---
title: "Fènghuà qūháo"
url: https://thetea.app/ny/article/fenghua-quhao
lang: ny
updated: 2026-10-04
source: THE TEA — encyclopedia of Chinese tea (https://thetea.app)
---
# Fènghuà qūháo (奉化曲毫)

**Fenghua Quhao** (*Fènghuà qūháo*, 奉化曲毫) — tiyi yobiriwira ya m’dera la Fenghua (奉化区) la mzinda wa Ningbo m’mphepete mwa nyanja kum’mawa kwa Zhejiang. Amadziŵika ndi tsamba lakuthwa, lopindidwa m’khota ndi lokutidwa ndi ubweya woyera wooneka bwino: 曲 (*qū*) — «wopindika», 毫 (*háo*) — «ubweya». Dzinali limachokera ku mzere wa monki wa m’nthawi ya Song, ndipo tiyi wamakono anapangidwa mu 1996 ndipo amapangidwa kokha kuchokera ku tsamba la masika. Amatetezedwa ndi chizindikiro cha satifiketi (chofalitsidwa mu 2018), chizindikiro chaulimi cha geographical (2021) ndipo, malinga ndi kaundula wa zizindikiro, kuvomerezedwa ngati chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha geographical (2025).

**1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi:**

* **Mtundu:** Tiyi yobiriwira (绿茶, *lǜchá*): kukhazikika, kupindika, kuyanika. Bungwe la chigawo loyang’anira msika limatchula mwachindunji kuti ndi tiyi yobiriwira (系绿茶), ndipo limanena kuti ndi «tiyi yodziŵika ya Zhejiang ya kalasi yoyamba» (浙江省一类名茶).
* **Gulu:** Tiyi yobiriwira yopindidwa yokhala ndi ubweya, pansi pa njira zingapo za chitetezo.
* **Chiyambi:** China, chigawo cha Zhejiang (浙江, *Zhèjiāng*), mzinda wa Ningbo (宁波, *Níngbō*), dera la Fenghua (奉化, *Fènghuà*).
* **Dera lotetezedwa:** Kaundula wa zizindikiro umatchula kuti ndi dera lonse la Fenghua masiku ano. Kufotokozera kwa chizindikiro chaulimi kumatchula matauni 10 ndi makomiti a m’misewu okhala ndi midzi 325, mwa iwo Shangtian, Dayan, Xikou ndi Xiwu.
* **Ma coordinates a geographical:** 121°03′–121°46′ kum’mawa, 29°25′–29°47′ kumpoto — malinga ndi kufotokozera komweko.
* **Njira za chitetezo:**
    * **Chizindikiro cha satifiketi** «奉化曲毫» № 28458230. Malinga ndi bungwe la chigawo loyang’anira msika, chinavomerezedwa ndi kufalitsidwa pa 28 December 2018 ndipo pambuyo pa miyezi itatu ya kufalitsa chinayamba kugwira ntchito pa 28 March — malinga ndi kuwerengera kwa nthawi mu 2019. Ndemanga ya bungweli yolembedwa mu August 2020 imatchula tsikuli kuti «28 March chaka chino»; nkhani yofotokozera imati chizindikirocho ndi cha 2020. Mwini wake ndi Society for Promotion of Tea Culture ya Fenghua (奉化茶文化促进会).
    * **Chizindikiro chaulimi.** Chilengezo cha Unduna wa Zaulimi ndi Zochita za Kumidzi № 431; satifiketi inaperekedwa pa 4 June 2021.
    * **Chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha geographical.** Kaundula wa zizindikiro umagwirizanitsa dzinali ndi chilengezo cha State Intellectual Property Office (CNIPA) № 640 (2025) ndipo umanena kuti chimalowa m’malo mwa gawo lofanana la chilengezo cha General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) cha 2003 № 45 pa za «奉化曲毫茶（雪窦山牌）». Sizikudziwika kuti chilengezo cha 2003 chinapereka chitetezo chanji; malemba a zilengezo zonsezi sanatsegulidwe.

**2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:**

* **Mbiri:**
    * **Mzere wa Song.** Nkhani yofotokozera imanena kuti tiyi ku Fenghua ankalima kale m’nthawi ya Tang. Magwero amagwirizanitsa dzinali ndi mawu a mkulu wa nyumba ya amonke ya Xuedou (雪窦寺) wa Chan master Guangwen (广闻) kuchokera ku buku la «御书应梦名山记»: «荼荠不同亩，曲毫幽而独芳» — «udzu wowawa ndi therere la mbusa sizingamere m’munda umodzi, koma quhao, pobisalira, limanunkhira lokha». Magwero ambiri amangonena kuti ndi nthawi ya Song, ndipo kaundula wa zizindikiro ndi atolankhani a m’deralo amati ndi zaka za «景右» za Kumpoto kwa Song. Komabe, buku lonena za phiri la Xuedou limafotokoza nthano yakuti mawu olembedwa «应梦名山» monga momwe anachitira mtsogoleri wakale analembedwa ndi mfumu ya Kumwera kwa Song Lizong; ngati n’choncho, deti la Kumpoto kwa Song la «Zolemba» za mawuwa ndi lokayikitsa. Kugwira mawu oyamba ndi deti sikunatheke.
    * **1996.** Tiyi wamakono anapangidwa ndi akatswiri a tiyi kuchokera ku tsamba la mitundu yokhala ndi ubweya wochuluka; nkhani zofotokozera zimanena kuti ndi mbiri komanso tiyi watsopano wodziŵika. Atolankhani a m’deralo amanena za ukadaulo wokonzedwa wa kupindika (改良蟠曲加工工艺), ndipo nkhani yofotokozera imanena kuti anachokera pa tiyi *panlong* (蟠龙茶).
    * **1997.** Malinga ndi pempho la mpikisano wa ku Japan wa 2012, ukadaulo unakhazikitsidwa mu 1996 pambuyo pa zoyesa zaka zambiri, ndipo chaka chotsatira tiyiyo inalandira udindo wa tiyi wodziŵika wa chigawo.
    * **1999.** Mtundu wa «Xuedoushan» (雪窦山) unayamba. Mu 2015 mtengo wake unayesedwa kukhala 176 million yuan.
    * **2012.** Kukonzekera kwa pempho la chizindikiro kunayamba. Chaka chomwecho tiyiyo inali m’gulu la opambana pa World Green Tea Contest mumzinda wa Shimada (prefecture ya Shizuoka, Japan), m’gawo la mphoto za golide. Anayiyika ndi ofesi yaulimi ndi nkhalango ya Fenghua, wopanga anali tea cooperative ya Xuedoushan. Kuweruza kunachitika pa 21–22 August; ponseponse anapereka zitsanzo 56 — 32 za ku Japan, 15 za ku Korea, 8 za ku China ndi imodzi ya ku Taiwan.
    * **2017.** Udindo wa chinthu chotetezedwa malinga ndi chiyambi cha chilengedwe (国家生态原产地保护产品).
    * **Mphoto.** Zoposa 40 malinga ndi bungwe loyang’anira, zoposa 50 malinga ndi atolankhani a m’deralo, kuphatikizapo mphoto yayikulu ya golide ya World Green Tea Congress yoyamba, mphoto yapadera ya mpikisano wa «Zhongcha bei» (中茶杯) ndipo, malinga ndi atolankhani a m’deralo, mphoto ya golide ya China International Tea Exhibition.
* **Dzina:** 奉化 — dzina la dera; 曲毫 — «ubweya wopindika».
* **Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe:** Tsamba la dera limatchula tiyiyi ngati «khadi lagolide» (金名片) la Fenghua. Kaundula wa zizindikiro amafupikitsa maonekedwe ndi mawu akuti «色绿、香高、味醇、形美» — mtundu wobiriwira, fungo lapamwamba, kukoma kofewa, maonekedwe okongola.

**3. Kufotokozera kwa Botanical ndi Zopangira:**

* **Mtundu / Cultivar:** Mafotokozedwe amanena za mitundu yabwino yochulukitsidwa mwa vegetative yokhala ndi ubweya wochuluka (无性系多毫良种) popanda mayina. Uthenga wa m’deralo wa 2023 umatchula mitundu ya Fuding Dabai (福鼎大白) ndi Yingshuang (迎霜) pa munda umodzi wa 500 mu; palibe mndandanda wovomerezeka wopezeka m’magwero. Pempho la mpikisano wa ku Japan wa 2012 limatchula mtundu «福鼎白毫» — wokhala ndi ubweya woyera wochuluka.
* **Nthawi yokolola:** Masika okha. Kukolola kumayamba pamaso pa chikondwerero cha Qingming ndipo kumachitika kuyambira Chunfen mpaka Guyu.
* **Muyezo wa kukolola:** Magwero amasiyana. Atolankhani a m’deralo amanena za bud ndi masamba awiri (一芽二叶), uthenga wa m’deralo wa 2023 umanena za bud ndi tsamba limodzi (一芽一叶), ndipo kaundula wa zizindikiro umanena za bud ndi tsamba limodzi kapena awiri.

**4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima:**

* **Dera:** M’mphepete mwa nyanja kum’mawa kwa Zhejiang; mawonekedwe a dera, malinga ndi nkhani yofotokozera, amapangidwa ndi mapiri a Tiantaishan (天台山) ndi Siminshan (四明山). Tsamba la dera limafotokoza malo akuluakulu a tiyi ku Shangtian ndi mawu akuti «zigawo zisanu ndi chimodzi za mapiri, gawo limodzi la madzi, zigawo zitatu za minda» (六山一水三分田).
* **Madera akuluakulu:** Shangtian (尚田) ndi Dayan (大堰); minda yakale ya tiyi — pafupi ndi phiri la Xuedoushan pafupi ndi Xikou.
* **Kutalika kwa kulima:** Malinga ndi tsamba la dera, munda wa Anyan ku Shangtian, pamalire a mapiri a Siminshan ndi Tiantaishan, uli pafupifupi 400–600 m, ndipo munda wa Nanshan uli pamwamba pa 600 m. Palibe deta yonse ya dera.
* **Nyengo:** Subtropical monsoon, kutentha kwapakati pachaka — 16,4 °C (malinga ndi nkhani yofotokozera). Tsamba la dera limanena za chifunga chosatha, nyengo yofewa ndi mvula yochuluka pa munda wa Anyan.
* **Dothi:** Malinga ndi nkhani yofotokozera — mchenga wachikasu ndi «phulusa» (香灰土), wopangidwa pa granite ndi miyala ya volcanic, pH 4,5–6,5.
* **Dera ndi zokolola:** Ziwerengero zimasiyana. Kufotokozera kwa chizindikiro — 1633 ha ndi 157 t ya tiyi wouma pachaka; nkhani yofotokozera — zoposa 13,000 mu; atolankhani a m’deralo (2024) — zoposa ma famu chikwi, 16,000 mu ndi zoposa 150 t; tsamba la dera (2023) — zoposa 22,500 mu ndi ndalama zokwana 120 million yuan mu 2022.

**5. Ukadaulo wa Kupanga:**

Atolankhani a m’deralo amatchula ntchito zisanu ndi zitatu zomwe zimatenga maola opitirira khumi:

1.  **Kuyala tsamba latsopano (摊青, *tānqīng*).**
2.  **Kukhazikika (杀青, *shāqīng*).**
3.  **Kupindika (揉捻, *róuniǎn*).**
4.  **Kuyanika koyamba (初烘, *chūhōng*).**
5.  **Kukazinga ndi kupanga maonekedwe (炒干做形).**
6.  **Kutulutsa ubweya (提毫, *tíháo*).**
7.  **Kuzizira ndi kusanja chinyezi (摊凉回潮).**
8.  **Kuyanika komaliza (足火烘干).**

Pa fakitale ya tiyi ya Anyan (安岩), malinga ndi portal ya chigawo (2018), ndondomeko ndi yofanana — ndi kuzizira pambuyo pa kukhazikika, popanda kusanja chinyezi kosiyana, — ndipo mlingo wa makina ndi wokwera kwambiri. Pempho la mpikisano wa ku Japan wa 2012 limanena kuti ndondomeko yonse yasinthidwa kukhala makina ndipo maonekedwe a tiyiyo sanawonongeke. Atolankhani a m’deralo amawona kusiyana kwakukulu mu kuphatikiza kupindika ndi kuyanika ndi kukazinga: kupindika kumapanga khota ndipo kumathandiza kusuntha kwa zinthu mu chakumwa. Kutentha ndi nthawi sizikupezeka m’magwero odalirika.

**6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic:**

Malinga ndi kufotokozera kwa chizindikiro mu nkhani yofotokozera:

* **Maonekedwe a tsamba louma:** Wopindidwa m’khota, wokhuthala, wobiriwira wonyezimira, wokhala ndi ubweya wooneka bwino (外形蟠曲肥壮、绿润显毫).
* **Fungo la tsamba louma:** Palibe kufotokozera kosiyana m’magwero opezeka.
* **Fungo la chakumwa:** Loyera ndi lokhalitsa (清香持久).
* **Kukoma:** Kwatsopano, kofewa, ndi kubwerera kokoma (滋味鲜醇回甘).
* **Mtundu wa chakumwa:** Wobiriwira ndi woyera (汤色绿明).
* **Pansi pa tiyi (tsamba lophikidwa):** Limatseguka ngati «maluwa», lobiriwira mofewa ndi lowala (叶底成朵、嫩绿明亮).

Kaundula wa zizindikiro amawonjezera mtundu wagolide wa kunyezimira ndi pansi pa tiyi la «yade loyera» lokhala ndi mitsempha yobiriwira mofewa (叶底现玉白色，嫩绿通脉). Komabe, bungwe loyang’anira limatchula tsamba louma kuti ndi lopyapyala ndi lowonda (细嫩挺秀), zomwe sizigwirizana bwino ndi khota lokhuthala. Pempho la ku Japan la 2012 limafotokoza kukoma ngati kodzaza, kokoma ndi kozizira, fungo ngati latsopano ndipo limanena kuti tiyiyo imapirira kutsanulidwa kangapo.

**7. Zomwe Zili mu Chemical:**

Nkhani yofotokozera ya chizindikiro imapereka malire otsatirawa:

| Chizindikiro | Mtengo |
| :--- | :--- |
| Zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi | osachepera 39 % |
| Ma polyphenol a tiyi | osachepera 14 % |
| Caffeine | osachepera 4 % |
| Ma amino acid aulere | osachepera 3,5 % |

Momwemonso amanena kuti chiŵerengero cha polyphenols ndi ma amino acid ndi chaching’ono (酚氨比较小). Bungwe loyang’anira limanena za ma amino acid «mpaka 4,2 %» (高达4.2%). Chikalata chokhala ndi miyezo sichinatsegulidwe, choncho ziwerengero zaperekedwa malinga ndi nkhani yofotokozera.

**8. Ubwino wa Zaumoyo:**

Palibe deta yotsimikizika ya zotsatira za tiyiyi yomwe.

**9. Kaphikidwe:**

Njira yofanana ndi ya tiyi yobiriwira.

* **Kutentha kwa madzi:** 80–85 °C.
* **Kuchuluka kwa tiyi:** 3 g pa 150 ml.
* **Zombo:** Kapu yagalasi kapena gaiwan yoyera.
* **Ndondomeko:**
    1. Tenthetsa zombo.
    2. Ikani tiyi ndikutulutsa madzi m’mbali mwa chombo.
    3. Chakumwa choyamba — pambuyo pa masekondi 40–60.
    4. Imwani, kusiya gawo la chakumwa, ndipo onjezerani madzi.
    5. Kutsanulidwa kawiri kapena katatu.

**10. Kusunga:**

Njira yofanana ndi ya tiyi yobiriwira. M’paketi yotsekedwa bwino, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo. Ndi bwino kumwa mkati mwa chaka.

**11. Mtengo ndi Zachinyengo:**

Malinga ndi portal ya chigawo, mu 2018 Fenghua Quhao wabwino kwambiri pamsika wa Ningbo ankagulitsidwa mpaka 1800 yuan pa jin (500 g). Malinga ndi mawu a woyang’anira m’munda umodzi, omwe atolankhani a m’deralo amawatchula, mu 2023 mtengo wapamsika unali pafupifupi 4000 yuan pa kilogalamu.

* **Momwe mungapewere zachinyengo:**
    * Fufuzani chizindikiro cha satifiketi «奉化曲毫» ndi chizindikiro cha kufotokozera; ufulu wa chizindikiro umaperekedwa ndi mapangano ndi Society for Promotion of Tea Culture ya Fenghua.
    * Onetsetsani kuti wopanga ali m’dera la Fenghua.
    * Iyi ndi tiyi ya kukolola kwa masika kokha: tiyi ya «quhao» ya chilimwe kapena yophukira imatsutsana ndi kufotokozera.
    * Tsamba ndi lopindika ndi loyera, osati lathyathyathya ndi lowongoka monga la longjing.

**12. Zochititsa Chidwi:**

* Wogulitsa pamsika wa tiyi ku Ningbo, malinga ndi portal ya chigawo, ananena kuti quhao wabwino kwambiri «salekerera longjing» (与龙井相媲美).
* Kugwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro, malinga ndi uthenga wa bungwe loyang’anira, kunagwirizana pafupifupi ma cooperative 30, aliyense ali ndi minda yopitirira 100 mu.
* Udindo wa 2017 wa chiyambi cha chilengedwe tiyiyo inalandira pamaso pa chizindikiro cha satifiketi ndi chizindikiro chaulimi.

**13. Kuyerekeza ndi Tiyi Zina:**

* **Xi Hu Long Jing ([西湖龙井](https://thetea.app/ny/article/xihu-longjing)):** Tsamba lathyathya ndi lowongoka — kusiyana kwakukulu pa maonekedwe.
* **Yuyao Pubu Xianming ([余姚瀑布仙茗](https://thetea.app/ny/article/yuyao-pubu-xianming)):** Tiyi yobiriwira ya mzinda womwewo wa Ningbo, kuchokera ku mapiri a Siminshan.
* **Wanghai Cha ([望海茶](https://thetea.app/ny/article/wanghai-cha)):** Tiyi yobiriwira ya m’mapiri ya m’dera la Ninghai, komwe kuli ku Ningbo.
* **Yangyan Gou Qing ([羊岩勾青](https://thetea.app/ny/article/yangyan-gou-qing)):** Tiyi yobiriwira yopindidwa ya Linhai kum’mawa kwa Zhejiang.

**Pomaliza:**

Fenghua Quhao ndi tiyi yobiriwira ya masika ya ku Fenghua yokhala ndi tsamba lokhuthala lopindidwa, ubweya woyera, fungo loyera lokhalitsa ndi chakumwa chobiriwira. Dzinali limachokera ku mzere wa nthawi ya Song, tiyiyo inapangidwa mu 1996, ndipo chitetezo chinalandira m’njira zingapo zosiyana. Mtundu ndi ndondomeko zenizeni za kukonza sizinakhazikitsidwe m’magwero otseguka.