---
title: "lǜchá"
url: https://thetea.app/ny/article/lucha
lang: ny
updated: 2026-07-21
source: THE TEA — encyclopedia of Chinese tea (https://thetea.app)
---
# lǜchá (绿茶)

Tiyi wobiriwira si chakumwa chimodzi, koma banja lonse, logwirizana ndi mfundo imodzi yaumisiri: kuyimitsa makoledwe kumayambiriro kwenikweni ndi kusunga 'kubiriwira' kwa tsamba. Chinsinsi cha banja ili ndi ntchito ya *shā qīng* (杀青), 'kupha kubiriwira', ndi njira yotenthetsera yomwe yagwiritsidwa ntchito.

## Zomwe Zimapangitsa Tiyi Kukhala Wobiriwira

Tiyi wonse wobiriwira — kuchokera ku *lóng jǐng* (龙井) wophwadwa mpaka ku *zhū chá* (珠茶) wokulungidwa — amadutsa pa ndondomeko yofanana:

**鲜叶 (摊放) → 杀青 → 揉捻 (做形) → 干燥**

Kutanthauza: tsamba latsopano, kuyala pang'ono kuti lifowoke pang'ono, kupha-kubiriwira, kukulunga-kupanga maonekedwe, ndi kuumitsa. Kusiyana pakati pa mitundu yambiri yodziwika sikupezeka pakusintha ndondomekoyi, koma mu tinthu tating'ono ta magawo ake awiri — *shā qīng* (mtundu wa kutenthetsa) ndi *zuò xíng* (做形, kupanga maonekedwe).

Kusiyana kwakukulu kwa gulu lobiriwira ndi lofiira (lakuda malinga ndi mayina a kumadzulo) — n'kuti *liti* ndipo *chiyani* chimachita enzyme. Tiyi wofiira amati kukulunga kwake (*róu niǎn*, 揉捻) kumayambitsa makoledwe. Tiyi wobiriwira n’zosiyana: *shā qīng* yotentha kwambiri imachitika **isanayambike** makoledwe, ndipo enzyme imasiyitsidwa ntchito.

## Chemistri: Chifukwa Chake Tsamba Limakhalabe Lobbywira

Wochita sewero lalikulu pano ndi polyphenol oxidase (多酚氧化酶, PPO). Enzyme imeneyi ikakhala ndi mpweya imakolola ma catechin, kusandutsa tsamba lobiriwira kukhala lofiira. Ntchito ya *shā qīng* n'kufulumira kukweza kutentha kwa tsamba ndi **kulepheretsa PPO kuti isayambitse makoledwe**. Makoledwe sangoyamba konse.

Zotsatira zake n'kusungidwa kwa zinthu zingapo zomwe zimapanga kukoma kwa tiyi wobiriwira:

- **茶多酚** (ma polyphenol a tiyi, ma catechin, kuphatikizapo EGCG) — amapereka kuwawa, kukangika, ndi dongosolo lonse la madzi a tiyi;
- **叶绿素** (chlorophyll) — mtundu wobiriwira wa tsamba ndi madzi a tiyi;
- **茶氨酸** (theanine) — kukoma kwa umami ndi kutsekemera;
- vitamini C.

Kukoma koyenera kwa tiyi wobiriwira kumakhazikika pamaziko atatu: *xiān shuǎng* (鲜爽, chisangalalo chatsopano chochokera ku theanine ndi ma amino acid — kumakhala kochuluka pa zokolora zoyambirira ndi zothinikizidwa), *kǔ sè* (苦涩, kuwawa-kukangika kochokera ku ma catechin — kumakhala kochuluka pa zokolola za chilimwe), ndi *huí gān* (回甘, kutsekemera kobwerera).

Kuchokera pano palinso chinthu chachikulu chosungira. Tiyi wobiriwira **'sakalamba' mwaulemu**, mosiyana ndi *pǔ ěr* kapena tiyi woyera. Chimene chimayamikiridwa ndi tsamba latsopano kwenikweni — *xīn chá* (新茶), zokolora za *míng qián* (明前, Qingming isanachitike) ndi *yǔ qián* (雨前, 谷雨, Mvula ya Tirigu isanachitike). Ayenera kusungidwa m'kuzizira, popanda kuwala ndi fungo lachilendo.

## Kufowoketsa Pang'ono ndi Kuumitsa: maziko ozungulira kupha-kubiriwira

Asanafike pa *shā qīng*, tsamba limadutsa **摊放** (*tān fàng*) — kuyala kuti litaye chinyezi pang'ono ndi kusonkhanitsa fungo. Izi n'zofewa ndi zazifupi kuposa kufowoketsa kwakukulu (*wěi diāo*, 萎凋) kwa tiyi wofiira: cholinga n'kusayambitsa makoledwe, koma kungokonzekeretsa tsamba.

Kutseka ndondomekoyi ndi **干燥** (kuumitsa) — *chǎo gān* (炒干, kukazinga), *hōng gān* (烘干, kuumitsa m'ng'anjo), kapena *shài gān* (晒干, padzuwa). Kuumitsa kumakhazikitsa maonekedwe ndi kumaliza kununkhira: pokazinga, fungo la mtedza la *lì xiāng* (栗香) ndi 'kutentha kwa mbiya' *guō qì* (锅气) limatuluka; poumitsa m'ng'anjo, fungo loyera lamaluwa-udzu la *qīng xiāng* (清香) limatuluka.

## Mzati wa 杀青: njira zisanu zotenthetsera

Ndiyeno njira yochitira *shā qīng* imakhazikitsa 'katsindikiro' ka fungo la tiyi. Uwu ndiwo mzati waukulu womwe umagawira tiyi wobiriwira.

**炒青 (*chǎo qīng*) — wokazingidwa m'mbiya.** Tsamba limatenthedwa m'mbiya kapena ng'oma yotentha kwambiri. Limapereka fungo lodziwika la *guō qì* (锅气) ndi *lì xiāng* la mtedza. Iyi n'sukulu 'yokazinga', yomwe mitundu yambiri yodziwika yophwadwa ndi yokulungidwa ikuchokera.

**烘青 (*hōng qīng*) — wa ng'anjo.** Kutenthedwa ndi mpweya wotentha. Fungo lake n'loyera komanso lopepuka — *qīng xiāng* (清香). Ndiyeno *hōng qīng lǜ chá* ndiye maziko a tiyi wokometsedwa ndi jasmini ndi ena: kapangidwe ka tsamba lomasuka kochokera ku ng'anjo kumalandira bwino fungo lamaluwa pa *xūn zhì* (窨制).

**[晒青](https://thetea.app/ny/article/shai-qing) (*shài qīng*) — wa dzuwa.** Kukhazikika ndi kuumitsa zimachitika padzuwa. Njira iyi imapereka *shài qīng máo chá* (晒青毛茶) — chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga sheng-pu'er (*pǔ ěr shēng*). Choncho, tiyi wobiriwira wa dzuwa n'di mlatho wopita ku gulu lina kotheratu.

**蒸青 (*zhēng qīng*) — wa nthunzi.** Tsamba limatenthedwa ndi nthunzi. Limasunga kubiriwira kwakukulu ndi kupereka kukoma kwa ndere *hǎi tái xiāng* (海苔香, 'chomera cha m'nyanja'). Ku China, sukulu iyi ndi ya *ēn shī yù lù* ([恩施玉露](https://thetea.app/ny/article/enshi-yulu)); njira yomweyi ndiyo maziko a sencha ya ku Japan (煎茶).

**半烘炒 (*bàn hōng chǎo*) — wophatikiza.** Kuphatikiza kutenthetsa kwa ng'anjo ndi mbiya, kumapatsa mbiri yapakatikati pakati pa *qīng xiāng* yoyera ndi *guō qì* yowoneka bwino.

## Mzati wa maonekedwe: zomwe 做形 zimachita

Ngati *shā qīng* imayika fungo, ndiye *zuò xíng* (做形) imayika maonekedwe — mzati wachiwiri wofunikira wa gululi. Zitsanzo zingapo za njira ndi zotsatira zake:

- *huī guō* (辉锅) → maonekedwe ophwadwa (扁), monga *lóng jǐng*;
- *cuō tuán* (搓团) → chozungulira (螺), monga *[bì luó chūn](https://thetea.app/ny/article/biluochun)* ([碧螺春](https://thetea.app/ny/article/biluochun));
- *lǐ tiáo* (理条) → singano (针);
- *lā lǎo huǒ* (拉老火) → chidutswa-mphale (片), monga *guā piàn* (瓜片).

Kwa mitundu ina yosakhwima — mwachitsanzo, *tài píng hóu kuí* ([太平猴魁](https://thetea.app/ny/article/taiping-hou-kui)) — kupanga maonekedwe n'kochepa, tsamba limangosungidwa pafupifupi monga momwe lilili.

Mitundu yonse ya maonekedwe a tiyi wobiriwira: ophwadwa / chozungulira / singano / monga orchid (兰花) / chidutswa / 'duwa' (朵) / chozungulira chofanana ndi ngale (颗粒珠) / 'nsidze' (眉).

## Kulumikizana ndi magulu ena

Tiyi wobiriwira n'gulu lofunikira kwambiri pa kayendetsedwe ka misonkho ya tiyi ku China, ndipo mabanja ambiri oyandikira amachokera kwa iwo:

- **晒青毛茶** (tiyi wobiriwira wa dzuwa) → chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga sheng-pu'er;
- **烘青绿茶** (tiyi wobiriwira wa ng'anjo) → maziko a tiyi wa jasmini ndi ena okometsedwa kudzera *xūn zhì*;
- **蒸青** (wa nthunzi) → mlatho waumisiri ku tiyi wobiriwira waku Japan;
- **黄茶** (tiyi wachikaso) = wobiriwira kuphatikiza gawo lowonjezera la *mèn huáng* (闷黄, 'kufowoketsa kufikira mtundu wachikaso').

Kumvetsetsa kulumikizana kumeneku kumathandiza kuwona kuti malire a magulu sakukhudzana ndi mmera, koma ndi umisiri.

## Momwe Mungasiyanitsire Pakuchita

Kuti 'muwerenge' tiyi wobiriwira, ndikokwanira kukhala ndi ndondomekoyi m'maganizo: **fungo = mtundu (品种) × 杀青 × nyengo yokolola × terroir**.

- Ngati masamba owuma ndi madzi a tiyi ali ndi kamvekedwe kokazinga, ka mtedza ndi 'kutentha kwa mbiya' — ndiye muli ndi *chǎo qīng*.
- Fungo loyera, lopepuka laudzu-maluwa la *qīng xiāng* lopanda kupsa limasonyeza *hōng qīng* (ndipo nthawi zambiri — tiyi yemwe ndi maziko a kukometsa).
- Fungo lowala, pafupifupi la ndere zam'nyanja — ndi chizindikiro cha *zhēng qīng*, sukulu ya nthunzi.
- Kamvekedwe kachilendo, 'ka dzuwa' kazinthu zowuma zingatanthauze *shài qīng* — kholo la pu'er.

Kutsopano kumayesedwa ndi kukhalanso ndi moyo kwa mtundu wobiriwira wa madzi a tiyi ndi kuwonekera kwa *xiān shuǎng*: mtundu wosasangalatsa ndi kukoma kosalala, 'kophikidwa' ndi chizindikiro chakuti tiyi wataya unyamata wake. Kumbukirani: ku gulu lobiriwira, ukalamba ndi chilema, osati ubwino.

*Zogwirizana: mizati ya maonekedwe (做形), gudumu la fungo, tiyi wobiriwira waku Japan, tiyi wachikaso, ndi pu'er.*