---
title: "Gānkēng xiǎozhǒng hóngchá"
url: https://thetea.app/zu/article/gankeng-xiaozhong-hongcha
lang: zu
updated: 2026-10-04
source: THE TEA — encyclopedia of Chinese tea (https://thetea.app)
---
# Gānkēng xiǎozhǒng hóngchá (干坑小种红茶)

**I-Gankeng Xiaozhong Hongcha** (*Gānkēng xiǎozhǒng hóngchá*, 干坑小种红茶) itiye elibomvu lendawo yehlathi yase-Gankeng esigodini sase-Siqián (司前乡) esifundeni sase-Guangzé (光泽县) kumasipala wedolobha lase-Nánpíng, esifundazweni sase-Fujian. I-Gankeng isenyakatho yohlangothi lwe-Wuyishan, engxenyeni esentshonalanga yesiqiwu sikazwelonke sase-Wuyishan: ukusuka emzaneni wayo i-Chenjiapai kuya e-Guādūn yase-Tongmu kuthatha ihora lonke ukuhamba ngezinyawo. Izintaba, izihlahla zetiye kanye nezindlela zokubhema ngokhuni lukaphayini lapha, ngokwemithombo, kucishe kufane nalokho okuse-Tongmu, okuyindawo lapho kwaqala khona i-Zhengshan Xiaozhong, kodwa i-Tongmu ingaphansi kwedolobha lase-Wuyishan, kanti i-Gankeng ingaphansi kwe-Guangzé. Igama elithi «[正山小种](https://thetea.app/zu/article/zheng-shan-xiao-zhong)» livikelwe indawo yase-Tongmu, ngakho-ke itiye lase-Gankeng linegama lalo elivikelwe.

**1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi:**

* **Uhlobo:** Itiye elibomvu (红茶, *hóngchá*), i-xiaozhong (小种, *xiǎozhǒng*), ngokwesiko libhenywa ngokhuni lukaphayini. Isigaba lesi sibalulwe egameni lophawu. Izinga leqembu lango-2022, ngokulandisa kabusha, lilindele iphunga lentuthu likaphayini ephunga; ukuthi uphawu uqobo lufuna ukubhenywa, angikutholanga.
* **Imvelaphi:** I-China, isifundazwe sase-Fujian (福建, *Fújiàn*), umasipala wedolobha lase-Nánpíng (南平, *Nánpíng*), isifunda sase-Guāngzé (光泽, *Guāngzé*), isigodi sase-Siqián, indawo yehlathi yase-Gankeng. Ngaphakathi kwayo kukhona izindawo ezincane — i-Héngkēng (横坑), i-Dàkēng (大坑), i-Bēngshān (崩山), i-Chénjiāpái (陈家排).
* **Indawo yokuvikela:** Uhlu lwezifundazwe lwamagama lubiza isifunda sase-Guāngzé njengengxenye yokuphatha yomnikazi wophawu; umngcele womthetho wendawo angiwuhlolanga.
* **Indlela yokuvikela:** Uphawu lwe-China National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA) No. 19240580 — igama lejografi lesitifiketi noma lomkhandlu, uhlobo angilucacisanga. Igama eliqondile lophawu lithi «干坑 小种红茶», elinesikhala, impahla itiye. Umnikazi nonyaka wokubhaliswa angikutholanga; ohlwini lwesifundazwe lwangomhla zingama-30 kuNhlangulana wezi-2026 ukubhaliswa kusasebenza.
* **Izixhumanisi zendawo:** I-Gankeng ingasentshonalanga yesifunda «se-zhengshan», incwadi ethi «Zhōngguó chá jīng» (中国茶经) iyichaza ngezixhumanisi 27°41′35″–27°49′00″ N no 117°38′06″–117°44′30″ E.

**2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:**

* **Umlando:**
    * **I-Ming ne-Qing.** Iphephandaba lendawo licaphuna incwadi ye-Ming ethi «Incazelo Jikelele Yezifunda Eziyisishiyagalombili Zase-Min» (八闽通志): itiye eliningi likhona ezifundeni zase-Guāngzé nase-Tàiníng. Umlando wesifunda wase-Guāngzé wango-1759 iphephandaba liwufunda njengobufakazi betiye elibomvu lase-Gankeng, kodwa umbhalo ocashuniwe uchaza isitshalo setiye ngokujwayelekile, itiye elibomvu alibizwa ngawo.
    * **Ikhulu le-18.** Ngokucaphuna kwephephandaba, «Isichazamazwi Esikhulu Setiye Lase-China» (中国茶叶大辞典) sithi: itiye elibomvu elibhenyiwe, elasungulwa engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-18, lisuka e-Tongmu lalibizwa nge-«Tongmuguan Xiaozhong», kanti itiye lezivande eziphakeme zezifunda zase-Chóng'ān, Jiànyáng ne-Guāngzé laziwa ngegama elijwayelekile elithi «Zhengshan Xiaozhong».
    * **Inkathi yokuthengwa nguhulumeni.** Ngokwamazwi omkhandi wase-Tongmu, ocashunwa yi-«Chinese National Geography», eminyakeni yokuthengwa kukahulumeni itiye elibomvu lase-Gankeng lalithengwa kanye nalelo lase-Tongmu.
    * **2018 no-2022.** Ubuchwepheshe bokwenza itiye elibomvu (i-Guāngzé Gankeng Xiaozhong) bufakwe ohlwini lwedolobha, kwase kuba ohlwini lwesifundazwe lwefa lamasiko elingaphatheki.
    * **2022.** Ngomhla zingama-26 kuMandulo kwashicilelwa izinga leqembu i-T/CSTEA 00048-2022 «Itiye Elibomvu Lase-Guāngzé. I-Gankeng Zhengshan Xiaozhong»; kanye nalo kwaphuma umthetho wezobuchwepheshe i-T/CSTEA 00049-2022. Sekukonke, ngokwephephandaba lendawo, isifunda sinamazinga ayisithupha anjalo.
    * **Izinganekwane.** Imibhalo edumile ixhumanisa i-Gankeng negama elithi «inombolo yezulu yokuqala» (天字一号) kanye nendaba yetiye elibomvu ezinkantolo zaseYurophu. Imibhalo exhuma lezi zindaba ngqo ne-Gankeng angiyitholanga.
* **Igama:** «Xiaozhong» (小种) — «uhlobo oluncane», igama lendabuko lamatiye abomvu ase-Wuyishan. Imvelaphi yegama elithi «Gankeng» (干坑) ayikatholakali; enye inguqulo ilisusa emndenini wakwa-Gān (甘) owawuhlala lapha, futhi inganekwane yendawo ithi lo mndeni wathola itiye elibomvu ngengozi.
* **Ingxabano ngegama:** I-«Chinese National Geography» ithi ngokomthetho i-«Zhengshan Xiaozhong» ingabizwa kuphela itiye lase-Tongmu, kanti i-Gankeng ingabizwa kuphela nge-«Gankeng Xiaozhong». Ngenkathi amazinga eqembu lesifunda ebiza umkhiqizo nge-«干坑正山小种», uphawu uqobo luthi «干坑小种红茶». Amaphephandaba endawo abhala ngokusobala ngesifiso sokutholela itiye lase-Gankeng igama elithi «Zhengshan».

**3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa:**

* **Uhlobo / I-cultivar:** Izihlahla zetiye zenzalo ehlukahlukene ([群体种](https://thetea.app/zu/article/qunti-zhong)), ezandiswe ngembewu futhi ngenxa yalokho zihluke kakhulu. Ngokwamazwi omkhandi wase-Tongmu, ukwakheka kwezinhlobo e-Gankeng nase-Tongmu kucishe kufane.
* **Izihlahla zasendle:** E-Gankeng kunamaqembu ezihlahla zetiye zasendle ezineminyaka engu-300–400 ubudala; zifakwe endaweni yesifundazwe evikelwe yezinsiza zofuzo ezibalulekile zesitshalo setiye.
* **Ukuvuna:** Kanye ngonyaka, entwasahlobo: izindawo eziphakeme ziyabanda, futhi ukuvuna kwesibili akwenziwa. Umbhalo ongezansi kwesithombe kuhlelo uxhumanisa ukuvuna nesizini ye-Gǔyǔ (谷雨, *gǔyǔ*), cishe ngomhla zingama-20 kuMbasa.
* **Isivuno:** Ngokwamazwi omkhiqizi wendawo, endaweni eyi-mu eyodwa (cishe i-1/15 yamahektha) kutholakala amakhilogremu angu-4–5 etiye eseliphelile ngonyaka.

**4. I-Terroir Nezici Zokutshala:**

* **Isifunda:** Ingxenye esenyakatho yohlangothi lwe-Wuyishan, eduze kwentaba i-Xiānglúshān (香炉山) ephakeme ngo-1938 m — ngokwe-«Chinese National Geography», intaba yesibili ephakeme eMpumalanga ye-China.
* **Ubude bokutshala:** Ngokwesilinganiso ngaphezu kuka-**900 m**; isihlahla esiphakeme kunazo zonke esatholakala siphakeme cishe ngo-**1460 m**. Iphephandaba libiza ububanzi obungu-700–1500 m.
* **Isimo sezulu:** Izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi nendawo lingu-14.6–16.7 °C, imvula ingu-1900–2200 mm ngonyaka (ngokwe-«Chinese National Geography»); omunye umbhalo unikeza u-15.1 °C kanye nomswakama ohlobene ongu-80–85 %. Umehluko omkhulu wokushisa phakathi kosuku nobusuku, usuku olufushane, izithwathwa ezinde, inkungu ejwayelekile.
* **Inhlabathi:** Inhlabathi enomoya omuhle phezu kwedwala eligugile; ngokwephephandaba — evundile, enomswakama, ecebile ngezinto eziphilayo.
* **Indawo:** Izivande zingaphansi kwehlathi elinamaqabunga abanzi kanye nomoba, phakathi kwezihlahla kukhona amapheya nama-torreya aneminyaka engaphezu kuka-200; e-Chenjiapai izihlahla azithenwa.

**5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:**

I-Gankeng ibambelela ekubhemeni kwendabuko. Iqabunga libunwa entuthuni yezinkuni zikaphayini ezivuthayo (生烟萎凋); ngokohlelo, yile ndlela enikeza ukunambitheka kwe-longan eyomile. Kubhenywa e-«qinglou» (青楼, *qīnglóu*) — indlu yokomisa, lapho intuthu kaphayini idlula ezimbotsheni ikhuphukele esitezi esiphezulu ukuya eqabungeni noma etiyeni eseliphelile. Isifunda sinalo izinga laso lokwakhiwa kwalezi zindlu zokomisa. Ukusontwa, ngokohlelo, kwenziwa ngamarola okhuni; umkhandi wendawo wenza umshini onezigaba ezimbili esikhundleni sonesigaba esisodwa.

Kuma-xiaozhong abhenyiwe kuvame ukulandelwa lolu chungechunge — lena yisikimu esijwayelekile sesigaba, hhayi incazelo yetiye lase-Gankeng ngokuqondile:

1.  **Ukubunwa entuthuni efudumele (萎凋, *wěidiāo*).**
2.  **Ukusontwa (揉捻, *róuniǎn*)** kanye **nokuvutshelwa (发酵, *fājiào*).**
3.  **Ukwezwa epanini elishisayo (过红锅, *guò hóngguō*)** — kumisa ukuvutshelwa.
4.  **Ukusontwa kabusha (复揉, *fùróu*)** kanye **nokomisa ngokubhema (熏焙, *xūnbèi*).**

Imingcele yomthetho wezobuchwepheshe i-T/CSTEA 00049-2022 angiyizange ngiyibone.

**6. Izici Zokunambitha:**

* **Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile:** Elimnyama (茶叶呈黑色).
* **Iphunga leqabunga elomile:** Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
* **Iphunga lasenganweni:** Intuthu kaphayini — ngokulandisa kabusha kwezinga, ezingeni eliphakeme kufanele lizwakale ngokusobala; izintatheli zengeza amanothi ezimbali, inhlaka, izithelo ezomile kanye ne-longan (松香、干果香、桂圆香) kanye «nomoya omkhulu wehlathi lasentabeni».
* **Ukunambitheka:** Okusha, okuthambile futhi okugcwele (鲜醇饱满), okumnandi, nokunambitheka kwe-longan eyomile; ekugcineni emlonyeni kuhlala ukuphola.
* **Umbala wasenganweni:** O-orange obomvu (橙红).
* **Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga eliselichithiwe):** Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.

Ngokulandisa kabusha kwezinga T/CSTEA 00048-2022, itiye lihlukaniswe ngamazinga amane — eliphezulu, elesibili, elesithathu nelesine — namasampuli aphathekayo okubhekisela, ashintshwa njalo eminyakeni emihlanu. Imingcele yezinombolo zalezi zinga angiyibonanga.

**7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:**

Imininingwane yefiziksi namakhemikhali emithonjeni etholakele ayikho.

**8. Izinzuzo Zezempilo:**

Imininingwane eqinisekisiwe ngokusebenza kwaleli tiye ngokuqondile ayikho.

**9. Ukuphisa:**

Umkhuba wesigaba wetiye elibomvu elibhenyiwe. Kuma-xiaozhong kukhona izinga leqembu elihlukile lokuphisa nokunambitha (T/CSTEA 00036-2021), kanti isifunda sinelaso (T/CSTEA 00050-2022); imingcele yazo angiyibonanga.

* **Izinga lokushisa lamanzi:** 90–95 °C.
* **Inani letiye:** 3–5 g nge-150 ml.
* **Izitsha:** I-gaiwan emhlophe ye-porcelain noma itipotana elincane.
* **Inqubo:** Fudumeza izitsha; ukuchithwa kokuqala — imizuzwana engu-10–20, okulandelayo ngakunye kube kancane kancane; ukuphisa ngokuphindwe kahlanu-kuyisithupha.

**10. Ukugcina:**

Umkhuba wesigaba. Ekupakisheni okuvaleke ngokuphelele, ezingeni lokushisa legumbi, endaweni eyomile emnyama. Itiye elibhenyiwe ligcinwa lihlukile kwamanye: iphunga lentuthu lidlulisela kalula komakhelwane futhi lona ngokwalo limunca iphunga lamanye.

**11. Intengo Nezinto Ezingezona Eziqobo:**

Imininingwane ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele ayikho.

* **Ugwema kanjani izinto ezingezona eziqobo:**
    * Bheka uphawu oluthi «干坑 小种红茶» ekupakisheni.
    * Qinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizi uvela esifundeni sase-Guāngzé.
    * Khumbula ukuthi «干坑1662» wuphawu lomphakathi lwesifunda, hhayi uphawu olusemthethweni.

**12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:**

* I-Gankeng ne-Guādūn yase-Tongmu kuhlukaniswa ihora lonke ukuhamba ngezinyawo, kodwa zisemazweni ahlukene, futhi lokhu kunquma ukuthi itiye lingabizwa kanjani.
* Incwadi ethi «Zhōngguó chá jīng» ibiza i-Gankeng ngomngcele osentshonalanga wesifunda «se-zhengshan». Ukulandisa kabusha okubili kwehlukana ngobukhulu bendawo — cishe 556 no cishe 565 km², — kodwa umngcele osentshonalanga kukho kokubili munye.
* Uphawu lwesifunda oluthi «干坑1662», olwavela ngo-2021, luqanjwe ngonyaka lapho imibhalo edumile ixhumanisa khona ukuvela kwetiye elibomvu enkantolo yaseNgilandi.

**13. Ukuqhathaniswa nama-Xiaozhong aseduze:**

* **I-Zheng Shan Xiao Zhong (正山小种):** Uhlobo lwangempela lwase-Tongmu. Izintaba, izihlahla zetiye kanye nokubhema, ngokwemithombo, kucishe kufane; umehluko usekuphathweni nasegunyeni legama.
* **I-Tongmu Ye Sheng Zheng Shan Xiao Zhong ([桐木野生正山小种](https://thetea.app/zu/article/tongmu-yesheng-zheng-shan-xiao-zhong)):** Itiye lezihlahla zasendle zase-Tongmu eziqiwini; izihlahla zetiye zasendle zikhona nase-Gankeng.
* **I-Jin Jun Mei ([金骏眉](https://thetea.app/zu/article/jin-jun-mei)):** Itiye elibomvu lesimanje elingabhenyiwe elenziwe ngamahlumela ase-Tongmu; i-Gankeng ibambelele ku-xiaozhong yamaqabunga ebhenyiwe.

**Ekuphetheni:**

I-Gankeng Xiaozhong Hongcha itiye elibomvu, ngokwezintaba, izihlahla zetiye nentuthu kaphayini elicishe lingahlukaniseki kwelase-Tongmu, kodwa likhula ngaphesheya komngcele wokuphatha. Kungakho igama lophawu lalo kanye nengxabano ngegama elithi «Zhengshan». Okuthembekile ukwedlula izinganekwane ngetiye amazinga ka-2022, isimo sefa elingaphatheki kanye namahlelo ngendawo uqobo: izindlu zokomisa ezibhemayo, ukuvuna kanye ngonyaka, iqabunga elimnyama, umbala o-orange obomvu kanye nokunambitheka kwe-longan eyomile.