---
title: "Gǔtián hóngchá"
url: https://thetea.app/ny/article/gutian-hongcha
lang: ny
updated: 2026-10-04
source: THE TEA — encyclopedia of Chinese tea (https://thetea.app)
---
# Gǔtián hóngchá (古田红茶)

**Gutian Hongcha** (*Gǔtián hóngchá*, 古田红茶) ndi tiyi wofiira wa m’boma la Gutian (古田县) m’chigawo cha Ningde, m’chigawo cha Fujian. Gutian amadziwika kwambiri monga “kwawo kwa bowa wa siliva ku China,” koma alinso ndi mbiri ya tiyi: malinga ndi ofesi ya boma yoyang’anira tiyi, m’zaka za Daoguang anayamba kupanga xiaozhong, ndipo boma linakhala dera lodziwika la “xiaozhong wakunja” — tiyi wofiira wa mtundu wa xiaozhong kunja kwa Wuyishan. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1900, makampani a tiyi a boma lino anali atagwa pansi, m’zaka za m’ma 2000 anayamba kuukonzanso, ndipo mu 2018 dzina la “古田红茶” linalembetsedwa ngati chizindikiro cha geographical certification.

**1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi:**

* **Mtundu:** Tiyi wofiira (红茶, *hóngchá*), wothira fermentation kwathunthu. Gulu lili m’dzina lenilenilo; m’ndandanda wa chigawo, katundu wa chizindikiro walembedwa mokulira — “tiyi”.
* **Gulu lina:** Tiyi wofiira wa Fujian wokhala ndi chizindikiro cha geographical certification (2018); m’mbiri — dera la xiaozhong wakunja.
* **Chiyambi:** China, chigawo cha Fujian (福建, *Fújiàn*), mzinda wa Ningde (宁德, *Níngdé*), boma la Gutian (古田, *Gǔtián*).
* **Dera lotetezedwa:** Mndandanda wa chigawo umatchula boma la Gutian monga malo a mwini chizindikiro. Malire ovomerezeka a dera palibe m’mabuku opezeka.
* **Njira yotetezera:** Chizindikiro cha geographical certification cha State Intellectual Property Office ya China (CNIPA) № 18791721, gulu 30, katundu — tiyi. Tsiku lolembedwa malinga ndi mndandanda wa chigawo — 14 April 2018; mwini — ofesi ya boma yoyang’anira tiyi ya Gutian (古田县茶业管理局). Pa 30 June 2026 cholembedwacho chikuoneka kuti chikugwira ntchito.

**2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:**

Zomwe zili pansipa, pokhapokha zitanenedwa mwanjira ina, zachokera ku zolemba za 2019 — lipoti la “China Radio International,” nkhani ya portal ya zaulimi ya chigawo, ndi nkhani ya makampani — potengera ofesi ya boma yoyang’anira tiyi.

* **Mbiri:**
    * **Zaka za Daoguang.** Malinga ndi ofesi ya boma, Gutian “首创” — anayamba koyamba — kupanga xiaozhong (首创小种红茶) ndipo anakhala dera lodziwika la “xiaozhong wakunja” (外山小种红茶, *wàishān xiǎozhǒng hóngchá*) — motero amasiyanitsa ndi Zheng Shan Xiao Zhong wa ku Wuyishan. Mmene “kuyamba” kumeneku kumagwirizana ndi kuyamba kwa dera la Tongmu ku Wuyishan, gwero silifotokoza. Wikipedia yaku China imatchulanso Gutian m’gulu la madera akulu a xiaozhong wakunja — pamodzi ndi Zhenghe, Tanyang, ndi Shaxian.
    * **Malo opititsira katundu.** Pambuyo pa kutsegulidwa kwa madoko asanu, katundu wa tiyi wa Fujian ankatuluka kudzera ku Fuzhou ndi Xiamen. Mzinda wa Shuikou (水口镇) wa boma lino — malo olumikizira pa mtsinje wa Minjiang wapakati, pa mphambano ya Nanping, Sanming, Fuzhou, ndi Ningde, — unapangitsa Gutian kukhala malo opititsira katundu, kumene tiyi wa miyala wa Wuyishan ndi Zheng Shan Xiao Zhong ankatulukira pamsika.
    * **1970–1980.** Malo opangira tiyi ndi minda yamagulu anali m’maboma onse 15 ndi m’mizinda, minda inali pafupifupi 50,000 mu, tiyi otchuka anali “郁露” ndi “馨绿”. Popanga tiyi, boma linali pa nambala khumi ndi ziwiri m’chigawo, ndipo mu 1980 ofesi ya zaulimi ya chigawo inaliyika m’gulu la maboma ofunika a tiyi.
    * **Kugwa pansi.** Zolemba zimasiyana pa nthawi: imodzi imati kugwa kunayamba kumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1980, ina — m’zaka za m’ma 1980 chabe. Minda anaisiya, anayisintha kukhala minda ya mapichesi ndi zipatso zina, ndipo antchito anapita ku ulimi wa bowa. Kuyambira 1983 mpaka 1986, minda 3304 mu inasiyidwa, 2371 mu inaperekedwa ku nkhalango, 244 mu — ku minda ya zipatso. M’zaka zoipa kwambiri, boma linatsala ndi pafupifupi 10,000 mu ya tiyi.
    * **Kukonzanso.** Malinga ndi nkhani ya makampani, mkhalidwe unayamba kukonzedwa kuyambira 2005, pamene boma linayamba kulembetsa zizindikiro za malonda, mwa zina “翠屏湖” ndi “古田红茶”; chizindikiro cha geographical certification cha “古田红茶” chinakhala mu 2018. Ofesi ya boma imati tiyi wapambana golide kangapo pa mpikisano wa “中茶杯” (Zhongcha Bei) ndi “闽茶杯” (Mincha Bei).
    * **2018.** Malinga ndi ofesi ya boma, minda ya tiyi ya boma inali 33,000 mu, mwa izo 12,000 mu — mitundu ya oolong; kupanga tiyi wosaphika — 1680 t, mtengo wa katundu — pafupifupi 100 miliyoni yuan.
* **Dzina:** “Gutian” (古田) ndi dzina la boma, kutanthauza “munda wakale”; “hongcha” (红茶) — “tiyi wofiira”.
* **Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe:** Gutian kale anali wotchuka ndi chitsulo, kupangira miphika, chotupitsa, ndi tiyi; chifukwa Zhu Xi (朱熹) anakhala kuno kwakanthawi, amatchedwa “dera lomwe munthu wanzeru anadutsa” (先贤过化之乡). Lero boma, malinga ndi nkhani ya makampani, limapereka pafupifupi 80% ya zokolola za padziko lonse za bowa wa siliva. Boma limawona tiyi wofiira ngati limodzi mwa mayina ake awiri akulu a tiyi — pamodzi ndi dzina lachiwerengero “翠屏湖”, lotchulidwa pa nyanja ya Cuipinghu, malo odziwika kwambiri m’boma.

**3. Kufotokoza kwa Botanical ndi Zopangira:**

* **Mtundu / Cultivar:** Mitundu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa tiyi wofiira, m’mabuku opezeka palibe. Malinga ndi ofesi ya boma yoyang’anira tiyi, boma limasunga mitundu yakale ya Meizhan (梅占), xiaozhong caicha (小种菜茶), ndi Fuan Dabai ([福安](https://thetea.app/ny/article/fuan)大白). Kuyambira 2005, pafupifupi 4500 mu ya mitundu ya oolong ya Tieguanyin ([铁观音](https://thetea.app/ny/article/tie-guanyin)) ndi Jinguanyin ([金观音](https://thetea.app/ny/article/jin-guanyin)) anabweretsa, kuyambira 2011 — mitundu ya oolong ya kumpoto kwa Fujian, pafupifupi 3500 mu.
* **Muyezo wa kuthyola:** Zomwe zili m’mabuku opezeka palibe.
* **Nthawi yothyola:** Zomwe zili m’mabuku opezeka palibe.
* **Zofunikira za zopangira:** Chikalata chofotokoza zofunikira za zopangira m’mabuku opezeka palibe.

**4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima:**

* **Dera:** Chigawo cha Ningde, pa mphambano ya mizinda inayi — Nanping, Sanming, Fuzhou, ndi Ningde; mtsinje wa Minjiang wapakati umadutsa boma. Pafupi ndi nyanja ya Cuipinghu (翠屏湖), malinga ndi nkhani ya makampani, kale kunali famu ya boma ya tiyi ya ma mu oposa 3,000.
* **Minda:** Malinga ndi ofesi ya boma cha 2019, boma lakha minda ya “ecological” yoposa 8000 mu, ndipo pali mafakitale a tiyi oposa 30.
* **Kutalika, nyengo, dothi:** Zomwe zili m’mabuku opezeka palibe.

**5. Ukadaulo wa Kupanga:**

Ukadaulo wa tiyi wofiira wa Gutian m’mabuku opezeka palibe. Ofesi ya boma imangonena kuti inayitana amisiri ochokera kumadera otchuka a tiyi ndipo inatumiza anthu ake kukaphunzira kumeneko. Mu 2019 inakonzekera kupanga muyezo wa boma wa “古田红茶”; ngati unakhazikitsidwa, m’mabuku opezeka palibe.

Pansipa pali ndondomeko ya tiyi wofiira, osati kufotokoza kwa ukadaulo wa Gutian:

1.  **Kufowoketsa (萎凋, *wěidiāo*):** Tsamba limataya madzi pang’ono ndipo limakhala lofewa.
2.  **Kupotoza (揉捻, *róuniǎn*):** Madzi amatuluka pamwamba pa tsamba.
3.  **Fermentation (发酵, *fājiào*):** Kupanga oxidation kumapereka mtundu wofiira wa madzi.
4.  **Kuumitsa (干燥, *gānzào*).**

Ngati ku Gutian masiku ano amapanga xiaozhong ndi kusuta utsi kapena tiyi wofiira wa gongfu, m’mabuku opezeka sitingadziwe.

**6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic:**

Kufotokoza kwa maonekedwe ndi kukoma kwa tiyi kuchokera ku chikalata cha chizindikiro kapena gwero lovomerezeka sindinapeze.

* **Maonekedwe a masamba owuma:** Zomwe zili m’mabuku opezeka palibe.
* **Fungo la masamba owuma:** Zomwe zili m’mabuku opezeka palibe.
* **Fungo la madzi:** Zomwe zili m’mabuku opezeka palibe.
* **Kukoma:** Zomwe zili m’mabuku opezeka palibe.
* **Mtundu wa madzi:** Zomwe zili m’mabuku opezeka palibe.
* **Masamba otayira (pambuyo kupanga):** Zomwe zili m’mabuku opezeka palibe.

**7. Zomwe Zili M’thupi:**

Zomwe zili m’thupi za tiyi uyu m’mabuku opezeka palibe.

**8. Zothandiza:**

Zomwe zatsimikiziridwa za mphamvu za tiyi uyu palibe.

**9. Kupanga Tiyi:**

Njira yopangira tiyi wofiira.

* **Kutentha kwa madzi:** 90–95 °C.
* **Kuchuluka kwa tiyi:** 3–4 g pa 150 ml.
* **Zotengera:** Gaiwan yoyera ya porcelain kapena teapot yaying’ono.
* **Njira:**
    1. Tenthetsa zotengera.
    2. Ikani tiyi.
    3. Madzi oyamba — masekondi 10–20.
    4. Thirani kwathunthu.
    5. Madzi aliwonse wotsatira — pang’ono kwambiri.
    6. Kutulutsa kanayi kapena kasanu ndi kamodzi.

**10. Kusunga:**

Njira ya tiyi wofiira. M’paketi yotsekedwa, kutentha kwa chipinda, pamalo owuma ndi amdima, popanda fungo lachilendo. Tiyi wofiira amapirira kusunga kuposa tiyi wobiriwira, koma fungo limachepa pakapita nthawi.

**11. Mtengo ndi Zonyenga:**

Zomwe zili m’mabuku opezeka palibe.

* **Momwe mungapewere zonyenga:**
    * Yang’anani pa paketi chizindikiro cha geographical indication; nambala ya chizindikiro — 18791721.
    * Onetsetsani kuti tiyi wapangidwa m’boma la Gutian.
    * Kumbukirani kuti “外山小种” sikutitsimikizira chiyambi: motero amatcha xiaozhong wa maboma ambiri.

**12. Zinthu Zosangalatsa:**

* Mwini chizindikiro — si bungwe, monga zizindikiro zina za tiyi za chigawo cha Ningde m’ndandanda wa chigawo, koma ofesi ya boma yoyang’anira tiyi.
* Malinga ndi lipoti la 2019, tiyi wofiira “闽之艳” wa koperativu ya tiyi ya mzinda wa Hetang (鹤塘) analandira mphoto yapadera ya golide pa 13th China Xi’an International Tea Expo.

**13. Kufanizira ndi tiyi wina wofiira wa Fujian:**

* **Zheng Shan Xiao Zhong ([正山小种](https://thetea.app/ny/article/zheng-shan-xiao-zhong)):** Xiaozhong wa dera la Tongmu ku Wuyishan; xiaozhong wakunja wa Gutian amasiyanitsidwa nayenso m’dzina.
* **Shaxian Gongfu Cha ([沙县工夫茶](https://thetea.app/ny/article/shaxian-gongfu-cha)):** Tiyi wofiira wa Shaxian — dera lomwe Wikipedia imayika pafupi ndi Gutian m’ndandanda wa madera a xiaozhong wakunja.
* **Zhenghe Gongfu ([政和工夫](https://thetea.app/ny/article/zhenghe-gongfu)):** Tiyi wofiira wa gongfu wa kumpoto kwa Fujian kuchokera m’ndandanda womwewo.
* **Tanyang Gong Fu ([坦洋工夫](https://thetea.app/ny/article/tanyang-gong-fu)):** Tiyi wofiira wa gongfu wa chigawo chomwecho cha Ningde, mmodzi mwa “ma gongfu atatu akulu a Fujian”.
* **Pingnan Xiaozhong ([屏南小种](https://thetea.app/ny/article/pingnan-xiaozhong)):** Tiyi wofiira wa xiaozhong wa boma la Pingnan la chigawo chomwecho cha Ningde, ndi chizindikiro chake cha 2018.

**Pomaliza:**

Gutian Hongcha ndi dzina lokhala ndi kukumbukira kwakukulu komanso zolemba zochepa. Boma limadzikumbukira ngati dera la xiaozhong wakunja kuyambira nthawi ya Daoguang komanso malo opititsira katundu wa tiyi wa Wuyishan, linadutsa kugwa kwa minda m’zaka za m’ma 1980, ndipo linabwezeretsa dzina lake lofiira ndi chizindikiro cha 2018. Mmene tiyi yekha ayenera kukhalira — maonekedwe, kukoma, mtundu, ukadaulo, — mabuku opezeka sakunena.