---
title: "Chāngníng hóngchá"
url: https://thetea.app/zu/article/changning-hongcha
lang: zu
updated: 2026-10-04
source: THE TEA — encyclopedia of Chinese tea (https://thetea.app)
---
# Chāngníng hóngchá (昌宁红茶)

**I-Changning Hongcha** (*Chāngníng hóngchá*, 昌宁红茶) itiye elibomvu lesifunda sase-Changning (昌宁县) esifundeni sedolobha i-Baoshan entshonalanga yesifundazwe sase-Yunnan. Umlando wetiye walesi sifunda mdala kunetiye elibomvu: laqala ukwenziwa kulandela umakhelwane i-Fengqing, lapho ngo-1938 imboni yokuhlola yaqala ukukhiqiza i-dianhong ([滇红](https://thetea.app/zu/article/dianhong)). Namuhla «昌宁红» wuphawu oluyinhloko lwesifunda, oluvikelwe kokubili njengophawu lwendawo kanye nomkhiqizo onesiqinisekiso sendawo; impahla eluhlaza, indawo kanye nobuchwepheshe kunqunywa yizinga lendawo.

**1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi:**

* **Uhlobo:** Itiye elibomvu (红茶, *hóngchá*), elivutshelwe ngokuphelele. Isigaba sivezwe egameni; igama eliqondile lophawu lithi «昌宁红茶,CHANGNINGHONGCHA».
* **Isigaba:** Itiye elibomvu lase-Yunnan, ngokwemininingwane eyinkomba, liyingxenye yomndeni we-dianhong; uphawu lwesitifiketi sendawo kanye nomkhiqizo onesiqinisekiso sendawo.
* **Imvelaphi:** I-China, isifundazwe sase-Yunnan (云南, *Yúnnán*), isifunda sedolobha i-Baoshan (保山, *Bǎoshān*), isifunda sase-Changning (昌宁县, *Chāngníng Xiàn*). Uhlu lwesifundazwe lwezimpawu lubonisa isifunda njengendawo yomnikazi. Indawo yokuvikelwa yomkhiqizo we-GI, ngokwesithasiselo sezinga lendawo, iyimiphakathi eyishumi kanye nezigodi zesifunda: i-Tianyuan (田园), i-Mangshui (漭水), i-Jifei (鸡飞), i-Wengdu (翁堵), i-Wenquan (温泉), i-Mengtong (勐统), i-Gengjia (更戛), i-Datianba (大田坝), i-Kejie (柯街) kanye ne-Goujie (耈街).
* **Izixhumanisi zendawo:** Isifunda sase-Changning cishe singu-24.8° enyakatho kanye no-99.6° empumalanga.

**2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:**

* **Umlando:**
    * **I-Ming — intela.** Ngokwemininingwane eyinkomba, ngezikhathi ze-Ming Hongwu ne-Jingtai, itiye lase-Changning lalethwa enkantolo.
    * **1938 — i-dianhong kamakhelwane.** Ngo-1938 imboni yokuhlola e-Shunning (顺宁, manje eyi-Fengqing) eseduze yaqala ukwenza i-dianhong — itiye elibomvu lase-Yunnan. Abalimi bezifunda zase-Changning emngceleni ne-Fengqing, ngokwemininingwane eyinkomba, bazama ukuphinda ubuchwepheshe, kodwa isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwempumelelo.
    * **1953 — imizamo yokuqala.** Ngokwemininingwane efanayo, ngo-1953 e-Youdian (右甸) kwaqala ukukhiqizwa kokuhlolwa kwetiye elibomvu.
    * **1986.** UMnyango Wezolimo, Ezokufuya kanye Nezokudoba wafaka i-Changning kanye ne-Anxi (Fujian), i-Fuyang (Zhejiang) kanye ne-Yuexi (Anhui) eqenjini lokuqala likazwelonke lezifunda «eziyizisekelo zetiye elisezingeni eliphezulu».
    * **1980–1990s.** Ngokwemininingwane eyinkomba, itiye elibomvu lase-Changning lathunyelwa e-Great Britain, e-Soviet Union, e-Poland — sezizonke emazweni nasezifundeni ezingaphezu kwamashumi amabili.
    * **2014–2015 — ukuvikelwa.** Ngokwemininingwane eyinkomba, uphawu «昌宁红茶» lwaqashelwa zingama-28 kuMasingana 2014, ukuvikelwa komkhiqizo we-GI AQSIQ kwaba ziyi-19 kuNhlangulana 2015; impahla yoMnyango Wezolimo ibeka zombili lezi zigameko ku-2015. Ohlwini lwezifundazwe lwezimpawu lwangomhla zingama-28 kuZibandlela 2019 uphawu luveziwe; ukuthi lusasebenza yini manje, akuhloliwe.
    * **2016.** Isifunda sangena kwabayishumi «bezindawo zetiye ezikhanga kakhulu e-China». Ngokwemininingwane yesifunda, ngalowo nyaka i-Changning yakhiqiza amathani angama-24.2 ezinkulungwane zetiye elomile.
    * **2018 kanye no-2023 — izinga.** Izinga lendawo lase-Yunnan **DB53/T 856—2018 «Umkhiqizo Wendawo 昌宁红茶»** laqala ukusebenza kusukela zi-1 kuNhlangulana 2018; lahlanganiswa yizinhlaka zesifunda zokuqondisa imakethe kanye nezolimo. Ukuhlelwa kabusha **DB53/T 856—2023** kwashicilelwa ziyi-10 kuNtulikazi futhi kwaqaliswa ziyi-10 kuMfumfu 2023.
    * **2022.** Ngokwemininingwane eyinkomba, ubuchwepheshe bokwenza itiye elibomvu lase-Changning bufakwe ohlwini lwesifundazwe lwamagugu amasiko angaphatheki.
* **Igama:**
    * «Changning» (昌宁) yigama lesifunda.
    * «Hongcha» (红茶, *hóngchá*) lisho «itiye elibomvu»; uphawu lwesifunda lufushaniswa ngokuthi «昌宁红».
* **Ukubaluleka kwamasiko:** Ngokwempahla kuwebhusayithi yoMnyango Wezolimo, i-Changning isezindaweni eziphakeme zesifunda setiye somfula i-Lancang futhi yayiyisiteshi esibalulekile soMkhondo Wamahhashi Netiye (茶马古道); izihlahla zetiye ezindala lapha zihlala eduze kwezingadi ezinkulu zanamuhla.

**3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Kanye Nempahla Eluhlaza:**

* **Uhlobo / I-cultivar:** Ngokwezinga DB53/T 856—2023 impahla eluhlaza iyiqabunga elisha lohlobo lwase-Yunnan olunamaqabunga amakhulu (云南大[叶种](https://thetea.app/zu/article/qiaomuguanmu), *Yúnnán dàyèzhǒng*); izingadi ezintsha zitshalwa ngezithombo eziyizigaxa, izigaxa eziqondile azibiziwe. Ngokwempahla kuwebhusayithi yoMnyango Wezolimo, ukuhlolwa kwango-2006 kwathola phakathi kwezihlahla ezindala zesifunda itiye lasendle lase-Dali (大理茶, *Camellia taliensis*), itiye le-puerh elitshaliwe ([普洱茶](https://thetea.app/zu/article/pu-ercha), *Camellia sinensis* var. *assamica*) kanye nezingxube zazo zemvelo; iqabunga lezihlahla ezindala lapho lichazwa ngokuthi «likhulu, lithambile futhi lithambile» (厚嫩柔软).
* **Ukuvuna:** Ngokwemininingwane eyinkomba, ikakhulukazi entwasahlobo, kancane ekwindla.
* **Izinga lokuvuna:** Ngokwezinga — ihlumela, ihlumela elineqabunga elilodwa noma ihlumela elinamacembe amabili; isigaba ngasinye sivunwa ngokwehlukana.
* **Izidingo zempahla eluhlaza:** Iqabunga elisha elivela endaweni yokuvikelwa esifundeni sase-Changning; imithetho yokutshala kanye nokuvundisa inqunywa yizinga.

**4. I-Terroir Kanye Nezici Zokutshala:**

* **Isifunda:** Intshonalanga ye-Yunnan, izindawo eziphakeme zomfula i-Lancang; impahla kuwebhusayithi yoMnyango Wezolimo ikhuluma ngezintaba eziphakeme nezigodi ezijulile, inkungu namazolo.
* **Ukuphakama kokutshala:** Izinga libeka ezingadini **1600–2200 m**. Izihlahla zetiye ezindala, ngokwempahla kuwebhusayithi yoMnyango Wezolimo, zikhula ekuphakameni okungu-1400–2300 m; iwebhusayithi eyinkomba ibiza ibhande elingu-1400–2500 m.
* **Ubukhulu:** Ngokwemininingwane yesifunda empahleni yoMnyango Wezolimo — cishe ama-mu ayizinkulungwane ezingama-313 wezingadi, kuhlanganise nama-mu ayizinkulungwane ezingama-49 ezindala; izihlahla ezindala zingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amabili, ezindala kakhulu zineminyaka engaphezu kwe-1600. Iwebhusayithi eyinkomba ngokubalwa komndeni ibiza ama-mu ayizinkulungwane ezingama-36.9 kanye nezihlahla eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-154 ezineminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu; ukuthi yikuphi ukulinganisa okunembile, akunakunqunywa.
* **Inhlabathi:** Ngokwezinga — inhlabathi ebomvu nephuzi-ebomvu ene-pH 4.5–6.5, izinto eziphilayo ezingekho ngaphansi kuka-1.5 %, ukujula kongqimba okungekho ngaphansi kuka-100 cm.
* **Isimo sezulu:** Izinombolo zesimo sezulu azikho emithonjeni etholakele.

**5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:**

Imingcele inqunywa yizinga lendawo DB53/T 856—2023.

* **Ukuvuna (采摘 — *cǎizhāi*):** Ihlumela, ihlumela elineqabunga, kanye nehlumela elinamacembe amabili kuvunwa ngokwehlukana.
* **Ukubunaza (萎凋 — *wěidiāo*):** Emgodini onomoya (hhayi ngaphezu kuka-35 °C, amahora angu-6–8) noma ngokwemvelo endlini (20–22 °C, amahora angu-8–16) — kuze kube umswakama weqabunga ungu-58–62 %.
* **Ukusonta (揉捻 — *róuniǎn*):** Ku-20–24 °C, kusukela emizuzwini engu-30–40 ehlumeni kuya emizuzwini engu-60–90 ehlumeni elinamacembe amabili.
* **Ukuvutshelwa (发酵 — *fājiào*):** Ku-25–28 °C kanye nomswakama ongu-80–90 % — kuze kube yilapho kunuka izimbali nezithelo futhi umbala weqabunga uba bomvu-phuzi ekukhanyeni.
* **Ukomisa (干燥 — *gānzào*):** Umlilo wokuqala (毛火 — *máohuǒ*) ku-110–120 °C kuze umswakama ube ngu-20–25 %, ukuphola amahora angu-1–2, bese kuba umlilo ogcwele (足火 — *zúhuǒ*) ku-90–100 °C kuze umswakama ungabi ngaphezu kuka-6 %.
* **Ukuqeda (精制 — *jīngzhì*):** Ukusefa, ukusika, ukupepeta, ukukhetha iziqu, ukuhlanganisa izingxenyana kanye nokomisa kabusha ku-80–90 °C.

Ngokwemininingwane eyinkomba, isikole sendawo sigcina ukuvutshelwa okulula ukuze kugcinwe ubusha bokunambitheka.

**6. Izici Zezinzwa:**

Incazelo ivela embikweni wesifunda ngezinga lika-2018; ekuhlelweni kuka-2023 kucishe kufane nokuchazwa kwebanga lokuqala (一级) — elesibili kwamane ngemuva kwebanga eliphezulu (特级):

* **Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile:** Imisonde emikhulu, eminyene enezihloko eziningi ezibukhali (条索肥硕紧结多锋苗); umbala umnyama-nsundu, onamafutha, ngoboya obubonakalayo obusagolide (色泽乌褐油润显金毫).
* **Iphunga leqabunga elomile:** Ayikho incazelo ehlukile.
* **Iphunga lokumnika:** Limnandi futhi licebile (香气甜香浓郁); ezingeni iphunga libekwa ezinkomba zokumnika (内质).
* **Ukunambitheka:** Kusha, kucebile, kuminyene (滋味鲜浓醇厚).
* **Umbala wokumnika:** Ubomvu ogqamile, osobala, onomphetho osagolide (汤色红艳明亮带金圈).
* **Isisele setiye (iqabunga eliphekiwe):** Iqabunga elikhulu elithambile elinezihlumela eziningi, umbala obomvu olinganayo, ogqamile (叶底肥嫩多芽红匀明亮).

**7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:**

Izinkomba zetiye eseliphelile ngokwezinga DB53/T 856—2023: izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini ezingekho ngaphansi kuka-38 %, ama-phenol etiye 7–18 %, umswakama ongaphezu kuka-7 %, umlotha ophelele ongaphezu kuka-6 %, i-cellulose ongaphezu kuka-15 %, imvuthuluka ongaphezu kuka-1.5 %.

Iwebhusayithi eyinkomba, icaphuna ukuhlolwa kwempahla eluhlaza, inikeza ngeqabunga: izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini ezingaphezu kuka-45 %, ama-amino acid 2.87 %, i-caffeine 4.29 %, ama-phenol 32.31 %; indlela nonyaka akuchaziwe, umthombo wokuqala awutholakalanga. Lezi ziyizinombolo zempahla eluhlaza, azinakuqhathaniswa nezinga letiye eseliphelile.

**8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo:**

Ayikho imininingwane eqinisekisiwe ngomphumela waleli tiye ngokwalo.

**9. Ukuphisa:**

Umkhuba wesigaba. Azikho izincomo ezihlukile; ngezansi kunezimiso ezijwayelekile zetiye elibomvu lase-Yunnan.

* **Izinga lokushisa kwamanzi:** 90–95 °C.
* **Inani letiye:** 3–5 g nge-150 ml.
* **Isitsha:** I-gaiwan emhlophe ye-porcelain noma itepoti — kokumhlophe kubonakala umphetho osagolide wokumnika.
* **Inqubo:**
    1. Shisisa isitsha.
    2. Faka itiye.
    3. Mboza kafushane iqabunga ngamanzi ashisayo bese uwachithe.
    4. Ukumnika kokuqala — imizuzwana engu-15–30 e-gaiwan.
    5. Thela ngokuphelele.
    6. Ukuphinda ukuthela ngokungeza imizuzwana engu-10–15.

**10. Ukugcinwa:**

Umkhuba wesigaba. Emaphaketheni aminyene, endaweni eyomile epholile emnyama, ngaphandle kwephunga langaphandle; isiqandisi asidingeki. Izinga lidinga indawo yokugcina ehlanzekile enomoya ngaphandle kwelanga eliqondile futhi linikeza isikhathi sokuphelelwa yisikhathi esingekho ngaphezu kwezinyanga ezingama-36.

**11. Intengo Kanye Nokomgunyathi:**

Ayikho imininingwane ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele.

* **Indlela yokugwema okomgunyathi:**
    * Funani ephaketheni uphawu lwendawo «昌宁红茶» noma uphawu lomkhiqizo we-GI.
    * Hlolani ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowesifunda sase-Changning.
    * Khumbulani ukuthi itiye elibomvu lase-Yunnan lenziwa ezifundeni eziningi; igama «dianhong» ngaphandle kokusho i-Changning alisho ukuthi livela lapho.
    * Qhathanisani ukubukeka nezinga: imisonde emikhulu eminyene enoboya obusagolide, umniko obomvu ogqamile.

**12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:**

* Ngo-1986 i-Changning yangena eqenjini lokuqala lezifunda «eziyizisekelo zetiye elisezingeni eliphezulu» lase-China kanye ne-Anxi, i-Fuyang kanye ne-Yuexi.
* Izinga lihlukanisa itiye eseliphelile ngamabanga amane — kusukela kweliphezulu (特级) kuya kwelesithathu (三级).
* Ukuhlelwa kabusha kwezinga kuka-2023 kwabhala ngokuqondile encazelweni yomkhiqizo uhlobo lwase-Yunnan olunamaqabunga amakhulu.

**13. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye abomvu:**

* **I-Fengqing Hongcha ([凤庆红茶](https://thetea.app/zu/article/feng-qing-hong-cha)):** Isifunda esingumakhelwane, lapho ngo-1938 kwaqalwa khona ukwenza i-dianhong; itiye elibomvu lafika e-Changning lisuka lapha.
* **I-Dianhong (滇红):** Igama elijwayelekile letiye elibomvu lase-Yunnan; i-Changning Hongcha iyingxenye yesifunda salo enokuvikelwa kwayo.
* **I-Qimen Hongcha ([祁门红茶](https://thetea.app/zu/article/qimen-hongcha)):** I-gongfu-hong yakudala yase-Anhui — esinye isifundazwe nempahla ehlukile.

**Ekuphetheni:**

I-Changning Hongcha itiye elibomvu lase-Yunnan elivela empahleni enamaqabunga amakhulu yesifunda esinomlando omude wetiye kanye nezinga laso, lapho kubhalwe khona indawo, izingadi kanye nesinyathelo ngasinye sokucubungula. Ukubukeka kwayo kuyabonakala: imisonde emikhulu eminyene enoboya obusagolide, umniko obomvu ogqamile onomphetho osagolide, iphunga elimnandi elicebile.