGutian (古田, *Gǔtián*).
* **Indawo evikelwe:** Uhlu lwesifundazwe lubonisa isifunda saseGutian njengobunikazi bomnikazi wophawu. Umngcele osemthethweni wendawo awutholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
* **Indlela yokuvikela:** Uphawu lwesitifiketi sendawo lweNational Intellectual Property Administration yaseChina (CNIPA) № 18791721, isigaba 30, impahla — itiye. Usuku lokubhaliswa ngokohlu lwesifundazwe — 14 Ephreli 2018; umnikazi — umnyango wezolimo wetiye wesifunda saseGutian (古田县茶业管理局). Ngomhla ka-30 Juni 2026 ukubhaliswa kusasebenza.

**2. Umlando kanye nokubaluleka kwamasiko:**

Imininingwane engezansi, uma kungashiwongo ngenye indlela, inikezwa yimithombo ka-2019 — umbiko we-China Radio International, isihloko se-portal yezolimo yesifundazwe kanye nombhalo wemboni — ngokubhekisa emnyangweni wezolimo wetiye wesifunda.

* **Umlando:**
    * **Iminyaka yeDaoquang.** Ngokomusho womnyango, iGutian "首创" — yaqala ukwenza — i-xiaozhong (首创小种红茶) futhi yaba yindawo edumile "ye-xiaozhong yangaphandle" (外山小种红茶, *wàishān xiǎozhǒng hóngchá*) — kanjalo ihlukaniswa ne-uishan iZheng Shan Xiao Zhong. Ukuthi lokhu "kokuqala" kuhambisana kanjani nobuqili bendawo ye-tongmu yaseWuyishan, umthombo awuchazi. I-Wikipedia yesiShayina nayo ibiza iGutian phakathi kwezindawo eziyinhloko ze-xiaozhong yangaphandle — kanye neZhenghe, iTanyang neShaxian.
    * **Indawo yokuthutha.** Ngemva kokuvulwa kwamachweba amahlanu, ukuthekelisa kwetiye laseFujian kwahamba ngeFuzhou neXiamen. Idolobhana laseShuikou (水口镇) lesifunda — indawo ephambili emfuleni ophakathi weMinjiang, lapho kuhlangana khona iNanping, iSanming, iFuzhou neNingde, — layenza iGutian indawo yokuthutha, lapho kwakudlula khona itiye lamatshe laseWuyishan kanye neZheng Shan Xiao Zhong ukuya emakethe.
    * **1970–1980.** Iziteshi zetiye kanye namapulazi etiye ahlangene ayekhona kuzo zonke izigodi eziyi-15 namadolobhana, izingadi zazithatha cishe ama-mu ayizi-50 000, itiye elithi "郁露" nelithi "馨绿" lalidumile. Ngokukhiqiza itiye isifunda sasikleliswe endaweni yeshumi nambili esifundazweni, futhi ngo-1980 umnyango wezolimo wesifundazwe wasifaka ohlwini lwezifunda zetiye eziyinhloko.
    * **Ukuwohloka.** Imithombo iyahluka ngesikhathi: omunye ubeka ukuqala kokuwohloka ekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1980, omunye — kalula nje eminyakeni yawo-1980. Izingadi zazishiywa, ziguqulelwa emapentshini nasezinye izithelo, futhi abasebenzi bahamba bayokwenza ukulima kwamakhowe. Kusukela ngo-1983 kuya ku-1986 kwashiywa ama-mu ayizi-3 304 ezingadi, ama-mu ayizi-2 371 anikezwa ihlathi, ama-mu ayizi-244 — izithelo. Eminyakeni emibi kakhulu esifundeni kwakusele cishe ama-mu ayizi-10 000 etiye.
    * **Ukuvuselela.** Ngokombhalo wemboni, isimo saqala ukulunga kusukela ngo-2005, lapho isifunda saqala ukubhalisa izimpawu zokuthengisa, phakathi kwazo "翠屏湖" kanye no "古田红茶"; uphawu lwesitifiketi sendawo "古田红茶" lwaba ngo-2018. Umnyango ubika ukuthi itiye selithole kaninginingi igolide emiqhudelwaneni ye "Zhongcha bei" (中茶杯) ne "Mingcha bei" (闽茶杯).
    * **2018.** Ngokwemininingwane yomnyango, izingadi zesifunda zazithatha ama-mu ayizi-33 000, okuyi-12 000 ama-mu azo — izinhlobo ze-wulong; ukukhiqizwa kwetiye eliluhlaza — amathani ayi-1 680, inani lomkhiqizo — cishe izigidi eziyi-100 zama-yuan.
* **Igama:** "IGutian" (古田) — igama lesifunda, ngokwezwi nezwi "insimu endala"; "hongcha" (红茶) — "itiye elibomvu".
* **Ukubaluleka kwamasiko:** IGutian esikhathini esidlule yayidume ngensimbi, ukubunjwa kwamabhodwe, imvubelo kanye netiye; ngenxa yokuthi lapha kwahlala isikhathi esithile uZhu Xi (朱熹), ibizwa ngokuthi "izwe lapho kwadlula khona umuntu ohlakaniphile" (先贤过化之乡). Namuhla isifunda, ngokombhalo wemboni, sikhiqiza cishe amaphesenti angama-80 omkhiqizo womhlaba wekhowe lesiliva. Itiye elibomvu isifunda silibala njengelinye lamagama amabili ayinhloko etiye — kanye nomkhiqizo ojwayelekile "翠屏湖", oqanjwe ngechibi laseCuipinghu, indawo eyinhloko yokuvakasha yesifunda.

**3. Incazelo yezitshalo kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa:**

* **Izinhlobo / Amacultivar:** Yiziphi izinhlobo ezisetshenziselwa itiye elibomvu, imithombo etholakele ayishongo. Ngokwemininingwane yomnyango wezolimo wetiye wesifunda, esifundeni kugcinwa izinhlobo ezindala zeMeizhan (梅占), i-xiaozhong caicha (小种菜茶) kanye neFu'an Dabai ([福安](https://thetea.app/zu/article/fuan)大白). Kusukela ngo-2005 kwalethwa cishe ama-mu ayizi-4 500 ezinhlobo ze-wulong zeTie Guanyin ([铁观音](https://thetea.app/zu/article/tie-guanyin)) neJin Guanyin ([金观音](https://thetea.app/zu/article/jin-guanyin)), kusukela ngo-2011 — izinhlobo ze-wulong zasenyakatho yeFujian, cishe ama-mu ayizi-3 500.
* **Indinganiso yokukha:** Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
* **Isikhathi sokukha:** Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
* **Izidingo zezinto zokusetshenziswa:** Umbhalo onezidingo zezinto zokusetshenziswa awutholakali emithonjeni etholakele.

**4. Iterroir kanye nezici zokulima:**

* **Isifunda:** Umkhakha waseNingde, lapho kuhlangana khona imikhakha yamadolobha amane — iNanping, iSanming, iFuzhou kanye neNingde; isifunda sinqamula umfula ophakathi weMinjiang. Eduze kwechibi laseCuipinghu (翠屏湖), ngokombhalo wemboni, ngaphambili kwakukhona ipulazi likahulumeni letiye elingaphezu kwama-mu ayizinkulungwane ezintathu.
* **Izingadi:** Ngokwemininingwane yomnyango ka-2019, esifundeni kwakhiwe izingadi "zemvelo" ezingaphezu kwama-mu ayizi-8 000, kusebenza izimboni zetiye ezingaphezu kwama-30.
* **Ukuphakama, isimo sezulu, umhlabathi:** Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.

**5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza:**

Ubucwepheshe betiye elibomvu laseGutian abutholakali emithonjeni etholakele. Umnyango wezolimo wesifunda ubika kuphela ukuthi wamema izingcweti ezivela ezindaweni zetiye ezidumile futhi wathumela abantu bazo ukuyofunda lapho. Ngo-2019 wawuhlela ukwakha indinganiso yendawo "古田红茶"; ukuthi yamukelwa yini, emithonjeni etholakele akushiwongo.

Ngezansi uhlelo olujwayelekile lwetiye elibomvu, hhayi incazelo yobucwepheshe baseGutian:

1.  **Ukubuna (萎凋, *wěidiāo*):** Iqabunga lilahlekelwa ingxenye yomswakama futhi libe lithambile.
2.  **Ukusonga (揉捻, *róuniǎn*):** Ijusi liphumela phezulu eqabungeni.
3.  **Ukuvutshelwa (发酵, *fājiào*):** I-oxidation inikeza umbala obomvu wokumnika.
4.  **Ukomisa (干燥, *gānzào*).**

Ukuthi eGutian namuhla kwenziwa i-xiaozhong ngokubhema noma itiye elibomvu le-gongfu, akunakutholakala emithonjeni etholakele.

**6. Izici ze-organoleptic:**

Izincazelo zokubukeka nokunambitheka okuvela embhalweni wophawu noma emthonjeni osemthethweni angizitholanga.

* **Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile:** Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
* **Iphunga leqabunga elomile:** Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
* **Iphunga lokumnika:** Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
* **Ukunambitheka:** Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
* **Umbala wokumnika:** Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
* **Iqabunga elingezansi (iqabunga elenziwe):** Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.

**7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali:**

Ayikho imininingwane ye-physicochemical ngaleli tiye emithonjeni etholakele.

**8. Izakhiwo eziwusizo:**

Ayikho imininingwane eqinisekisiwe ngomphumela waleli tiye ngokwalo.

**9. Ukuphisa:**

Umkhuba wesigaba wetiye elibomvu.

* **Izinga lokushisa lamanzi:** 90–95 °C.
* **Inani letiye:** 3–4 g nge-150 ml.
* **Izitsha:** I-gaiwan emhlophe ye-porcelain noma itiye elincane.
* **Inqubo:**
    1. Fudumeza izitsha.
    2. Faka itiye.
    3. Ukumnika kokuqala — imizuzwana eyi-10–20.
    4. Thela konke.
    5. Ukumnika ngakunye okulandelayo — kancane kancane.
    6. Ukuphisa okune kuya kwayisithupha.

**10. Ukugcina:**

Umkhuba wesigaba. Emphakathini ovaliwe, ezingeni lokushisa legumbi, endaweni eyomile nemnyama, ngaphandle kwamaphunga angaphandle. Itiye elibomvu libekezelela ukugcinwa kangcono kunetiye eliluhlaza, kodwa iphunga liyancipha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

**11. Intengo kanye nemikhiqizo yomgunyathi:**

Ayikho imininingwane ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele.

* **Ungayigwema kanjani imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:**
    * Bheka uphawu lokukhomba indawo emaphaketheni; inombolo yophawu — 18791721.
    * Qiniseka ukuthi itiye lenziwa esifundeni saseGutian.
    * Khumbula ukuthi "外山小种" ayikuqinisekisi imvelaphi: kubizwa kanjalo i-xiaozhong yezifunda eziningi.

**12. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo:**

* Umnikazi wophawu — akusiyona inhlangano, njengakweminye imikhiqizo yetiye yomkhakha waseNingde ohlwini lwesifundazwe, kodwa umnyango wezolimo wetiye wesifunda.
* Ngokombiko ka-2019, itiye elibomvu elithi "闽之艳" lomfelandawonye wetiye wasedolobhaneni laseHetang (鹤塘) lathola umklomelo okhethekile wegolide we-13th China Xi'an International Tea Exhibition.

**13. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye abomvu aseFujian:**

* **I-Zheng Shan Xiao Zhong ([正山小种](https://thetea.app/zu/article/zheng-shan-xiao-zhong)):** I-xiaozhong yendawo ye-tongmu yaseWuyishan; i-xiaozhong yangaphandle yaseGutian yehlukaniswa kuyo ngegama.
* **IShaxian Gongfu Cha ([沙县工夫茶](https://thetea.app/zu/article/shaxian-gongfu-cha)):** Itiye elibomvu laseShaxian — indawo iWikipedia eyibeka eduze kweGutian ohlwini lwezindawo ze-xiaozhong yangaphandle.
* **IZhenghe Gongfu ([政和工夫](https://thetea.app/zu/article/zhenghe-gongfu)):** Itiye elibomvu le-gongfu lasenyakatho yeFujian kusuka ohlwini olufanayo.
* **ITanyang Gong Fu ([坦洋工夫](https://thetea.app/zu/article/tanyang-gong-fu)):** Itiye elibomvu le-gongfu lomkhakha ofanayo waseNingde, elinye "lamagongfu amathathu amakhulu aseFujian".
* **IPingnan Xiaozhong ([屏南小种](https://thetea.app/zu/article/pingnan-xiaozhong)):** Itiye elibomvu le-xiaozhong lesifunda sasePingnan somkhakha ofanayo waseNingde, elinophawu lwalo lwe-2018.

**Ekuphetheni:**

IGutian Hongcha — igama elinenkumbulo ende kanye nemibhalo emfushane. Isifunda sizikhumbula njengendawo ye-xiaozhong yangaphandle kusukela ngezikhathi zeDaoquang kanye nendawo yokuthutha yetiye laseWuyishan, sadlula ekuwohlokeni kwezingadi ngeminyaka yawo-1980 futhi sabuyisa igama laso elibomvu ngophawu lwe-2018. Ukuthi itiye ngokwalo kufanele libe yini — ukubukeka, ukunambitheka, izinhlobo, ubucwepheshe, — imithombo etholakele okwamanje ayikasho.